CN114344297A - 利鲁唑在治疗少精症中的应用 - Google Patents
利鲁唑在治疗少精症中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114344297A CN114344297A CN202210192663.2A CN202210192663A CN114344297A CN 114344297 A CN114344297 A CN 114344297A CN 202210192663 A CN202210192663 A CN 202210192663A CN 114344297 A CN114344297 A CN 114344297A
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- riluzole
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- oligospermia
- prodrug
- therapy
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种非激素类化合物利鲁唑在治疗少精症中的应用,为解决男性不育问题提供有益帮助,在医药领域具有潜在的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及药学领域,更具体地,本发明涉及利鲁唑或其前药在治疗少精症中的应用。
背景技术
不孕症影响着全球约15%的夫妇,其中约50%的不孕症是由男性引起的。随着现代社会竞争压力的加重,以及辐射、雾霾、水质恶化等环境污染加剧,男性不育的发病率日益增高,已严重影响家庭和谐及生活质量。据报道,在不育男性中,有10-15%男性的精液中精子浓度极低,即患有严重少精症(SO)。少精症是最严重的男性不育症形式之一,患者主要是由于生精失败而导致射精中的精子少于500万/ml。研究表明,许多因素都会干扰精子的发生过程,降低精子的质量和数量,从而引发少精症。首先,任何原因导致的睾丸损伤都可能引起原发性睾丸衰竭和促性腺功能低下症。睾丸结构受损会导致精子发生中断,诸如化学疗法和放射疗法之类的癌症疗法可直接破坏生殖细胞谱系,对生精小管造成损害,导致无精子症或少精子症。除此之外,临床上主要用于治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的化疗药物白消安,在使用过程中会产生严重的生殖毒性,引起生殖障碍,导致少精或者无精子症。此外,严重性全身疾病,营养不良和一系列药物也会影响GnRH-促性腺激素的释放,例如,长期使用高剂量糖皮质激素或阿片类药物进行治疗会抑制GnRH释放并诱导低促性腺激素性性腺机能减退症(Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,HH)和少精子症,同理,通过诱导高催乳素血症进行抗精神治疗也会诱发这种情况。严重的全身性疾病通常会导致继发性生精功能衰竭,而某些全身性疾病(如HIV或铁超负荷综合症)则可能导致原发性和继发性生精功能丧失。遗传问题在少精症中也很常见,其中Y染色体长臂(Yq)微缺失是生精失败最常见的遗传原因。Yq的微缺失涉及无精子因子(AZF)区,该区包含多个复制的生精基因。最后,精子的成熟与发育离不开下丘脑-垂体-睾丸轴的调控,任何对促性腺激素分泌的抑制都会产生中断睾丸内睾酮的生物合成和精子发生的下游效应。
事实上,即便进行了全面的检查,仍有60%到75%的男性无法得到明确的诊断来解释其少精症。在严重的HH中,性功能障碍,小阴茎,睾丸微小和无精子症状均很明显,但在部分HH中可能会出现少精子症的中间表型。在化疗引起的生精功能衰竭中,唯一的特征可能是睾丸体积减少。在雄激素滥用中,少精子症可能伴有雄激素作用过度(粉刺,过度肌肉发达)和睾丸小的迹象。因此,少精症在临床上的评估应从多方面考虑,如是否有性传播感染、生殖器感染、腮腺炎或手术(特别是隐睾或扭转)、雄激素缺乏等生殖道病史,还会考虑一般的健康问题,如全身性疾病、恶性肿瘤、处方或其他药物使用、职业环境、生活方式等。此外,还应从患者的精液分析、激素评估、基因检测等多方面考虑。
对少精症患者的临床治疗包括停止使用已知或怀疑会对生育产生不利影响的药物。对于原因不明的少精症男性,推荐考虑辅助生殖技术。此外,维生素和抗氧化剂已广泛应用于提高生育能力,但成功改善的数据并不多。在药物治疗方面,促性腺激素疗法可使生精量显著增加,例如,通过3-6个月的绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)和rFSH联合治疗,可使80%的患者生精恢复,或者通过GnRH的补充可使77%的患者生精成功。但激素补充治疗需要严格控制剂量,按时监控体内激素的变化并及时调整给药剂量,操作麻烦,治疗周期长,长期注射也容易加重患者的痛苦和经济负担,更重要的是,长期的激素治疗容易引起内分泌紊乱、诱发心血管疾病并可能伴有肥胖,加重患者的身体负担。此外,选择性雌激素受体调节剂,如柠檬酸克罗米芬,已被证明可用于患有性腺功能低下的少精症男性中。尽管克罗米芬具有口服给药的优势,但不适合长期使用,因为研究表明,短短12个月的治疗可使患者的骨矿物质密度显著降低。因此,在少精症治疗中,发现一种副作用小、可口服、疗效快、成本低的小分子化合物显得尤为重要。
