CN1143085C - 用来调配供热和发电组合系统热量输出的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用来调配供热和发电组合系统热量输出的方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN1143085C
CN1143085C CNB961951850A CN96195185A CN1143085C CN 1143085 C CN1143085 C CN 1143085C CN B961951850 A CNB961951850 A CN B961951850A CN 96195185 A CN96195185 A CN 96195185A CN 1143085 C CN1143085 C CN 1143085C
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丹尼尔·G·里希纳尔
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D11/00—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses
    • F24D11/002—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system
    • F24D11/005—Central heating systems using heat accumulated in storage masses water heating system with recuperation of waste heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N5/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy
    • F01N5/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus combined or associated with devices profiting by exhaust energy the devices using heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D29/00—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto
    • F02D29/06—Controlling engines, such controlling being peculiar to the devices driven thereby, the devices being other than parts or accessories essential to engine operation, e.g. controlling of engines by signals external thereto peculiar to engines driving electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D18/00—Small-scale combined heat and power [CHP] generation systems specially adapted for domestic heating, space heating or domestic hot-water supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • H02P9/42—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output to obtain desired frequency without varying speed of the generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2101/00—Electric generators of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2101/70—Electric generators driven by internal combustion engines [ICE]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2103/00—Thermal aspects of small-scale CHP systems
    • F24D2103/20—Additional heat sources for supporting thermal peak loads
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    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
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    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

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Abstract

通过改变转速来调节供热和发电组合系统的热量输出，同时保持热机控制装置的位置在其最大效率范围内。为此目的，仅仅通过分别减小或增大供入电网的电流，就能把在满载位置或最佳效率处的热机调节到较低或较高转速，从而使热机效率基本上不受影响。电流可以由变频器保持为希望的频率。

