CN114221577B - Nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on elastic cable and negative Poisson's ratio structure - Google Patents
Nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on elastic cable and negative Poisson's ratio structure Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 241001124569 Lycaenidae Species 0.000 description 5
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- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
- H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
- H02N2/186—Vibration harvesters
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on an elastic cable and a negative Poisson's ratio structure, which comprises a base, an elastic cable, a piezoelectric composite unit and a mass block, wherein: the two inner surfaces of the base, which are vertical to the Y direction, are used for fixing the elastic cables, and the direction vertical to the bottom surface of the base, namely the Z direction, is a vibration excitation direction; the piezoelectric composite unit comprises a negative Poisson ratio sheet and a piezoelectric ceramic sheet; two end faces of the negative Poisson ratio sheet along the stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cable, and piezoelectric ceramic plates are adhered to the upper surface and the lower surface of the negative Poisson ratio sheet; the mass block is positioned in the middle of the collector and only generates displacement in the Z direction; and two end faces of the mass block along the stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cable. According to the invention, the maximization of the unit volume power and performance of the energy collector is realized through the arrayed piezoelectric composite units, which has great significance for the engineering application of the piezoelectric energy collector.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of energy, and relates to a two-end fixed-support nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on a cable and negative Poisson's ratio structure.
Background
In recent years, the number of mobile electronic devices, wireless sensor networks and internet of things devices has increased dramatically, and a traditional battery-based energy supply scheme brings about a small maintenance cost and is inconvenient, so that it is necessary to find a new alternative.
Energy harvesting technology provides an effective way to replace batteries. There are many types of energy that can be utilized from the environment by energy harvesters, such as vibration, radio frequency, temperature, etc. Since vibration is ubiquitous in the environment, vibration energy harvesting techniques are widely studied. Vibration energy collectors are mainly classified into piezoelectric type, electromagnetic type and electrostatic type. Among them, piezoelectric energy harvesters have high energy density in medium-high frequency environments and are easy to integrate, and therefore are more interesting than other vibration energy harvesting methods (e.g., using electromagnetic and electrostatic effects).
The traditional piezoelectric vibration energy collector adopts a design scheme of a linear resonator, and can generate high output power when the resonant frequency is matched with the excitation frequency. However, when the excitation frequency deviates slightly from the resonance frequency, the performance of the energy harvester decreases dramatically. Therefore, solving the narrow bandwidth problem of piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters has been a significant challenge. At present, there are several solutions for broadening the operating bandwidth of energy harvesters that have been studied in general, including methods that utilize frequency tuning, multi-modal systems or enhanced system nonlinearities. Among them, in the enhancement system nonlinear method, geometric nonlinearity using magnetic coupling, mechanical stopper or structure is a main means.
Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters with strong structural geometric non-linearity convert vibrational energy into electrical energy mainly by applying bending loads to the piezoelectric layer. Although such a system has the advantages of low rigidity, simple structure, relatively low resonant frequency, easy MEMS processing, etc., due to the uneven stress distribution of the piezoelectric layer caused by the bending load, not only will the durability of the piezoelectric material be tested seriously, but also it is an important reason for the problems of low electromechanical coupling coefficient of the collector, poor output power overall and low carrying capacity, etc. In contrast, the tension-compression mode piezoelectric vibration energy harvester has higher performance in both electromechanical conversion efficiency and bearing aspect due to the improvement of the problem of uneven stress distribution of the piezoelectric material. Nevertheless, since the piezoelectric ceramic has a low tensile strength and a lower fatigue limit under dynamic stress, the strength problem of the piezoelectric ceramic will become a key to limit the electricity generation performance. In order to simultaneously enhance the power density and the bearing capacity of piezoelectric ceramics, a novel piezoelectric vibration energy collector needs to be found urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problem of low safety of the energy collector and reduce negative effects caused by bending moment, the invention provides an elastic cable supported nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on a negative Poisson ratio structure. The piezoelectric unit works in a tension-compression mode, so that the external force working efficiency is higher, and good power output is obtained. However, compared with compression, piezoelectric ceramics have lower tensile strength (45 MPa), especially fatigue limit under dynamic stress, resulting in severely limited carrying capacity and lower upper limit of power output. In order to improve the electromechanical efficiency of the piezoelectric ceramic in a stretching mode, the invention introduces a negative Poisson ratio structure which is bonded with the piezoelectric ceramic to form a piezoelectric composite unit, so that the piezoelectric ceramic can be bonded at d 31 And d 32 The corresponding two directions are simultaneously pulled, so that the generated power is superposed in the two directions. The planar negative Poisson ratio structure can effectively improve the piezoelectric ceramicsSpace utilization and safety. In addition, the invention provides a bearing mode of the fixed supporting cables at two ends, which replaces the traditional beam structure, not only eliminates the problem of uneven stress of the piezoelectric units due to bending moment, but also realizes the array of the piezoelectric composite units, and obviously improves the space utilization rate and the energy density of the energy collector.
