CN114381667A - High-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and heat treatment method thereof - Google Patents
High-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and heat treatment method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114381667A CN114381667A CN202111600238.4A CN202111600238A CN114381667A CN 114381667 A CN114381667 A CN 114381667A CN 202111600238 A CN202111600238 A CN 202111600238A CN 114381667 A CN114381667 A CN 114381667A
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- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 229920002165 CarbonCast Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910000677 High-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001292 High carbon-chromium tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention aims to solve the problem that the performance of cast steel is affected by network carbides in high-chromium high-carbon cast steel, provides high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and a heat treatment method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of metal heat treatment. The high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel comprises the following chemical components: 0.9-1.1% of C, 0.3-0.6% of Si, 0.6-0.9% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9-11% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities. The heat treatment method comprises the following steps: 1) homogenizing the high-chromium high-carbon steel cast ingot; 2) quenching the cast ingot; 3) and then carrying out high-temperature tempering treatment on the cast ingot to obtain a final product. The invention eliminates the net-shaped carbide by homogenizing, quenching and high-temperature tempering the high-chromium high-carbon steel cast ingot, greatly improves the toughness of the high-chromium high-carbon steel and widens the application of the high-chromium high-carbon steel in the field of impact wear resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of metal and heat treatment thereof, and particularly relates to high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and a multi-stage heat treatment method thereof.
Background
High chromium and high carbon cast steels have many attractive properties such as high strength, high hardness, resistance to deformation by dissolution of alloying elements and precipitation of carbides. Conventional compositions this steel is particularly difficult to process using conventional metallurgical routes. The major challenge is that the relatively slow cooling process of conventional static ingot casting results in the formation of coarse reticulated eutectic carbides, which in turn cause significant cracking during hot deformation of large size ingots. Although high-chromium high-carbon steel is also subjected to conventional heat treatment and can obtain higher hardness by adopting simple quenching-tempering treatment, the net-shaped carbide still cannot be eliminated, and the subsequent processing and use are influenced.
At present, the heat treatment of high-chromium high-carbon steel is also under intensive study.
Patent 1 shows that the heat treatment process of GCr15 bearing steel is essentially different from the chemical components of high-chromium high-carbon steel in the patent, and the specific heat treatment process is obviously different; patent 2 is a heat treatment process of a wear-resistant steel plate, while the patent is wear-resistant cast steel, the two processes are obviously different, and the heat treatment process is also obviously different; patent 3 is a precise heat treatment quenching process of high-carbon chromium tool steel precision parts, the components are essentially different from the patent, and the heat treatment process is obviously different from the patent;
1. the water-based quenching heat treatment process of high-carbon chromium steel has the following patent application numbers: CN 201110159675.7. The patent and a heat treatment method of bearing parts, in particular to a GCr15 steel rolling element water-based quenching process. The GCr15 steel rolling element treated by the method has the advantages that the heat treatment quality of the GCr15 steel rolling element completely meets the national standard and meets the standard requirement. But the heat treatment process of this method is not suitable for the elimination of the network carbides of cast steel.
2. A precise heat treatment quenching process for high-carbon chromium tool steel precision parts, which has the following patent application numbers: cn201810722228. x. The patent belongs to the field of heat treatment of tool steel materials, and the material is high-carbon and high-chromium Laplace cold-working die steel ASSAB XW-5 imported from Sweden, and the main alloy components of the high-carbon and high-chromium Laplace cold-working die steel ASSAB XW-5 are 2.05 percent of C12.5 percent of Cr 1.3 percent of W0.8 percent of Mo 0.3 percent of Si; different tempering temperatures are adopted according to different workpiece hardness requirements to meet the requirement of smaller design hardness difference of two edges of the precision stamping die, different workpiece thicknesses adopt different heat preservation time to reliably ensure hardenability and accurately control the uniformity and stability of grain refinement tissues in materials, so that the part has good wear resistance, long service life, high reliability and stable size, and the use requirement of the precision part is met; the heat treatment method comprises the following steps: (1) putting the workpiece with the thickness difference of less than 5mm into a quenching furnace, and preheating to 150 ℃ twice; (2) heating to quenching temperature in a quenching furnace in two stages and keeping the temperature t; (3) discharging the workpiece from the furnace and air-cooling to 50-70 ℃; (4) and (4) putting the workpiece into a tempering furnace for tempering at T ℃ twice, keeping the temperature T, discharging and air cooling. But the heat treatment process of the method is not suitable for eliminating the network carbide of the cast steel.
Therefore, it is necessary to provide a novel component system and a heat treatment method for eliminating the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel network carbide.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the performance of cast steel is affected by network carbides in high-chromium high-carbon cast steel, and provides high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and a heat treatment method thereof. The invention eliminates the net-shaped carbide by homogenizing, quenching and high-temperature tempering the high-chromium high-carbon steel cast ingot, greatly improves the toughness of the high-chromium high-carbon steel and widens the application of the high-chromium high-carbon steel in the field of impact wear resistance.