利鲁唑(2-氨基-6-三氟甲氧基苯并噻唑)是目前美国食品与药物管理局唯一批准用于治疗肌萎缩性侧索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)的药物,其可显著地延长患者寿命。此外,利鲁唑还具有广泛的药理作用,如调节谷氨酸及其转运体、神经保护作用、抗抑郁、抗癫痫等。因此,利鲁唑作为药物具有良好的开发及应用前景。目前,没有见到利鲁唑应用于少精症治疗方面的报道。
发明内容
为了克服目前少精症治疗中促性腺激素疗法的严重副作用,本发明的一个目的在于提供一种小分子化合物利鲁唑来治疗少精症,解决目前男性少精或无精的技术问题。
具体地,本发明人通过在4周龄昆明雄鼠中单次腹腔注射白消安(Busulfan,30mg/kg)建立少精症模型,模型成功建立后,连续7天腹腔注射利鲁唑(Riluzole,3、6mg/kg)或口服利鲁唑(Riluzole,5mg/kg),10周后通过分析小鼠睾丸和附睾的组织学形态,分析精子数量,精子活力和精子形态,评价利鲁唑在少精症治疗中的作用。实验证明,腹腔注射或口服利鲁唑均对少精症有治疗作用。详见实施例部分。由此,完成了本发明。
因此,在一个方面,本发明提供了利鲁唑或其前药在制备治疗受试者的少精症的药物中的应用。一般认为,精液中精子的数量每毫升低于2000万为少精症。
本发明所述利鲁唑属于苯并噻唑类化合物,中文名称为2-氨基-6-三氟甲氧基苯并噻唑(2-amino-6-trifluomethoxy-benzothiazole),分子式是C8H5F3N2OS,分子量是234.2,熔点是116~118℃。利鲁唑是由4-三氟甲氧基苯胺和NH4CNS在乙酸中反应,然后在5~10℃中与溴反应过夜所得到的产物,产率约为75%,分子结构是:
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述受试者为(雄性)脊椎动物或啮齿动物,优选哺乳动物,更优选人和非人灵长类,以及兔、大鼠和小鼠等。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述药物是适合于口服、舌下、经鼻、局部、经肺、经皮或肠胃外给药的形式,例如直肠、皮下、静脉内、尿道内、肌肉内或鼻内给药的形式,更优选为适合于口服或腹腔内注射的形式。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述药物是片剂、包衣片剂、糖锭剂、丸剂、扁囊剂、硬或软明胶胶囊、溶液剂、乳剂、混悬剂、栓剂、软膏、气溶胶或注射液的形式。
可以将利鲁唑或其前药与药学惰性的、无机或有机的载体进行加工用于制备药物制剂。例如,可以使用乳糖、玉米淀粉或其衍生物、滑石、硬脂酸或其盐等作为用于片剂、包衣片剂、糖锭和硬明胶胶囊的载体。适用于软明胶胶囊的载体是例如植物油、蜡、脂肪以及半固体和液体多元醇等。然而,取决于活性物质的性质,在软明胶胶囊的情况下通常不需要载体。用于制备溶液和糖浆的适合的载体是例如水、多元醇、甘油、植物油等。适用于栓剂的载体是例如天然或硬化油、蜡、脂肪和半液体或液体多元醇等。
此外,药物制剂可以含有药用助剂物质,如防腐剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、湿润剂、乳化剂、甜味剂、着色剂、增香剂、用于改变渗透压的盐、缓冲剂、掩蔽剂或抗氧化剂。它们还可以含有另外其他的有治疗价值的物质。
剂量可以在宽范围内变化,并且当然会在每个具体情形中必须根据个体需求而调节。在口服给药的情形中,用于成人的剂量可以从约0.01mg/kg体重/天变化至约1000mg/kg体重/天的利鲁唑或其前药。该日剂量可以以单一剂量给药或以分开的剂量给药,并且此外,当需要时,也可以超过该上限。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述少精症是由于以下中的一个或多个导致的:睾丸损伤;癌症疗法(例如,化学疗法(如白消安)或放射疗法);严重性全身疾病;营养不良;药物滥用;抗精神治疗;或遗传问题。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述前药是指经由酶促或一般生物物理释放方法裂解以释放利鲁唑至血浆中的化合物。