Description

用来调配供热和发电组合系统热量输出的方法和装置
技术领域
本方法涉及通过转速控制来调配一种供热和发电组合系统，特别是一种单元式热电站的热量输出。
背景技术
单元式热电站(＝BHPS)是用于产生电流和热量的较小电厂，借助于由热气机(例如，活塞式发动机、汪克尔转子发动机、斯特林发动机或燃气轮机)驱动的发电机产生电流。利用来自冷却水和废气的损失热量产生热量。这种类型的能量产生也称之为组合的热量和电力(CHP)。
一方面，以前的BHPS以恒转速(例如，1500rpm)工作，以便经发电机产生和保持所需的电网频率。在另一方面，当今的BHPS通常在满负荷下工作，即节流活门完全打开，因为这使给定转速的效率最大。
对于恒转速和最大负荷的这两个要求使当今的电厂不能适于热量需求的变化，例如连接的家庭供热系统的热量需求变化。众所周知，热气机的输出仅能通过改变转速或负荷来改变。例如，如果在保持转速恒定的同时试图通过关闭节流活门一定的量来减小损失的热量输出，则这一措施将仅仅是部分成功的。尽管由于轴上的扭矩下降作为节流活门位置函数的发电机输出会降低，但仅仅是不适当地减小了散热，因为在节流的热气机中，由于节流损失和热气机平均压力下降使效率降低。
因此，BHPS常常包括几个热气机发电机单元和一个用于峰值输出的供热锅炉，从而能接通或断开各个单元，以便调节BHPS的功率输出，尽可能接近年度分布图(即，用户单元在一年期间热量输出需求的累积频率分布)。
这种类型的年度分布图，如图4中对具体住房单元所表示的那样，清楚地表明在年度内热量输出需求是变化无常的。当计划一个BHPS时，可以使用年度分布图来分配要在热气机发电机单元和峰值负荷锅炉中配置的容量。在图4中，例如，5个热气机发电机单元(M1-M5)提供了最大输出50％的总量，而一个常规供热锅炉(画投影线区域)提供了其余的50％以覆盖峰值输出，以便能够产生在整个年度内所需要的100％热量输出(Q)。对于部分输出的矩形表示年度工作或满载下的小时数(0-8760h/a＝每年供热小时数)。可以看出，图4中单个发动机只能覆盖总输出的ca.10％。对于合适的年度分布图，根据已有技术这一百分率能增大到15％。
图5表示用于一种带有一个热气机发电机单元的常规BHPS的另一张年度分布图，该热气机发电机单元能产生热量输出(Q)的30％(画投影线区域)。对于两个无投影线区域，必须另外备有一个常规供热系统，以便当供热需求＞30％时补充BHPS，而当供热需求＜30％且断开BHPS时，用其本身取代BHPS的热量产生。
现在已经惊奇地发现，通过优选地向公共供电网供出较多或较少的电力，来改变热气机或发电机的转速，能实现热量输出调配，同时把负荷控制(例如，节流活门)的位置保持在热气机的最大效率区内。
发明内容
根据本发明提供一种用来调配供热和发电组合系统的热量输出的方法，其特征在于，把负荷控制位置保持在热气机的最大效率范围内的同时，利用经发电机把较多或较少的电力可选地释放到公共供电网中，通过改变热气机或发电机的转速实现所述调配，借用于使用一个变频器的AC/DC/AC转换把电力保持为恒定频率。
另外，本发明还提供一种实现本发明上述方法的单元式热电站，其包括一个热气机、一个由热气机驱动以产生电力的发电机、一个整流器、一个升压变压器、一个与电流调节器组合的逆变器，所述电流调节器互连在发电机和公共供电网之间，使得电力以恒定频率提供到所述供电网上，和控制装置，所述控制装置互连在调节器和热气机之间以通过改变热气机或发电机的转速来调节流入到供电网中的电流。
因而，借助于本发明方法工作的供热发电组合系统，特别是BHPS，已不会受到上述问题之害，因为这样一种系统，即使只带有一个热气机发电机单元，的功率输出也总是能通过控制热量输出，来适应年度分布图。
这通过一个程序来实现，由此通过改变，例如，释放到公共供电网中的电能，简单地把转速减小或增大到较小或较大值，把热气机带到满载位置(打开节流活门)或最佳效率处。
如果经电流调节器迫使发电机把更多的电能释放到公共电网中，则其负荷增大并且由此把热气机发电机单元减速到较低转速。就是这样能把输出调节到任何希望值，同时保持节流活门打开。电流调节相当于电压增大到电网电压值以上也导致增大的电流流动的通常方法。
通过用交流电源给发电机加载和跟着的转速调节，能由此实现满载下的BHPS热量输出调配。
由于发动机转速的变化也改变了产生的电流频率，这是不希望的因为用户需要50Hz的均匀交流频率，所以可以把电流保持为电网频率，例如，通过使用一个变频器的常规AC/DC/AC转换。
附图说明
下面更详细地表示根据本发明的方法和实施该方法的装置。
图1表示一种BHPS的基本图，例如，用于独立的家庭住房。
图2a表示采用根据本发明的热量调节的发电机输出和热量产生，而图2b表示采用常规调节，即，采用恒定的发电机转速。
图3表示采用根据本发明调节的BHPS的热量需求覆盖，例如，独立家庭住房的热量需求覆盖。
具体实施方式
图1表示集中供热(1)和BHPS(2)。BHPS(2)包括一个内燃机(3)和一个0-370V/0-1500Hz发电机(4)。为了能够向室内连线或公共供电网供给恒定频率(50Hz)的电力，把一个整流器(5)、一个±370V DC升压变压器(6)和一个带有组合电流调节器的3×400V AC/50Hz逆变器(7)装入BHPS中。然后把电力以3×400V AC释放到公共供电网(8a-c)中。例如，把一个温度差传感器(11)装到集中供热(1)的流入管道(9)和流出管道(10)上，并把供热系统的热量需求反馈给控制(12)。例如，通过保持一个设定的温度差，修改热量输出。可选择地，通过一个外部温度传感器(13)也能设置所需的热量输出。控制(12)确定要由BHPS输送的发动机输出，并调节经变换器(7)流入供电网(8a-c)的电流，由此把发电机(4)加载(＝减速)到较大或较小程度，并因此把转速因而也把发动机输出拉平到由供热系统设置的值。在这一方法中，节流活门(14)由控制装置保持常开。8d-f表示用于供电网监视和同步的开关。来自集中供热(1)的冷却水经流出管道(10)传送进入热交换器(15)，在该处冷却水再次吸收热量，并经加热流入管道(9)返回集中供热(1)。
借助于根据本发明的方法和实现该方法所需的装置，得到表示在图2a中的发电机输出与热量产生(0-15kW)之间的关系。这里BHPS在满载下以可变转速工作，把发动机输出(P)调节到100％、50％、25％和10％。用投影线条表示的、单位为kW的热量输出(Q)正比于用非投影线条表示的、单位为kW的发电机输出(P)下降。热量输出可以在较宽的范围内变化，尽管发动机效率η保持在ca.30％(水平线)。
为了比较，在图2b中类似地表示采用发动机恒定转速的常规调节。这里通过恒定转速发动机的节流改变输出。同样，用非投影线条表示的、单位为kW的发电机输出(P)下降，但发动机效率η同时下降(斜线)。这就是为什么用投影线条表示的、单位为kW的热量输出(Q)只稍微下降。热量输出仅能在较窄的范围内变化。
图3表示通过由根据本发明方法操作的BHPS的可容易地在大范围内变化的热量输出(0-100％)(Q)，借助于单一的发动机发电机单元就能覆盖在年度分布图(0-8760h/a)上的住房全部供热需求(画投影线的面积)。

