CN112054717B - Piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and application and method thereof on floating plate track - Google Patents
Piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and application and method thereof on floating plate track Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a piezoelectric type energy collecting device and an application and a method thereof on a floating plate track, wherein the piezoelectric type energy collecting device comprises an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate, a central block is arranged between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate and in the central position, a plurality of groups of piezoelectric ceramic piles which are symmetrically distributed by taking the central block as the center are arranged between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate in the radial direction, one end of each piezoelectric ceramic pile is supported on the central block, the other end of each piezoelectric ceramic pile is supported on a pushing device which converts the vertical pressure of the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate into the horizontal thrust in the radial direction, the floating plate track comprises the piezoelectric type energy collecting device which is arranged in a steel spring vibration isolator The invention further provides a design method of the piezoelectric type energy collecting device.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of self power supply of structure and track health monitoring, and particularly relates to a piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and application and a method thereof on a floating plate track.
Background
In recent years, steel spring floating plate rails are widely applied to urban rail transit due to the obvious damping effect. However, during the operation process, the concrete floating plate can generate larger vertical displacement, thereby causing the fatigue failure of the spring, therefore, for the safety of railway operation, a long-term health monitoring system for the floating plate and the substructure needs to be established, thereby continuously monitoring the vertical displacement and the use state of the steel spring. Such long-term health monitoring systems, however, require power and it is a challenge to implement a long-term power supply to such health monitoring systems. Since the cost of laying power cables or using batteries is quite expensive, wind energy and solar energy cannot be utilized for underground tracks. In the case of rail vehicles, vibration is generated due to short running time intervals, high running density and continuous running of the rail vehicles, and how to generate energy by using the vibration is one direction of current research.
Current research on vibrational energy harvesting includes primarily electromagnetic vibrational energy harvesters (EM-VEHs), electrostatic vibrational energy harvesters (ES-VEHs), and piezoelectric energy harvesting devices (PE-VEHs). EM-VEH is mainly based on the principle of electromagnetic conversion. Electrical energy is generated by the relative motion between the magnet and the coil. Therefore, the key of the EM-VEH is to design a proper mechanism to realize the reciprocating motion of the magnet and the coil. However, to increase the output power, the volume and mass of the magnet are typically quite large. ES-VEHs convert the energy of mechanical vibration into electric energy by electrostatic effect, but firstly, a voltage source needs to be added. The principle of PE-VEH is mainly to utilize the direct piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials to generate electricity. Therefore, compared with EM-VEH and ES-VEH, the PE-VEHs has the advantages of high energy density, no electromagnetic interference, simple manufacture, easy realization of miniaturization and integration and the like, and is more suitable for being applied to the steel spring floating plate track.
In recent invention research on piezoelectric energy collecting devices, increasing the bearing capacity and output power of the devices has been the focus of research. Kim[3]The ability of cymbal type PE-VEH to obtain electrical energy from mechanical vibrations was studied for the first time, producing 39mW of power at 7.8N, 100 Hz. Thereafter, many new devices have been proposed in order to adapt to a large-load, low-frequency operating environment. Daniel Arnold[4]A new cymbal type PE-VEH is proposed that can withstand a 500 pound load with PZT bonded to the steel substrate to improve tensile strength. The device was 25.4mm in diameter and about 8.2mm thick and produced an open circuit voltage of 124V under a force of 324 pounds amplitude and 1Hz frequency. Changki Mo proposes two cymbal-type PE-VEH suitable for large load use. First pattern[5]The design objective of (a) is to be able to withstand higher mechanical loads by using a lead zirconate titanate/steel composite instead of a single layer of lead zirconate titanate between the metallic end caps. The experimental result shows that the device can generate power of 121.2 muW under the cyclic load of 1.940kN and 1Hz, and the second one[6]The 4 piezoelectric stacks are distributed and fixed on the metal ring. Under the action of 2.1kN and 1Hz frequency, the PE-VEH can generate about 34.5VA voltage. Liu (Liu En)[7]A radially layered cymbal PE-VEH is designed to collect the energy of the road system. The disc type piezoelectric sheet of the traditional cymbal transducer is replaced by two axially polarized piezoelectric ceramic rings, and the metal rings are added to restrain the ceramic sheets so as to improve the bearing capacity of the ceramic sheets. The experimental results show that the device can generate 0.92mW under the force of 0.5kN and 20 Hz.