例如以下描述了利鲁唑的前药:2017年8月8日发布的美国专利申请序列号9,725,427、2014年12月23日提交的美国专利申请号14/410,647、2017年8月5日提交的美国专利申请序列号15/549154、2016年2月26日提交的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2016/019773、和2016年2月26日提交的PCT申请序列号PCT/US2016/019787。
在一些优选实施方案中,本发明中的利鲁唑前药是CN 112469408 A和CN107567438 B中公开的下式表示的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐,其中
R23选自H、CH3、CH2CH3、CH2CH2CH3、CH2CCH、CH(CH3)2、CH2CH(CH3)2、CH(CH3)CH2CH3、CH2OH、CH2OCH2Ph、CH2CH2OCH2Ph、CH(OH)CH3、CH2Ph、CH2(环己基)、CH2(4-OH-Ph)、(CH2)4NH2、(CH2)3NHC(NH2)NH、CH2(3-吲哚)、CH2(5-咪唑)、CH2CO2H、CH2CH2CO2H、CH2CONH2和CH2CH2CONH2,其中Ph表示苯基。
CN 112469408 A和CN 107567438 B实验证明了上述利鲁唑前药能够在体内释放利鲁唑至血浆中,以发挥利鲁唑的治疗活性。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述前药是下式表示的化合物:
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述利鲁唑或其前药与另一种用于治疗少精症的药物或疗法联合施用。
在一些实施方案中,本发明中的所述另一种用于治疗少精症的药物或疗法选自:维生素;抗氧化剂;绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG);重组人促卵泡激素(rFSH);促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH);选择性雌激素受体调节剂(克罗米芬);或它们的组合。
本发明相对于少精症的现有治疗技术具有如下优点:
(1)本发明的少精症治疗方法具有副作用少,起效快,成本低,可口服给药的优势。利鲁唑在口服给药后能迅速被吸收,绝对生物利用度约为60%,给药60~90min内达到血药浓度峰值。此外,利鲁唑表现出良好的组织分布,分布体积(Vd)约为3.4L/kg。
(2)与靶点不明确、起效成分不明的中药相比,利鲁唑作为小分子化合物,可进入到血睾屏障(BTB),从而恢复血睾屏障的完整性,保护生殖细胞免受有毒物质的破坏,保证精子发生的有序进行。
(3)与容易引起内分泌紊乱、诱发心血管疾病的激素类药物相比,利鲁唑无明显副作用,用于治疗少精症不会额外加重患者的身体负担。
附图说明
图1为白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后,小鼠附睾尾的精子捕获图。
图2为白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后,全自动精子分析仪(CASA)分析附睾尾精子的数量、活率、活力和畸形率。
图3为白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后,全自动精子分析仪(CASA)分析附睾尾精子的鞭打频率(BCF)、直线速率(VSL)、侧摆幅值(VLH)和前向性(STR)。
图4为HE染色检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后睾丸的形态学变化。
图5为HE染色检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后附睾的形态学变化。
图6为免疫荧光染色检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3、6mg/kg)后,小鼠睾丸中SYCP3的表达。
图7为生物素检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天腹腔给药利鲁唑(3mg/kg、6mg/kg)后,小鼠睾丸的血睾屏障完整性。
图8为白消安造模小鼠连续七天口服利鲁唑(5mg/kg)后,小鼠附睾尾的精子捕获图。
图9为白消安造模小鼠连续七天口服利鲁唑(5mg/kg)后,全自动精子分析仪(CASA)分析附睾尾精子的数量、活率、活力和畸形率。
图10为白消安造模小鼠连续七天口服利鲁唑(5mg/kg)后,全自动精子分析仪(CASA)分析附睾尾精子的鞭打频率(BCF)、直线速率(VSL)、侧摆幅值(VLH)和前向性(STR)。
图11为HE染色检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天口服利鲁唑(5mg/kg)后睾丸的形态学变化。
图12为HE染色检测白消安造模小鼠连续七天口服利鲁唑(5mg/kg)后附睾的形态学变化。