One of the technical solutions adopted to achieve the object of the present invention is a high-toughness, high-chromium, high-carbon cast steel, which comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 0.9-1.1% of C, 0.3-0.6% of Si, 0.6-0.9% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9-11% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
Further, the high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The second technical scheme adopted for realizing the aim of the invention is that the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel multi-stage heat treatment method comprises the following steps:
1) homogenizing the cast ingot of high-chromium high-carbon steel;
the high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 0.9-1.1% of C, 0.3-0.6% of Si, 0.6-0.9% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9-11% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities;
preferably, the high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities;
2) quenching the cast ingot;
3) and then carrying out high-temperature tempering treatment on the cast ingot to obtain a final product.
Wherein the homogenization treatment system in the step 1) is as follows: a of high-chromium high-carbon steel having homogenization temperature of the compositionccm20-50 ℃ above the line; the heat preservation time is formulated according to an empirical formula, wherein t is a multiplied by K multiplied by D, t (time, min), a (heating coefficient reaching quenching temperature), K (furnace charging correction coefficient) and D (effective thickness of a workpiece, mm), a is generally 1-1.5 min/mm, K is 1.3, and then water cooling is carried out to room temperature;
the quenching system in the step 2) is as follows: the quenching temperature is in a temperature range of 3-8% of the mass fraction of carbide in an equilibrium phase diagram, namely M in the equilibrium phase diagram7C3A two-phase region in which type carbide and austenite coexist; keeping the temperature for 2-3 h, and then cooling to room temperature in air;
the high-temperature tempering system in the step 3) is as follows: and (3) high-temperature tempering at 550-650 ℃, keeping the temperature for 2-3 h, and then air-cooling to room temperature.
The high-chromium high-carbon cast steel subjected to heat treatment has the hardness of 35.3-48 HRC and the impact toughness of 5.1-24.5J/cm2。
The third technical proposal adopted for realizing the aim of the invention is the application of the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel: can be used as grinding balls for ball mills, hot rolling rollers, composite wear-resistant lining plate wear-resistant layers and the like.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. the multi-stage heat treatment method can eliminate the net carbide structure of the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel and greatly improve the toughness of the high-chromium high-carbon steel.
2. The hardness of the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel obtained after heat treatment reaches 44.5HRC, and the impact toughness reaches 14.7J/cm2。
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an as-cast SEM image of a high-chromium, high-carbon steel of example 3;
FIG. 2 is an SEM photograph (40 μm) of a high-chromium high-carbon steel of example 3 after heat treatment;
FIG. 3 is an SEM photograph (2 μm) of a high-chromium high-carbon steel of example 3 after heat treatment.
Detailed Description
The ingot casting in the following examples is completed by a vacuum induction melting furnace; the casting mould for casting the ingot is a sand mould.
Example 1
The sample size is 10mm multiplied by 60mm, and the used high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) pouring the smelted high-chromium high-carbon steel into a sand mold, naturally cooling in air, and cutting a heat treatment sample with the size of 10mm multiplied by 60 mm.
(2) Homogenizing the sample, keeping the temperature at 1250 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature with water.
(3) Quenching the homogenized sample, keeping the temperature at 1100 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature in air.
(4) And finally, high-temperature tempering is carried out, the temperature is kept at 550 ℃ for 2h, and the air cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
Example 2
The sample size is 10mm multiplied by 60mm, and the used high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) pouring the smelted high-chromium high-carbon steel into a sand mold, naturally cooling in air, and cutting a heat treatment sample with the size of 10mm multiplied by 60 mm.
(2) Homogenizing the sample, keeping the temperature at 1250 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature with water.
(3) Quenching the homogenized sample, keeping the temperature at 1100 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature in air.
(4) And finally, high-temperature tempering is carried out, the temperature is kept at 600 ℃ for 2h, and the air cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
The high-chromium high-carbon steel prepared by the heat treatment process has higher hardness and good toughness.
Example 3
The sample size is 10mm multiplied by 60mm, and the used high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) pouring the smelted high-chromium high-carbon steel into a sand mold, naturally cooling in air, and cutting a heat treatment sample with the size of 10mm multiplied by 60 mm.
(2) Homogenizing the sample, keeping the temperature at 1250 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature with water.
(3) Quenching the homogenized sample, keeping the temperature at 1100 ℃ for 2h, and cooling to room temperature in air.
(4) And finally, high-temperature tempering is carried out, the temperature is kept for 2 hours at 650 ℃, and the air cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
The multi-stage heat treatment process disclosed by the invention can be used for parts or products with high-chromium and high-carbon steel as a component.
The high chromium high carbon steel performance pair is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of mechanical Properties of high-chromium high-carbon steels
As can be seen from table 1, the mechanical properties of the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel heat-treated by the present invention are greatly improved. As shown in FIG. 1 (as-cast condition) and FIGS. 2 and 3 (example 3), the SEM microstructures of the as-cast condition of the high-chromium high-carbon steel and the SEM microstructure after the heat treatment of the present invention were eliminated.
Example 4
The sample size is 30mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 120mm, and the used high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 0.9% of C, 0.3% of Si, 0.6% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.0% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) and pouring the smelted high-chromium high-carbon steel into a sand mold, and naturally cooling in air.
