CN114324072A - Method for measuring surface tension coefficient of liquid by thin plate method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of liquid by a thin plate method relates to the measurement of physical parameters of the liquid, in particular to the improvement of measuring the surface tension coefficient by a drop weight method. The technical scheme is as follows: fixing a pencil holder, enabling the lower surface of a cylindrical eraser at the front end of the pencil to be horizontal, selecting a proper diameter d of the eraser to enable the upper end of a liquid drop to be cylindrical, and reading volume scales V1; step 1, pushing a core rod to wet the surface of a horizontal eraser, and step 2, slowly pushing the core rod to increase the volume of liquid drops to enable the liquid drops, wherein the front end of a needle head contacts the surface of the lower end of the eraser; step 3, contacting the lower end surface of the eraser with absorbent paper; then removing the absorbent paper; repeating the step 2-3 to make the number n of the drops be 10-20 drops, and reading the volume scale V2, the surface tension coefficient is alpha = rho (V1-V2) g/(n pi d). This allows neglecting the effect of the contact angle; the measuring principle is perfect and simple and easy to understand.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the measurement of physical parameters of liquid, in particular to the improvement of measuring the surface tension coefficient by a drop weight method.
Background
Tate proposed the drop weight method to measure the surface tension coefficient of liquids in 1864: γ = mg/(2 π R), where γ is the surface tension coefficient of the liquid (some references use α instead of γ), mg is the weight of the dropped droplet, where mg is the mass of the dropped droplet, and g is the acceleration of gravity; pi is the circumference ratio; r is the radius of the circular sheet at the upper end of the liquid.
The drop weight method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of a liquid refers to the empirical formula of correction factors of the drop volume (drop weight) method, namely p43-44 of 12 months in 1992 of university chemistry, volume 7, university chemistry, Beijing university, Zhanhui, and the basic principle is as follows: "the maximum drop weight mg that a circular cross-section of radius R can maintain at equilibrium has the following relationship to the apparent (interfacial) tension g, the cross-sectional radius R of the liquid: g=Fmg/R= FVgρrR; wherein g is the acceleration of gravity and F is the correction factor which is V/R3Independent of surface tension, dropper material, liquid density, viscosity, V is the volume of the drop, prIs the difference in density between the liquid and the medium (the medium is typically air). After the mass m or V is measured experimentally, the mass can be measured by V/R3And (4) looking up a table to obtain a correction factor F, and substituting gamma = Fmg/R to calculate a table (interface) surface tension value. "the main trouble of this method is to calculate V/R3And a table lookup is needed to obtain the correction factor F, so the calculation process is also complicated.
The main problems of the drop weight method are: along with the injection of the liquid, the gravity of the liquid drop is greater than the surface tension, the liquid drop begins to break off and drop from the lower end of the circular thin plate, in the dropping process, part of the liquid remains below the circular thin plate to form a liquid drop close to a hemisphere, the mass of the dropped liquid is reduced due to the part of the remaining liquid drop, and therefore correction is needed, otherwise, the measurement result is smaller.
Meanwhile, if the upper end of the liquid drop is a circular ring, the liquid level on the inner side of the circular ring is sunken before the liquid drop falls, and the liquid drop rebounds after falling.
Since the drop weight method adopts a method of correcting the result, the understanding of the Tate theory of the drop weight method and the imperfect experimental operation are explained.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to increase the precision of the drop weight method and avoid correcting the measurement result, the invention designs a method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of the liquid by a thin plate method.
The invention adopts the technical scheme that the purpose of the invention is realized by: a method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of liquid by a thin plate method fixes a pencil rod and enables the lower surface of a cylindrical eraser at the front end of the pencil to be horizontal, and the method comprises a needle tube, wherein the needle tube consists of an inner tube and an outer tube, the inner tube is also called a core rod, and the method is characterized in that: selecting a proper diameter d of the eraser to enable the upper end of the liquid drop to be cylindrical; measuring the diameter d of the eraser; the outer side of the outer cylinder of the needle tube is provided with volume scales, the rubber piston at the front end of the core rod is a reading reference line, a needle head with the inner diameter of 0.45mm is used for pushing the core rod to enable the needle head to discharge water, and the volume scales V1 are read;
it should be noted that: for water, the surface of the eraser is not completely non-wetting with water, i.e. water drops do not appear spherical on the surface of the eraser; the surface of the eraser is not completely soaked with water, namely water drops on the surface of the eraser cannot diffuse; when the water drops are above the surface of the eraser, the water drops on the surface of the eraser are approximately hemispherical;
repeating the step 2-3 to make the number n of the drops be 10-20, then reading the volume scale V2,
then pi d α = ρ [ (V1-V2)/n ] g, i.e. the surface tension coefficient α = ρ (V1-V2) g/(n pi d);
where ρ is the density of the liquid and g is the acceleration of gravity.