Wang[8]It is proposed to install a stack of PE-VEHs at the bottom of the railway rails to obtain energy from the railway system. Under the action of displacement load with amplitude of 4mm and frequency of 4Hz, the maximum voltage generated by PE-VEH is about 23.36V. Subsequently, Wang[9]A stacked quasi-static high load based elastically compressible piezoelectric energy harvester was developed. Under the load of 0.6kN and 4Hz, the peak power generated by the device is 17.8mW, and the maximum load can be borne by 2.8 kN. Li[10]A flexible compression molded piezoelectric transducer is also provided, the transducer being comprised of two annular piezoelectric stacks, a pair of arcuate spring plates, and a shaft. The experimental result shows that the maximum output power of the device is 14.6mW under the excitation of the resonant frequency of 87Hz and the acceleration of the peak value of 1 g.
In the existing research, on one hand, the power generated by the piezoelectric energy collecting device is steadily increased, but the power is still slightly insufficient when the piezoelectric energy collecting device is used for supplying power to long-term health monitoring systems such as a floating plate, and the power is mostly less than 100 mW. On the other hand, the existing piezoelectric type energy collecting device has low bearing capacity and the largest bearing capacity[5]Can only bear 2.8kN force, and the force in the floating plate structure can reach the magnitude of tens of kilonewtons. The existing device is easy to cause the damage of parts in the using process, but the difficulty of replacing new parts in the railway running process is extremely high.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a piezoelectric type energy acquisition device with high bearing capacity, high output power and low vertical dimension aiming at the defects of the prior art, and the piezoelectric type energy acquisition device is applied to a floating slab track to form the floating slab track which can provide stable energy and has a safety protection function.
The invention is realized by the following embodiments:
a piezoelectric type energy collecting device comprises an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate, wherein a center block is arranged between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate and in the center position, a plurality of groups of piezoelectric ceramic piles which are distributed along the radial direction are symmetrically distributed between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate by taking the center block as the center, pushing devices which are matched with the piezoelectric ceramic piles in position and quantity and convert the vertical pressure of the upper cover plate and the vertical pressure of the lower cover plate into the horizontal pushing force along the radial direction are further arranged between the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate, one end of each piezoelectric ceramic pile is supported on the center block, and the other end of each piezoelectric ceramic pile is supported on the. Adopt above-mentioned structure, piezoelectric type energy harvesting device's piezoceramics piles for radially laying, on the one hand for interval between the upper and lower clamp plate is little, and piezoceramics piles at the radial mass concentration of level, has reduced the height of this device so greatly, make full use of the space, on the other hand, piles up piezoceramics piece level and places the number of piles of piezoceramics that can superpose more, thereby increase output capacity, furthest has utilized horizontal space to practice thrift vertical space. And set up multiunit piezoceramics in the piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and pile, form the structure of symmetric distribution formula, make the structure atress more even reasonable, improve equipment life.
In this embodiment, the pushing device includes a bearing plate for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack and a plurality of bending plates disposed between the upper and lower cover plates and symmetrically arranged around the center line block, each bending plate includes an upper bending plate mounted on the upper cover plate and a lower bending plate mounted on the lower cover plate and corresponding to the upper bending plate, the upper and lower bending plates are radially arranged and have elasticity and can elastically deform along a radial direction, one end of the upper and lower bending plates is a fixed end and is respectively fixed on the upper and lower cover plates, the other end is a movable end and is respectively hinged on the upper and lower ends of the outer side surface of the bearing plate, the central block is provided with a mounting surface for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack at the position facing each bearing plate, the mounting surface is parallel to the inner side surface of the pressure-bearing plate, and two ends of the piezoelectric ceramic stack are respectively fixed on the pressure-bearing plate and the mounting surface.