The purpose of the invention is mainly realized by the following technical scheme:
a nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on an elastic rope and a negative Poisson ratio structure comprises a base, an elastic rope, a piezoelectric composite unit and a mass block, wherein:
the two inner surfaces of the base, which are vertical to the Y direction, are used for fixing the elastic cables, and the direction vertical to the bottom surface of the base, namely the Z direction, is a vibration excitation direction;
the piezoelectric composite unit comprises a negative Poisson ratio sheet and a piezoelectric ceramic sheet;
two end faces of the negative Poisson ratio sheet along the stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cable, and piezoelectric ceramic plates are adhered to the upper surface and the lower surface (along the Z direction) of the negative Poisson ratio sheet;
the mass block is positioned in the middle of the collector and only generates displacement in the Z direction;
two end faces of the mass block along the stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cable;
the number of the piezoelectric composite units is 2N, and N is more than or equal to 1;
the piezoelectric composite structure is characterized in that N piezoelectric composite units are arranged on two sides of the mass block, the adjacent piezoelectric composite units, the piezoelectric composite units and the mass block and the piezoelectric composite units and the base are connected through elastic cables, the number of the elastic cables between the adjacent piezoelectric composite units, the piezoelectric composite units and the mass block and the piezoelectric composite units and the base is N, and N is larger than or equal to 1.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the cable structure does not bear or transfer bending moment, and energy loss caused by bending deformation of the system is reduced.
2. The cable structure does not bear or transfer bending moment, and the bearing capacity of the piezoelectric material is prevented from being reduced due to uneven internal stress distribution.
3. The piezoelectric composite units can realize the arraying, the space utilization rate and the energy density of the energy collector can be greatly improved, and meanwhile, the safety problem caused by bending moment is also solved.
4. The tensility of the negative Poisson ratio slice is utilized to ensure that the piezoelectric ceramic piece is arranged at d 31 And d 32 The two directions are simultaneously pulled, and the space utilization rate and the safety of the piezoelectric ceramics are improved.
5. Except for piezoelectric materials, all parts of the energy collector can be directly obtained by laser cutting, and the energy collector is simple to manufacture and low in manufacturing cost.
6. The boundary condition of the two fixed ends is adopted, so that stronger nonlinearity is shown, and the widening of the vibration bandwidth is facilitated, so that the energy collector has stronger working environment adaptability.
7. Since the non-linear characteristics of such an energy harvester are mainly determined by the ratio of the linear stiffness to the non-linear stiffness, the non-linear characteristics of the system vibrations are thus enhanced when the linear stiffness of the system is reduced. Therefore, the elastic cable is introduced into the system, which is beneficial to enhancing the nonlinearity of the system so as to achieve the purpose of widening the working bandwidth.
8. The energy collector is integrally inclined to a planar configuration, so that the waste of space is effectively reduced, and the arrayed configuration of the energy collector is facilitated.
9. The piezoelectric energy collector has better advantages in the aspects of working bandwidth, electromechanical efficiency, bearing range and upper limit of output power.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram (top view) of an array piezoelectric energy harvester;
fig. 2 is an overview of a piezoelectric energy harvester with a bimorph composite unit;
FIG. 3 is a front view of a negative Poisson's ratio flake;
FIG. 4 is an exploded view of a piezoelectric composite structure;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural diagram (top view) of an array type piezoelectric energy harvester attached with a metal sheet;
fig. 6 is a schematic structural diagram (top view) of an array piezoelectric energy harvester with n cables.
In the figure: 1 is a base; 2 is a piezoelectric composite unit; 3 is an elastic rope; 4 is a mass block; 5 is a piezoelectric ceramic piece; 6 is adhesive, 7 is negative poisson's ratio flake.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described below with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and modifications or equivalent substitutions may be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention.