The liquid is water, and d is 4-6 mm. I.e. the preferred parameter for d is 4-6mm in order to make the upper end of the drop cylindrical before it falls. The water is not soaked with the surface of the eraser, but the surface of the eraser is not completely soaked, namely, the surface of the eraser can remain part of water to form a water film.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the diameter of the rubber of the needle is reasonably selected, so that the upper end of the liquid drop is cylindrical, which is an experimental fact observed in the experimental process, so that the influence of a contact angle can be ignored (the contact angle is 0, the direction of surface tension is vertical upwards and is just opposite to the gravity direction; the contact angle does not need to be measured), and the measurement process is simplified; simultaneously wiping and sucking away residual liquid (or sucking away liquid by adopting a needle head of another needle tube, wherein the inner diameter of the needle head is preferably 0.45 mm), and avoiding errors caused by residual liquid in a weight dropping method; the invention has perfect measuring principle and is simple and easy to understand; the operability is strong, and the device can be used as a student experimental instrument. The student can understand the surface tension and understand the action principle of the surface tension. The method is perfect for the existing drop weight method measurement technology: the weight of the remaining liquid fraction should be calculated among the drop weights.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of a liquid by a thin plate method.
Detailed Description
To implement the idea of Tate, 2 problems need to be solved: (1) the problem of contact angle, in order to avoid the influence of the contact angle, the diameter of a proper round thin plate needs to be selected, so that the upper end of the liquid drop is cylindrical; (2) the problem of liquid drop residue is solved.
The first problem is that: the problem of contact angle is solved:
the inner diameter (or the diameter of the thin plate) of the water pipe which does not infiltrate water is d (the radius is r = d/2), the surface tension coefficient is alpha, the density r of the liquid at the current temperature is 2 pi r alpha in order to make the upper end of the liquid drop present a cylindrical shape>ρ × V × g, where V is the sphere volume =4/3 π r3Then r is<[3α/(2ρg)]0.5Wherein g is the acceleration of gravity. For example, the room temperature is 100 degrees centigrade (the surface tension coefficient becomes smaller with the temperature rise), and the surface tension coefficient of water at 100 degrees centigrade is 5.8896 x 10-2N/m, g is 9.8N/kg, rho =103kg/m3Then r is<3.3mm。
When the liquid is soaked in the water pipe (or the thin plate or the circular ring), the upper end of the liquid is soaked and diffused with the surface, the upper end is large (the soaking and diffusion is formed), the lower end is large, the middle is small, and the liquid drop has a minimum diameter d (the diameter of the finest position in the middle, the tangent of the surface is vertical, and the contact angle is 0) due to the rotating body, and the minimum diameter d determines the weight size capable of restraining the liquid drop (pi x d α = mg, m is the mass of the liquid below the minimum diameter, g is the gravity acceleration, and the contact angle is 0 due to the minimum diameter). As the drop mass changes, the minimum diameter d also changes, and is therefore inconvenient to manipulate.
When the water temperature is 100 ℃, the inner diameter (or the diameter of the thin plate) d of the water pipe is more than 3.3mm 2=6.6mm (the liquid is water), the water pipe mouth can not restrain water drops larger than or equal to the inner diameter of the water pipe mouth, when the water quantity is small, the liquid drops are in a spherical crown, the water quantity injection is gradually increased, because the water pipe mouth can not restrain the water drops larger than or equal to the inner diameter of the water pipe mouth, the water drops at the front end gradually change to a spherical shape, the middle part is sunken, the shape with the upper end, the lower end and the middle part being large and the shape with the middle being small is formed, and the diameter corresponding to the minimum position in the middle is called as d. The drop is instantly completed, so the operation is not convenient.
When the water pipe (or the thin plate) and the liquid do not infiltrate, when the inner diameter of the water pipe opening is smaller than a certain value (water, less than 2 x 3.3 mm), the upper end of the liquid is in a cylindrical shape along with the increase of the mass of the liquid drop, the diameter of the cylindrical shape is the inner diameter of the water pipe opening, and the inner diameter is represented by a letter d (because the cylindrical shape is presented, the contact angle is 0) for simplifying the description.
Experimental observation shows that when the inner diameter of the needle tube or the inner diameter of the needle head is smaller, the diameter of the lower end of a liquid drop is spherical and is larger than the diameter d of a liquid drop cylinder at the upper end, and the inner diameter d of a water pipe (because the inner diameter d of the water pipe which does not infiltrate the liquid drop is equal to the diameter of the liquid drop cylinder at the upper end of the liquid drop, the difference between the diameter of the upper end of the liquid drop and the inner diameter of the water pipe is not distinguished in the description process and is represented by a symbol d) is smaller and more obvious, when the water temperature is about 15 ℃ and the inner diameter d =5-6mm of the water pipe, the upper end of the liquid drop (the liquid drop is water, the lower end of the liquid drop is cylindrical and the lower end of the liquid drop is approximately hemispherical; the height of the cylindrical part at the upper end is shortened along with the gradual reduction of the inner diameter d of the water pipe, the (approximate) hemispherical diameter of the lower end part is gradually larger than the inner diameter of the water pipe, when d =2mm, the observed hemispherical diameter is about 4mm, and the cylindrical shape (two side edges are vertical) at the upper end can be obviously seen under a microscope; when d =1mm or so, the hemispherical diameter is approximately 2.5mm or so, and the cylindrical portion height is visually inconvenient to observe.