Claims (3)

1.用来调配供热和发电组合系统的热量输出的方法，其特征在于，把负荷控制位置保持在热气机的最大效率范围内的同时，利用经发电机把较多或较少的电力可选地释放到公共供电网中，通过改变热气机或发电机的转速实现所述调配，借用于使用一个变频器的AC/DC/AC转换把电力保持为恒定频率。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，用单一的热气机发电机单元控制热量输出以适合用户年度分布图。
3.用来实现根据权利要求1或2所述方法的单元式热电站，其特征在于，它包括一个热气机(3)、一个由热气机驱动以产生电力的发电机(4)、一个整流器(5)、一个升压变压器(6)、一个与电流调节器组合的逆变器(7)，所述电流调节器互连在发电机和公共供电网之间，使得电力以恒定频率提供到所述供电网上，和控制装置(12)，所述控制装置(12)互连在调节器和热气机之间以通过改变热气机或发电机的转速来调节流入到供电网中的电流。
CNB961951850A 1995-06-30 1996-06-28 用来调配供热和发电组合系统热量输出的方法和装置 Expired - Lifetime CN1143085C (zh)

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ES2141507T3 (es) 2000-03-16
NO311055B1 (no) 2001-10-01
NO976124D0 (no) 1997-12-29
CN1189889A (zh) 1998-08-05
CA2225915A1 (en) 1997-01-23
DE59603230D1 (de) 1999-11-04
CZ293170B6 (cs) 2004-02-18
JP3936397B2 (ja) 2007-06-27
NO976124L (no) 1998-03-02
HK1016245A1 (en) 1999-10-29
DK0835411T3 (da) 2000-04-10
JPH11509594A (ja) 1999-08-24
CA2225915C (en) 2006-01-10
AU6120196A (en) 1997-02-05
EP0835411B1 (de) 1999-09-29
EP0835411A1 (de) 1998-04-15
CZ422797A3 (cs) 1998-06-17
WO1997002454A1 (de) 1997-01-23
ATE185190T1 (de) 1999-10-15
US6274941B1 (en) 2001-08-14

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