In this embodiment, the piezoelectric ceramic stack is connected to the bearing plate and the center block by epoxy resin adhesive.
In this embodiment, be equipped with the pretension bolt that provides vertical pretightning force between them between upper cover plate and the lower cover plate, give upper cover plate and lower cover plate a vertical pretightning force through the pretension bolt for the bending plate produces deformation when initial condition, and bending plate deformation level direction component extrudees bearing plate, piezoceramics heap and center block, thereby has guaranteed the level of device when initial condition and has fastened.
In this embodiment, the piezoelectric ceramic stacks are formed by connecting 24 PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic sheets through epoxy resin adhesive, the polarization directions of adjacent piezoelectric ceramic sheets are opposite, each group of piezoelectric ceramic stacks outputs electric energy to the outside through a lead after being connected in parallel, and the piezoelectric ceramic stacks can generate higher output power after being connected in parallel.
In this embodiment, the piezoelectric ceramic stacks are symmetrically arranged in six groups with the center block as the center.
The utility model provides a floating slab track, includes above-mentioned piezoelectric type energy harvesting device, includes that steel spring floats puts the slab track bed, be equipped with a plurality of steel spring isolator in the steel spring floats puts the slab track bed, piezoelectric type energy harvesting device arranges between the upper and lower backup plate in the steel spring isolator.
In this embodiment, the piezoelectric energy harvesting devices are disposed on eight steel spring vibration isolators at two ends of each steel spring floating slab track bed.
A method of applying a piezoelectric energy harvesting device to a floating plate track, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: determining the arrangement position and the vertical force applied on the piezoelectric type energy collecting device,
according to the bearing capacity condition of the mounting position of the floating plate, the size of the floating plate, the train speed and the rigidity and arrangement condition of the steel spring vibration isolator, establishing a dynamic model of the mounting position of the train-the floating plate by using finite element analysis software ANSYS and multi-body dynamics software SIMPACK, and obtaining the relation curve of the spring fulcrum force F and the time t of the steel spring vibration isolator at different positions through simulationThe line F (t) is used for placing the piezoelectric energy collecting device at a plurality of positions with the largest change range of the spring fulcrum force F (t) obtained by comparison, and the maximum load F of the spring is obtained at the same timemaxMaximum load F heremaxRefers to the sum of the maximum static load and the maximum dynamic load;
step two: the method comprises the following steps of establishing a mechanical model of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device, carrying out parameter optimization to determine the size of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device by taking the maximum output target of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device and the limitation of bearing capacity and size as constraints, wherein structural deformation mainly comprises bending and shearing deformation of a bending plate and axial deformation of a piezoelectric ceramic stack, taking a group of bending plates and the corresponding piezoelectric ceramic stack to establish the mechanical model, setting the horizontal force applied to the piezoelectric ceramic stack as H and the vertical force as F, and obtaining the relation between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F by a mechanical method according to the vertical force applied to each bending plate by 1/6F and the horizontal force applied to each bending plate as 1/2H, wherein the specific method comprises the following steps:
horizontal displacement delta of contact point of bending plate and piezoelectric ceramic stack1The formula (1) can be obtained by the deformation body virtual work principle, wherein k is a section shearing shape coefficient and takes a value of 1.2; g is the shear modulus of the stainless steel material; e is the elastic modulus of the stainless steel material; a is the sectional area of the bent plate; i is the bending plate section moment of inertia; d is the horizontal length of the bent plate; alpha is the horizontal included angle of the bending plate; fQP、FNP、MPRespectively showing the shearing force, the axial force and the bending moment of the bending plate under the actual load, FQ、FNM respectively represents the shearing force, the axial force and the bending moment of the bending plate under unit load,
at the same time, the horizontal displacement delta of the contact point of the piezoelectric ceramic stack and the bending plate2Can be obtained from equation (2), where: s33Is PZT-5H elastic flexibility; a. b is the width and height of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack; l is the total length of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, and l is Nh/6; h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece; n is the total number of layers of the piezoelectric ceramic pieces,
the coordination of the displacement of the contact point of the piezoelectric ceramic stack and the bending plate can obtain:
Δ1＝Δ2 (3)
from formulas 1 to 3, the relationship between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F can be obtained as shown in the following formula, namely, the ratio of H to F is represented by a coefficient xi, the value of which is mainly related to the material and the geometric parameter,
H＝ξ·F (4b)
in equation (5): hmaxIs FmaxThe maximum horizontal force corresponding to the moment can be obtained by calculation of a formula (4 b); gamma is the section plasticity development coefficient of the bent plate, and the value is 1.05 according to the specification; w is the section modulus of the bent plate; f is the design value of the material strength of the bending plate, according to the specification, the strength of the bending plate meets the formula (5) at the maximum load,
under the vibration of which the frequency is omega and the amplitude is F, the maximum output power of the piezoelectric ceramic stack is as follows:
i.e. the peak output power is proportional to the equivalent capacitance squared divided by the effective piezoelectric constant, where:
in order to be an equivalent capacitance,
λ, which is an effective piezoelectric constant,Mu is the value of the empirical coefficient of 1,
is a constant dielectric constant under stress, d33The piezoelectric strain constant is shown, N is the total number of the piezoelectric ceramic pieces, h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece, and a and b are the height and width of the cross section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack;
the maximum output of the piezoelectric energy collecting device of the formula (6) is taken as a target, the bearing capacity and the size limit of the formula (5) are taken as constraints, parameter optimization is carried out to determine the size of the piezoelectric energy collecting device, and a parameter vector x is defined as (d, alpha, a)2,t1N, a, b, h), a2 and t1 are the width and the thickness of the bent plate respectively, as shown in formula (7), the following mathematical model is established to convert the problem into a parameter bounded constraint nonlinear programming problem,
in the formula:
and (3) programming the formula (7) by using calculation software MATLAB to obtain an x optimal solution, obtaining specific data of the height a of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, the width b of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, the number N of the layers of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets, the thickness h of each piezoelectric ceramic sheet, the horizontal length d of the bending plate, the horizontal included angle alpha of the bending plate, the width a2 of the bending plate and the thickness t1 of the bending plate in the piezoelectric energy acquisition device through the x optimal solution, manufacturing the piezoelectric energy acquisition device applied to the corresponding floating plate track, and finally installing the piezoelectric energy acquisition device in the position determined in the step one.
With the adoption of the embodiment, the invention has the following advantages:
1. piezoelectric ceramic of piezoelectric type energy acquisition device piles for radially laying, make it up, interval between the holding down plate is little, piezoelectric ceramic piles at horizontal radial mass concentration, the height of this device has so greatly reduced, make full use of the space, when using piezoelectric type energy acquisition device on the floating slab track like this, but the inside space of make full use of steel spring isolator, because inside height is less than 10cm usually of steel spring isolator, horizontal direction diameter is less than 29cm, horizontal direction size is far greater than vertical dimension, therefore, place the piezoceramics piece level in the piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and can more superpose the piezoceramics number of piles, thereby increase output capacity, the maximize has utilized horizontal space to practice thrift vertical space. And set up multiunit piezoceramics in the piezoelectric type energy acquisition device and pile, form the structure of symmetric distribution formula, make the structure atress more even reasonable.
2. The piezoelectric type energy acquisition device has large bearing capacity and has no influence on the original floating plate structure. The bending plates are used as a force transferring device, the vertical force is evenly dispersed into the bending plates, each bending plate only bears part of the vertical force, and the device has large bearing capacity through optimization of structural dimension parameters and selection of component materials. The experiment shows that the device can bear the external load of 46kN to the maximum extent, the application in the floating slab track is met, the bearing capacity is improved by about 16 times compared with the existing device (about 2.8kN), the bearing capacity of the device can be quantitatively designed by the proposed design method, and the bearing capacity can be further improved according to the use requirement, so that the defect that the bearing capacity in the prior art is small and cannot be used for the floating slab track is overcome. In addition, the rigidity of the device is 225.8kN/mm, which is about 34 times of the rigidity of the steel spring, and the device can be directly connected with the floating plate rail steel spring in series without influencing the integral rigidity of the floating plate system.