The second problem is that: the problem of liquid drop residue is solved.
The residual liquid is removed, i.e. the residual liquid should be calculated to be within the weight of the dropped droplets. Therefore, the technical scheme is as follows:
a method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of liquid by a thin plate method is characterized in that a pencil shaft 1 is fixed and the lower surface of a cylindrical eraser 2 at the front end of a pencil is made to be horizontal, and the method comprises the following steps: the vernier caliper measures the diameter d of the eraser 2; the outer side of the outer cylinder 3 of the needle tube is provided with volume scales (the existing needle tubes are provided with the volume scales), a rubber piston at the front end of the core rod (the existing needle tubes are provided with the rubber pistons and play a sealing role) is used as a reading reference line, a needle head with the inner diameter of 0.45mm (the smallest inner diameter which can be found in the online shopping website) is used for pushing the core rod to enable the needle head to discharge water, and the volume scales V1 are read;
repeating the step 2-3 to make the number n of the drops be 10-20, then reading the volume scale V2,
then pi d α = ρ [ (V1-V2)/n ] g, i.e. the surface tension coefficient α = ρ (V1-V2) g/(n pi d);
where ρ is the density of the liquid and g is the acceleration of gravity.
The liquid is water, and d is 4-6 mm.
Physical significance of the above experiment: (1) the drop weight method uses the mass (gravity) of the dropped liquid drop to measure the surface tension coefficient of the liquid and has theoretical defects; (2) the surface tension coefficient is a limiting parameter and can be shown only when the liquid drops fall; (3) the liquid drops are more similar to the liquid contained in an elastic airbag, when the elastic airbag is broken, the liquid drops are the result of the weight action of the liquid below the breaking position (plane), the analogy can better understand the meaning of the experiment, can also better understand the meaning of the tension coefficient and can also better understand the most essential physical meaning of the drop weight method; (4) since the diameter of the rubber eraser is selected to be proper, the upper end of the liquid drop is cylindrical, the weight (force) borne by the upper end of the cylindrical shape is the largest, and therefore the initial breaking position is necessarily the position of the edge of the lower end of the rubber eraser; (5) because the surface tension coefficient is reflected only when the liquid drops, and the surface tension is actually an attractive force, the liquid is necessarily separated from two sides of the splitting position on the liquid surface section, so that partial liquid is remained, and the residual liquid causes technical defects in the existing drop weight method measurement.
Claims (2)
1. The method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of the liquid by a thin plate method is characterized in that a pencil holder (1) is fixed, and the lower surface of a cylindrical eraser (2) at the front end of a pencil is made to be horizontal: selecting a proper diameter d of the eraser to enable the upper end of the liquid drop to be cylindrical; measuring the diameter d of the eraser; the outer side of the needle tube outer cylinder (3) is provided with volume scales, a rubber piston at the front end of the core rod (4) is a reading reference line, a needle head (5) with the inner diameter of 0.45mm is used for pushing the core rod to enable the needle head to discharge water, and the volume scales V1 are read;
step 1, pushing a core rod to wet the surface of a horizontal eraser, namely pushing the core rod to enable a small amount of liquid to be adhered to the surface of the eraser, and then moving a needle head to enable the liquid to be uniformly coated on the surface of the eraser;
step 2, the front end of the needle head contacts the surface of the lower end of the eraser, the core rod is slowly pushed to enable liquid to drip from the lower part of the eraser, the slow mode means that a liquid drop is generated within 20-30 seconds, and the core rod is immediately stopped being pushed after the liquid drop;
step 3, removing the needle head for injecting water, contacting the lower end surface of the eraser with absorbent paper, keeping the absorbent paper stationary for 2-5 seconds, and then removing the absorbent paper;
repeating the step 2-3 to make the number n of the drops be 10-20, then reading the volume scale V2,
then pi d α = ρ (V1-V2)/ng, i.e., the surface tension coefficient α = ρ (V1-V2) g/(n pi d);
where ρ is the density of the liquid, g is the gravitational acceleration, and π is the circumferential ratio, 3.1416 is taken.
2. The method for measuring the surface tension coefficient of a liquid by the thin plate method according to claim 1, wherein: the liquid is water, and d is 4-6 mm.
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