(2) The samples were homogenized, incubated at 1230 ℃ for 3h and cooled to room temperature with water.
(3) Quenching the homogenized sample, keeping the temperature at 1092 ℃ for 3 hours, and cooling the sample to room temperature in air.
(4) And finally, high-temperature tempering is carried out, the temperature is kept at 600 ℃ for 3h, and the air cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
Example 5
The sample size is 30mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 120mm, and the used high-chromium high-carbon steel comprises the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.1% of C, 0.6% of Si, 0.9% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 11.0% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
The specific process comprises the following steps:
(1) and pouring the smelted high-chromium high-carbon steel into a sand mold, and naturally cooling in air.
(2) Homogenizing the sample, keeping the temperature at 1260 ℃ for 2.5h, and cooling to room temperature with water.
(3) Quenching the homogenized sample, keeping the temperature at 1103 ℃ for 2.5 hours, and cooling the sample to room temperature in air.
(4) And finally, high-temperature tempering is carried out, the temperature is kept at 600 ℃ for 2.5h, and air cooling is carried out to the room temperature.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. The high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel is characterized by comprising the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 0.9-1.1% of C, 0.3-0.6% of Si, 0.6-0.9% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9-11% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
2. The high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel according to claim 1, characterized by comprising the following chemical components in percentage by weight: 1.0% of C, 0.5% of Si, 0.8% of Mn, less than 0.001% of P, less than 0.001% of S, 9.5% of Cr, and the balance of iron and inevitable impurities.
3. A heat treatment method for high-toughness, high-chromium, high-carbon cast steel according to claim 1 or 2, characterized by comprising the steps of:
1) homogenizing cast ingots of the high-chromium and high-carbon cast steel;
2) quenching the cast ingot;
3) and then carrying out high-temperature tempering treatment on the cast ingot to obtain a final product.
4. The heat treatment method of a high-toughness, high-chromium, high-carbon cast steel according to claim 3, wherein the homogenization treatment in step 1) is performed by: a of high-chromium high-carbon steel having homogenization temperature of the compositionccm20-50 ℃ above the line; the holding time is determined according to an empirical formula, t ═ a × K × D, followed by water cooling to room temperature.
5. The heat treatment method of a high-toughness, high-chromium, high-carbon cast steel according to claim 3, wherein the quenching schedule in step 2) is: the quenching temperature is in a temperature range of 3-8% of the mass fraction of carbide in an equilibrium phase diagram; and (5) preserving the heat for 2-3 h, and then cooling the mixture to room temperature in air.
6. The heat treatment method of the high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel according to claim 3, wherein the high-temperature tempering schedule in step 3) is as follows: and (3) high-temperature tempering at 550-650 ℃, keeping the temperature for 2-3 h, and then air-cooling to room temperature.
7. The heat treatment method of high-toughness high-chromium high-carbon cast steel according to claim 3, wherein the hardness of the high-chromium high-carbon cast steel after heat treatment is 35.3 to 48HRC, and the impact toughness is 5.1 to 24.5J/cm2。
8. The use of the high toughness, high chromium, and high carbon cast steel of claim 1 as a ball mill grinding ball, hot rolling roll, or composite wear liner wear layer.
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Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES439398A1 (en) * | 1974-07-08 | 1977-04-16 | Paris & Outreau Acieries | High elastic-limit weldable cast steels |
| CN1082950A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1994-03-02 | 日立金属株式会社 | Composite roll and its production method |
| CN107262641A (en) * | 2013-06-07 | 2017-10-20 | 株式会社理研 | The manufacture method of piston ring |
| CN108165891A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-06-15 | 北京北冶功能材料有限公司 | A kind of high-strength and high ductility of resistance to extreme environment low-carbon martensite cast steel and preparation method |
| CN109457086A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-03-12 | 上海大学 | Nb-microalloying abrasion-resistant cast steel material, its application and preparation method |
| CN111172468A (en) * | 2020-02-17 | 2020-05-19 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method of microalloyed medium carbon steel casting |
-
2021
- 2021-12-24 CN CN202111600238.4A patent/CN114381667A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES439398A1 (en) * | 1974-07-08 | 1977-04-16 | Paris & Outreau Acieries | High elastic-limit weldable cast steels |
| CN1082950A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1994-03-02 | 日立金属株式会社 | Composite roll and its production method |
| CN107262641A (en) * | 2013-06-07 | 2017-10-20 | 株式会社理研 | The manufacture method of piston ring |
| CN108165891A (en) * | 2017-12-28 | 2018-06-15 | 北京北冶功能材料有限公司 | A kind of high-strength and high ductility of resistance to extreme environment low-carbon martensite cast steel and preparation method |
| CN109457086A (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2019-03-12 | 上海大学 | Nb-microalloying abrasion-resistant cast steel material, its application and preparation method |
| CN111172468A (en) * | 2020-02-17 | 2020-05-19 | 北京科技大学 | Preparation method of microalloyed medium carbon steel casting |
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Application publication date: 20220422 |