3. The crooked board of piezoelectric type energy acquisition device not only is as the transmission of power, can also enlarge power, because the existence of bearing plate, vertical load causes crooked board free end vertical and level to warping, and under angle and the rigidity of design, crooked board free end horizontal displacement is greater than its vertical displacement, horizontal displacement extrusion piezoceramics piles produced horizontal force is far greater than the vertical power that bears, on the one hand, the input load of piezoelectricity heap has been improved, thereby output power has been improved, on the other hand, utilize horizontally distance, when improving output power, the height of device has been reduced greatly, make this device can use in the floating plate track. Meanwhile, the piezoelectric ceramic adopts a multilayer stacking mode, so that the bearing capacity of the piezoelectric stack can be improved, and the effective output power can be improved by utilizing a d33 mode.
4. Piezoelectric type energy acquisition device not only can utilize the vibration to produce energy, but also has disconnected spring instruction function, and after steel spring took place to damage rigidity diminishes, the fulcrum power that transmits diminishes, and this piezoelectric type energy acquisition device output voltage diminishes this moment, so can judge the steel spring state according to the reduction condition of voltage peak, in time discover to have the steel spring of damage.
5. The piezoelectric type energy acquisition device has safety guarantee measures, the piezoelectric stack units and the central bearing block play a safety limiting role, if the device is subjected to fatigue damage, the piezoelectric stack units and the central bearing block directly abut against the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate, the device is prevented from being greatly deformed, and the total rigidity of a system is prevented from being influenced.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a floating slab track according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a layout diagram of the piezoelectric energy harvesting device of the present invention on the track of the floating plate.
FIG. 3(a) is an isometric view of a piezoelectric energy harvesting device of the present invention.
Fig. 3(b) is an exploded view of the piezoelectric energy harvesting device of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the circuit connection of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph of output voltage power according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a dynamic model of a train, a floating slab track and a bridge.
Fig. 7 is a diagram of the monitoring of the fulcrum force of the steel spring in the floating plate track according to the invention.
Fig. 8(a) is a first mechanical model diagram of the piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to the present invention.
Fig. 8(b) is a second mechanical model diagram of the piezoelectric energy harvesting device of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a diagram of the results of the load bearing verification of the piezoelectric energy harvesting device of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a graph for determining an optimum resistance value according to the present invention.
In the attached drawings, the device comprises an upper cover plate 1, an upper bent plate 1a, an upper bent plate 2, a lower cover plate 2a, a lower bent plate 3, a piezoelectric ceramic stack 4, a central block 5, a pre-tightening bolt 7, a bearing plate 8, a steel spring vibration isolator 9, a base plate 10, a steel spring 11, a floating slab track bed 12, a piezoelectric energy acquisition device 13, a bridge 14, a steel rail 15, a piezoelectric ceramic plate 16, an electrode layer 17, a train body 18, a train wheel set 19, a train primary suspension 20, a train secondary suspension 21, a rail fastener 22 and a train bogie.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
as shown in fig. 3(a), 3(b), and 4, the piezoelectric energy harvesting device mainly includes an upper cover plate 1, a lower cover plate 2, a pressure-bearing plate 7, a piezoelectric ceramic stack 3, a center block 4, a lead wire, etc., the center block 4 is disposed at the center position between the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2, six groups of piezoelectric ceramic stacks 3 disposed along the radial direction are symmetrically disposed between the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2 with the center block 4 as the center, a pushing device matched with the piezoelectric ceramic stacks 3 in position and number is further disposed between the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2, and the pushing device converts the vertical pressure of the upper and lower cover plates 2 into the horizontal pushing force along the radial direction, one end of the piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 is supported on the center block 4, and the other end is supported on the pushing device, the pushing device includes the pressure-bearing plate 7 for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 and the upper and lower pressing plate, The multi-group bending plates are symmetrically arranged between the lower cover plates by taking the central line block as a center, each group of bending plates comprises an upper bending plate 1a arranged on the upper cover plate 1 and a lower bending plate 2a arranged on the lower cover plate 2 and corresponding to the position of the upper bending plate 1a, one end of each upper bending plate and one end of each lower bending plate are fixed on the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate respectively as fixed ends, the other ends of the upper bending plates and the lower bending plates are hinged to the upper end and the lower end of the outer side surface of the bearing plate respectively as movable ends, the central block is provided with an installation surface used for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack facing to the position of each bearing plate, the installation surface is parallel to the inner side surface of the bearing plate, the two ends of the piezoelectric ceramic stack are fixed on the bearing plates and the installation surface respectively, the bearing plates 7 and the piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 are connected by epoxy resin glue, and the piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 and the central block 4 are connected by epoxy resin glue. The middle parts of the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2 are provided with countersunk holes, the middle part of the center block 4 is provided with a through hole corresponding to the countersunk hole, a pre-tightening bolt 5 is inserted into the through hole in the middle part of the center block 4, and two ends of the pre-tightening bolt 5 are locked with the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2 through nuts, so that a vertical pre-tightening force is provided, the upper cover plate 1 and the lower cover plate 2 clamp the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate in an initial state, and deformation of the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate is caused. The deformation horizontal component of the upper and lower bending plates extrudes the bearing plate 7, the piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 and the central block 4, thereby ensuring the horizontal fastening of the device.