The invention provides a nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on an elastic cable and a negative Poisson ratio structure, as shown in figures 1-4, the nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester comprises a base 1, a piezoelectric composite unit 2, an elastic cable 3 and a mass block 4, wherein:
two inner surfaces of the base 1, which are vertical to the Y direction, are used for fixing the elastic cable 3, and the direction vertical to the bottom surface of the base, namely the Z direction, is a vibration excitation direction;
the elastic cable 3 connects the components together by welding or winding and the like, and the far end of the elastic cable is fixed on the base 1;
the upper layer and the lower layer of the piezoelectric composite unit 2 are both piezoelectric ceramic pieces 5, the middle interlayer is a negative Poisson ratio sheet 7 with a flexible hinge, and the piezoelectric ceramic pieces 5 and the negative Poisson ratio sheet 7 are connected through an adhesive 6;
the piezoelectric ceramic sheet 5, the adhesive 6 and the negative Poisson ratio sheet 7 jointly form a piezoelectric composite unit 2;
circular grooves are arranged at a plurality of positions of the negative Poisson ratio sheet 7, so that the negative Poisson ratio sheet plays a role of a flexible hinge, the energy loss of the part due to bending can be reduced, and more strain energy is transferred to the piezoelectric ceramic;
the mass block 4 is positioned in the middle of the whole system and only generates displacement in the Z direction;
the system is arranged on a base 1, and the piezoelectric energy harvester is excited through the vibration of the base 1.
In the invention, a negative Poisson ratio sheet 7 (when an array scheme is adopted, see figure 1) and a mass block 4 are connected to form a symmetrical flexible vibrator. The piezoelectric ceramic plate 5 and the negative poisson's ratio sheet 7 are bonded together by the adhesive 6, but in order to better exert the characteristics of the negative poisson's ratio sheet 7, it needs to be bonded with the piezoelectric ceramic plate 5 in the manner shown in fig. 4, so that the negative poisson's ratio sheet 7 can be prevented from generating adverse stress on the piezoelectric ceramic plate 5. When the piezoelectric energy harvester vibrates by external excitation along the Z direction, the central mass block 4 can generate tension on the piezoelectric composite unit 2 through the elastic cable 3. At this time, the piezoceramic sheet 5 shown in fig. 3 receives not only a pulling force in the 2-direction but also a supporting force (pulling force) from the negative poisson's ratio sheet 7 in the 1-direction. In contrast, if the negative poisson ratio sheet 7 is replaced by a conventional positive poisson ratio structure (or beam unit), the pressure is applied in the direction 1. As can be seen from equation (1), the maximum total output power on the piezoceramic wafer 5 depends on the sum of the stresses in the two directions:
wherein A is an electromechanical constant,
and
positive stress in the 1 and 2 directions of the piezoelectric patch, respectively.
Furthermore, the torsional stiffness of the elastic cord is low, which will cause the natural frequency of the energy harvester in the torsional mode to be too low, adversely affecting the energy harvesting. In order to avoid the above situation, the method can be implemented by attaching a metal sheet to the elastic cord (as shown in fig. 5), increasing the number of the elastic cords between the piezoelectric composite unit and its adjacent piezoelectric composite unit, the piezoelectric composite unit and its adjacent mass block, the piezoelectric composite unit and its adjacent base (as shown in fig. 6), or expanding the vertical distance between the adjacent elastic cords.
In material selection, spring steel is selected as the material of the negative poisson's ratio sheet because the spring steel has excellent comprehensive properties such as sag resistance and the like. As the PZT-5H has higher electromechanical coupling coefficient and stronger piezoelectric property, the PZT-5H is selected to be used as the piezoelectric ceramic sheet. Since the nickel material has a high density, the mass block 4 is made of the nickel material. The steel cable can bear various loads and variable loads and has high tensile strength, fatigue resistance and impact toughness, so that the steel cable is used as an elastic cable, and the type of the steel cable can be selected according to a specific system. The material of the component may be replaced by any other material than the material choices given above to achieve the same result.
In the invention, the energy collector is arranged on the base in a mode of clamping elastic cables at two ends by the clamp; the elastic cable is connected with the piezoelectric composite unit and the mass block through adhesive.
As shown in fig. 1, 5 and 6, the size of the piezoelectric ceramic plate is 20mm × 10mm; the size of the negative poisson ratio sheet is 20mm multiplied by 10mm; each section of elastic cable is 10mm in length and 0.4mm in thickness; the size of the mass block is 10mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 5mm.
Considering the strength problem of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet, for the negative poisson ratio sheet, a local coordinate system is established as shown in fig. 3, and by setting structural parameters, the tensile forces applied to the piezoelectric ceramic in the directions 1 and 2 are equal, that is, F1= F2; the grooves with round or other shapes are arranged at certain positions of the negative Poisson's ratio structure to play a role of a flexible hinge, so that the energy lost by the bending of the positions can be reduced, and more strain energy can be transferred to the piezoelectric ceramic plate; the specific dimensional parameters of the negative poisson's ratio flake can be optimized through experiments or simulations.