具体实施方式
除非另外指出,本文中所用术语具有本领域技术人员理解的一般技术含义。
实施例
下面将结合实施例对本发明的方案进行解释。本领域技术人员将会理解,下面的实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的,按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规产品。
试剂
1.白消安(MedChemExpress);
2.利鲁唑(Selleck);
3.OCT包埋剂(SAKURA);
4.多聚甲醛(美国Sigma)
5.DAPI染液(博士德)
6.抗-SYCP3抗体(Abcam);
8.Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin(美国Thermo Fisher公司)
9.Alexa Fluor 568标记链霉亲和素(美国Thermo Fisher公司)
实施例1:实验动物造模与给药方案
(1)实验动物饲养
50只4周龄的昆明雄鼠购自广东省实验动物中心,分10笼(5只/笼)饲养。饲养或实验期间,房间温度控制在25±1℃,明暗周期为12小时光照,12小时黑暗,湿度50~60%,小鼠均自由饮食。待小鼠适应环境三天后开展后续实验。
(2)实验动物分组
分组情况:
(3)实验动物造模
采用昆明小鼠单次腹腔注射白消安(30mg/kg),小鼠平均体重为27g,每只小鼠注射白消安0.8mg,一共造模40只。
白消安溶液配制:
①称取40mg白消安粉末,加入2.5mL DMSO溶解;
②加入提前预热为50℃的PBS 2.5mL进一步稀释,放在热水浴中保温防止药物析出
③每只腹腔注射100uL白消安溶液,对照组注射等量生理盐水。
(4)实验动物给药
实验小鼠造模一周后,平均体重为35g,给药组连续七天腹腔注射或口服利鲁唑。对照组和模型组注射等量生理盐水。
(5)实验动物麻醉处死与取样
小鼠麻醉处死后,立即取出左侧附睾尾进行精液分析,左侧睾丸保存于-80℃,检测蛋白质、mRNA表达等参数。右侧睾丸和右侧附睾用4%多聚甲醛固定,作进一步组织学分析。
实施例2:实验动物精液分析
剪下小鼠左侧附睾尾放入1ml预热为37℃的PBS中,同时手动剪碎组织,并在37℃水浴中孵育10min使精子充分释放。混匀精子悬液,吸取10μL加入深度为60μm的小鼠专用精子计数板,每只小鼠至少捕捉30个视野,用全自动精子分析仪(CASA)(ML-810JZ,南宁松景天伦生物科技有限公司)对精子浓度、活率、活性、畸形率等参数进行综合评价。CASA系统的精液分析显示,与模型组相比,腹腔注射或口服利鲁唑均提高了造模小鼠精子的数量(图1和图8),促进了精子再生,提高了精子的活率和活力,并显著降低了精子的畸形率(图2和图9),同时提高了精子的鞭打频率(BCF)、直线速率(VSL)、侧摆幅值(VLH)和前向性(STR)(图3和图10)。
实施例3:睾丸和附睾石蜡切片的HE染色
(1)脱蜡至水:60℃烤片1h后,二甲苯浸泡15min×2次,无水乙醇5min,95%乙醇5min,80%乙醇5min,70%乙醇5min,PBS 5min×3次。
(2)苏木素染色:取出切片甩干,加入苏木素染色液覆盖组织,染色3min,然后直接用自来水轻柔冲洗切片2~3次后,浸入超纯水中,镜下观察着色情况,细胞核为蓝紫色。
(3)分化:分化液滴在切片处,5-6s。观察颜色有褪去即可用超纯水冲洗。
(4)反蓝:苏木精反蓝液滴在切片处,5-6s。观察颜色有变蓝即可用超纯水冲洗。
(5)伊红染色:甩干切片上的水渍,加入伊红染色液覆盖组织染色5min,直接甩去染液,用无水乙醇浸泡10min×2次,洗去浮色,显微镜下观察可见胞浆着鲜艳浅红色,细胞核为蓝紫色。
(6)封片:二甲苯透明5min,滴加中性树胶后封片。
(7)镜下观察:用显微镜观察睾丸和附睾的病理形态学变化。模型组的睾丸HE染色显示,与对照组相比,白消安严重破坏曲细精管结构,使管壁变薄,管径缩短,管内基底膜的生殖细胞消失,管与管间距增大,睾丸明显萎缩。给药组的HE染色显示,腹腔注射或口服利鲁唑后均可使睾丸曲细精管管壁增厚,管径增大,管内基底膜的生殖细胞明显增多,管间距恢复至正常,促进了损伤睾丸的恢复(图4和图11)。附睾HE染色显示,模型组附睾曲细精管内无精子,给药组显示部分曲细精管管内有精子再生(图5和图12)。
实施例4:睾丸冰冻切片的免疫荧光检测
(1)组织包埋及切片:取出睾丸组织放置于包埋盒内,加满OCT包埋剂,-80℃包埋30min以上,随后用冰冻切片机制作切片。
(2)通透:冰冻切片置于室温平衡30min后,PBS洗涤5min×3次,洗去OCT包埋剂;甩干切片水渍,用免疫组化笔在组织周围画圈,在组化圈内滴加1%的Trinton-X100溶液,通透24min后,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(3)封闭:甩干切片水渍,在免疫组化圈内滴加免疫荧光封闭液,室温封闭1h。