In this embodiment, a single piezoelectric ceramic stack 3 is formed by connecting 24 PZT-5H piezoelectric ceramic sheets by epoxy resin adhesive, and the polarization directions of the adjacent piezoelectric ceramic sheets are opposite. In addition, the circuit connections between each ceramic chip are connected in parallel to produce higher output power. The circuit connection is as shown in fig. 4, and is connected by a wire 6 and outputs electric energy to the outside. When the device is used, the health monitoring element is electrically connected with the device lead and is powered by the piezoelectric energy collecting device. When receiving vibration excitation from the outside, the vertical force is amplified to about 2.08 times of horizontal force and evenly distributed to 6 piezoelectric ceramic stacks through the deformation of the bending plates on the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate. The piezoelectric ceramic stack bears the changed horizontal load, generates electric energy through the direct piezoelectric effect, and supplies power to the structural health monitoring element through the lead.
Example 2:
as shown in fig. 1 and 2, this embodiment is an application of embodiment 1, a piezoelectric energy harvesting device is applied to a floating slab track, the floating slab track includes a steel spring floating slab track bed 11, a plurality of steel spring vibration isolators 8 are disposed in the steel spring floating slab track bed 11, each steel spring vibration isolator 8 includes an upper pad plate 9, a lower pad plate 9 and a steel spring 10, and the piezoelectric energy harvesting device 12 is disposed in the steel spring vibration isolators 8, between the upper pad plate 9 and the lower pad plate 9, and is connected in series with the steel spring.
By way of example, and as shown in fig. 5, when a train of type B metro vehicles uniformly passes through the floating slab at a positive linear running speed of 120km/h, the energy collection method can collect 1.07J of energy, 0.21W of average power, 195.8V of peak output voltage and 1.09W of peak output power from a single steel spring vibration isolator within 5 seconds.
The specific application method is as follows:
the method comprises the following steps: the arrangement position and the magnitude of the vertical force F applied to the device are determined. According to the bridge structure, the size of the floating slab, the train speed and the rigidity and arrangement condition of the steel spring vibration isolator, a train-floating slab-bridge dynamic model is established by using finite element analysis software ANSYS and multi-body dynamic software SIMPACK, as shown in FIG. 6. And (4) obtaining the magnitude of the spring fulcrum force F of the steel spring vibration isolator at different positions through simulation, and comparing the magnitude of the spring fulcrum force F to obtain the positions with the maximum fulcrum force F variation amplitude for placing the piezoelectric type energy collecting device. As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, the steel spring vibration isolator with variable amplitude of the fulcrum force F in this example is located at two ends of each floating plate, and the magnitude of the fulcrum force F is shown in fig. 7. While obtaining the maximum load F of the springmax(static load plus dynamic load maximum) the maximum load in this example is 46 kN.