The collector provided by the invention is a multi-body flexible structure formed by connecting a plurality of sections of elastic cables and a piezoelectric composite power supply in series, and the dynamic characteristics of the system can be obviously changed when the material, thickness, length and the like of each section of elastic cable are different. If the design is not reasonable, the structure is not beneficial to the high-efficiency work of the collector due to factors such as a dense frequency phenomenon and the like during vibration, particularly, the response coverage frequency band is wide during nonlinear resonance, and the non-beneficial high-order mode of the system is easy to be excited.
Fig. 1, 2, 5 and 6 only show the case that the elastic cords are arranged in parallel, and actually, the included angle between each section of the elastic cord can be changed according to specific needs. The mass 4 is an element with predefined dimensions and mass, which is varied to tune the natural frequency of the system and capture more energy.
The invention has the following innovation points:
1. the characteristic that the negative Poisson ratio sheet has synchronous deformation in the longitudinal direction and the transverse direction is combined with the characteristic that the piezoelectric material has high efficiency when working in a tension-compression mode, and the dielectric constant d of the piezoelectric material under the longitudinal/transverse load is provided 31 And d 32 Piezoelectric composite units are stacked on each other. The piezoelectric material of the unit has the characteristic of uniform stress, and the performance upper limit of the piezoelectric material can be ensured not to be reduced due to the strength problem. This work will provide a potential idea for developing negative poisson's ratio structurally enhanced piezoelectric energy harvesting techniques.
2. It is proposed to use elastic cords as load bearing structures and to use two-end constraints to limit axial deformation of the structure to achieve geometric non-linearity. The design not only avoids the internal stress distribution of the piezoelectric composite unit from being uneven due to bending moment, but also enables the energy collector to have the characteristic of wider working frequency band, and further promotes the development of the (piezoelectric) nonlinear energy collector with the fixed support constraint at two ends.
3. The maximization of the power and performance of the energy collector in unit volume is realized through the arrayed piezoelectric composite units, which has important significance on the engineering application of the piezoelectric energy collector.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a nonlinear piezoelectric energy collector based on elastic cord and negative poisson's ratio structure which characterized in that the energy collector includes base, elastic cord, piezoelectricity composite unit and quality piece, wherein:
the base is
The mould comprises a left vertical plate, a base bottom surface and a right vertical plate;
the inner surfaces of the left vertical plate and the right vertical plate of the base are used for fixing an elastic rope, and the direction vertical to the bottom surface of the base, namely the Z direction, is a vibration excitation direction;
the piezoelectric composite unit comprises a negative Poisson's ratio sheet and a piezoelectric ceramic sheet;
two end faces of the negative Poisson ratio sheet along the left-right stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cables, four edges of the upper surface and the lower surface of the negative Poisson ratio sheet are adhered with adhesives, and the negative Poisson ratio sheet is adhered with the piezoelectric ceramic sheet through the adhesives;
the mass block is positioned in the middle of the collector and only generates displacement in the Z direction;
two end faces of the mass block along the stretching stress direction are connected with the elastic cable;
the number of the piezoelectric composite units is 2N, and N is more than or equal to 1;
the two sides of the mass block are provided with N piezoelectric composite units, and the adjacent piezoelectric composite units, the piezoelectric composite units and the mass block and the piezoelectric composite units and the base are connected through elastic cables.
2. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on a spring rope and a negative poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the material of the negative poisson's ratio sheet is spring steel.
3. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on the elastic cord and the negative poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the piezoceramic sheet is PZT-5H.
4. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on an elastic cord and a negative poisson's ratio structure of claim 1, wherein the material of the mass is nickel.
5. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on a spring and a negative poisson's ratio structure of claim 1, wherein the spring is a steel rope.
6. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on a sprung cable and a negative poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the energy harvester is mounted on the base by clamping the two ends of the sprung cable with clamps.
7. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on an elastic cord and a negative poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the elastic cord is connected with the piezoelectric composite unit and the mass block through an adhesive.
8. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on the elastic cord and the negative poisson's ratio structure according to claim 1, wherein the size of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet is 20mm x 10mm; the size of the negative poisson ratio sheet is 20mm multiplied by 10mm; the length of the elastic rope is 10mm, and the thickness of the elastic rope is 0.4mm; the size of the mass block is 10mm multiplied by 20mm multiplied by 5mm.
9. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on the elastic cable and the negative Poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein the number of the elastic cables between the adjacent piezoelectric composite units, between the piezoelectric composite units and the mass block, and between the piezoelectric composite units and the base is n, and n is greater than or equal to 1.
10. The nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvester based on a spring rope and a negative poisson's ratio structure as claimed in claim 1, wherein a metal sheet is attached to the spring rope.
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