(4)孵育一抗:甩去封闭液不洗,加入按1:50的比例稀释的SYCP3抗体(ab97672,Abcam),4℃孵育过夜。16h后,回收一抗,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(5)孵育二抗:加入按1:200的比例稀释的二抗(Goat Anti-Mouse IgG H&L,ab150113,Abcam),室温孵育1h。1h后弃去二抗,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(6)核染:甩干切片水渍,加入DAPI(4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚)染液染色10min,弃染液,PBS洗涤3×5min;
(7)封片:甩干水渍,加入抗荧光封片剂,盖上盖玻片,荧光显微镜拍照。
为了确定利鲁唑给药是否促进少精症模型小鼠精原细胞的分化,采用免疫荧光检测精原细胞分化标记蛋白(SYCP3)的表达变化。结果表明,利鲁唑促进了造模小鼠睾丸SYCP3的表达,说明利鲁唑促进了精原细胞的分化,即促进了精子的发育(图6)。
实施例5:小鼠血睾屏障功能检测
(1)每组取2只小鼠进行BTB屏障功能检测,麻醉小鼠,暴露睾丸,向一侧睾丸中注射30μl Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin(10mg/ml溶于PBS)。(2)待Biotin弥散30-60min后,处死小鼠,取出睾丸,于冰冻切片机中包埋,-80℃保存待用。
(3)制备睾丸组织冰冻切片:切片机预冷至-20℃,将切片厚度设置为6μm,将切片黏附于标记好的载玻片上。
(4)用4%多聚甲醛固定切片10min,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(5)5%BSA封闭1h。
(4)Alexa Fluor 568标记链霉亲和素(2mg/ml)以1:500比例用1%BSA稀释(从此步开始避光操作),室温孵育切片1h,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(7)DAPI染核10min,PBS洗涤5min×3次。
(8)封片:甩干水渍,加入抗荧光封片剂,盖上盖玻片,荧光显微镜拍照。
因为血睾屏障对于精原细胞的增殖分化具有重要的调控作用,因此采用生物素标记的方式对白消安造模小鼠的血睾屏障完整性进行检测。结果显示,在模型组中,生物素因血睾屏障被破坏而弥散入曲细精管管腔内,而令人惊喜的是,利鲁唑给药后,小鼠睾丸的血睾屏障会更趋于完整(图7)。
本领域技术人员应该理解,尽管参照上述实施例对本发明进行了具体的描述,但是本发明并不限于这些具体的实施例。基于本发明所教导的方法和技术方案,在不背离本发明的精神的前提下,本领域技术人员能够进行适当的修改或改进,由此所得的等价实施方案都在本发明的范围内。
Claims (9)
1.利鲁唑或其前药在制备治疗受试者的少精症的药物中的应用。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述受试者为(雄性)脊椎动物或啮齿动物,优选哺乳动物,更优选人。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述药物是适合于口服、舌下、经鼻、局部、经肺、经皮或肠胃外给药的形式,例如直肠、皮下、静脉内、尿道内、肌肉内或鼻内给药的形式,更优选为适合于口服或腹腔内注射的形式。
4.根据权利要求3所述的应用,其中所述药物是片剂、包衣片剂、糖锭剂、丸剂、扁囊剂、硬或软明胶胶囊、溶液剂、乳剂、混悬剂、栓剂、软膏、气溶胶或注射液的形式。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述少精症是由于以下中的一个或多个导致的:睾丸损伤;癌症疗法(例如,化学疗法(如白消安)或放射疗法);严重性全身疾病;营养不良;药物滥用;抗精神治疗;或遗传问题。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述利鲁唑或其前药与另一种用于治疗少精症的药物或疗法联合施用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用,其中所述另一种用于治疗少精症的药物或疗法选自:维生素;抗氧化剂;绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG);重组人促卵泡激素(rFSH);促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH);选择性雌激素受体调节剂;或它们的组合。
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