Step two: and establishing a mechanical model of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device, and carrying out parameter optimization to determine the size of the device by taking the maximum output of the device as a target and taking the bearing capacity and the size limit as constraints. The structural deformation is mainly bending and shearing deformation of a bending plate and axial deformation of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, and a module is taken to establish a mechanical model.
As shown in fig. 8(a) and 8(b), each bending plate receives 1/6F vertical force, and receives 1/2H horizontal force, so that the magnitude of the horizontal force received by the piezoelectric ceramic stack is equal. The relationship between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F is obtained by a mechanical method. Horizontal displacement delta of C point on bent plate1The formula (1) can be obtained by the deformation body virtual work principle, wherein k is a section shearing shape coefficient and takes a value of 1.2; g is the shear modulus of the stainless steel material; e is the elastic modulus of the stainless steel material; a is the sectional area of the bent plate; i is the bending plate section moment of inertia; d is the horizontal length of the bent plate; alpha is the horizontal included angle of the bending plate; fQ、FNAnd M represents the shearing force, the axial force and the bending moment of the bending plate respectively.
Meanwhile, the horizontal displacement delta of the C point on the piezoelectric ceramic stack2Can be obtained from equation (2), where: s33Is PZT-5H elastic flexibility; a. b is the width and height of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack; l is the total length of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, and l is Nh; h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece; and N is the number of the piezoelectric ceramic sheet layers.
From the location coordination at point C, one can get:
Δ1＝Δ2 (3)
the relation between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F can be obtained by the formula (1-3), and the relation is shown as the following formula, namely a coefficient xi representing the ratio of H to F is defined, and the value of the coefficient xi is mainly related to materials and geometric parameters.
H＝ξ·F (4b)
According to the specification, the strength of the bending plate at the maximum load of the device meets the formula (5), so that the size and the material of the device are determined. In the formula: hmaxIs FmaxThe maximum horizontal force corresponding to the moment can be obtained by calculation of a formula (4 b); gamma is the section plasticity development coefficient of the bent plate, and the value is 1.05 according to the specification; w is the section modulus of the bent plate; f is the designed strength value of the bent plate material.
According to the prior research results[1]When the piezoelectric ceramic stack vibrates under the frequency omega and the amplitude F, the maximum output power is as follows:
i.e. the peak output power is proportional to the equivalent capacitance squared divided by the effective piezoelectric constant, where:
in order to be an equivalent capacitance,
lambda and mu are empirical coefficients with the value of 1,
is a constant dielectric constant under stress, d33And (b) is the piezoelectric strain constant, N is the number of the piezoelectric ceramic pieces, h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece, and a and b are the height and width of the cross section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack.
With the device output maximum target of equation (6) and constraints of equation (5) load capacity and size limitations, parameter optimization is performed to determine device size. Defining parameter vector x ═ d, α, a2,t1N, a, b, h), a2, t1 are the curved sheet width and thickness, respectively. Such as (7)As shown, the following mathematical model is built to convert the problem into a parametric bounded constrained nonlinear programming problem.
In the formula:
and programming the formula (7) by using computing software MATLAB so as to obtain the optimal solution of each parameter. In this example, the optimal solution is x ═ (27.4,27.9 °,55,6.6,24,30,30,2), when ξ is 0.4799, i.e., H is 0.4799F. For each bending plate, the vertical force is F/6, the transverse force is H/2, and the piezoelectric ceramic stack is connected with the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate, and the transverse force is H. The ratio of the transverse force of each module piezoelectric ceramic stack to the distributed vertical force of the bending plate is
I.e. the force amplification shown by the piezoelectric ceramic is 2.88 times due to the action of the upper and lower flexure plates.
After the size and the material are determined and the specification requirements are met, establishing a finite element model of the device by using ANSYS software so as to verify the bearing capacity of the device. As shown in FIG. 9, the maximum stress of the structure after removing the few stress concentration points is about 363MPa, which is smaller than the normalized design value of the dual phase stainless steel material, under the maximum external load of 46kN according to the parameters determined in the present example[2]I.e. byThe bearing capacity of the structure meets the requirements.
Step three: and deducing an energy output formula of the device, and determining the optimal resistance value of the circuit based on the maximum output energy principle.
For piezoelectric ceramic stack subjected to axial random load H (t), resistance R of circuitlOutput voltage v (t) of (d) satisfies differential equation (8)[1]。
For differential equation (8), Euler-Maruyama method can be used[3]Obtaining a numerical solution thereof, which is shown as a formula (9). In the formula,. DELTA.Hi＝H(ti+1)-H(ti)。
Thus, the output power and the total output energy of the device can be obtained as shown in the formulas (10) and (11).
E＝∑p(ti)Δt (11)
Programming a formula (4) and a formula (9-11) in the step two by using computing software MATLAB, taking the vertical force F obtained in the step one as input, and taking the total resistance R in the circuitlThe final output power is calculated for the variables. As shown in fig. 10, the optimum resistance value in this example is 35.3k Ω.
Step four: and placing the piezoelectric energy collecting device with the size determined in the previous step into the position determined in the previous step, and electrically connecting the piezoelectric energy collecting device with a health monitoring element (not shown) on the bridge. Meanwhile, the total resistance of the circuit is adjusted to the value obtained in the third step, so as to ensure the maximum utilization of energy.
Through the data obtained from the above, as shown in table 1, compared with the research and invention in the existing low-frequency field, the piezoelectric energy acquisition device has obvious advantages. The device bears more than 6 times of the external load amplitude of the prior device, and the bearing limit of the device is not reached. Meanwhile, in terms of energy output power, compared with milliwatt output of other devices, the output of the invention reaches the watt level. Even with a comparison of power density (ratio of output power to device volume), the present invention is superior to other devices. In addition, compared with the prior research, the total resistance value of the optimal circuit required by the invention is smaller, and is more close to the actual condition of the monitoring element circuit.
TABLE 1 comparison of energy harvesting efficiency of different piezoelectric energy harvesting devices
Reference to the literature
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5.Mo,C.,et al.,Modeling and experimental validation of unimorph piezoelectric cymbal design in energy harvesting.Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures,2013.24(7):p.828-836.
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7.Zhai,W.,P.Xu,and K.Wei,Analysis of vibration reduction characteristics and applicability of steel-spring floating-slab track.Journal of Modern Transportation,2013.19.
8.Wang,J.,et al.,Modeling on energy harvesting from a railway system using piezoelectric transducers.Smart Materials and Structures,2015.24(10):p.105017.
9.Wang,X.,et al.,A stack-based flex-compressive piezoelectric energy harvesting cell for large quasi-static loads.Smart Materials and Structures,2016.25(5).
10.Li,X.T.,M.S.Guo,and S.X.Dong,A Flex-Compressive-Mode Piezoelectric Transducer for Mechanical Vibration/Strain Energy Harvesting.Ieee Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control,2011.58(4):p.698-703.
11. China engineering standardization institute, technical Specification for stainless Steel construction 2015, Chinese Schedule Press, Beijing, p.15.
12.Daniels,A.,et al.Modeling,validation and design analyses of a piezoelectric cymbal transducer for non-resonant energy harvesting.in 2013IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications and IEEE Internet of Things and IEEE Cyber,Physical and Social Computing.2013.
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While there have been shown and described what are at present considered the fundamental principles and essential features of the invention and its advantages, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing exemplary embodiments, but is capable of other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (9)
1. The piezoelectric type energy collecting device is characterized by comprising an upper cover plate (1) and a lower cover plate (2), wherein a center block (4) is arranged between the upper cover plate (1) and the lower cover plate (2) at the center position, a plurality of groups of piezoelectric ceramic stacks (3) which are distributed along the radial direction are symmetrically distributed between the upper cover plate (1) and the lower cover plate (2) by taking the center block (4) as the center, pushing devices which are matched with the piezoelectric ceramic stacks (3) in position and quantity and convert the vertical pressure of the upper cover plate (1) and the lower cover plate (2) into the horizontal pushing force along the radial direction are also arranged between the upper cover plate (1) and the lower cover plate (2), one end of each piezoelectric ceramic stack (3) is supported on the center block (4), and the other end of each piezoelectric ceramic stack is supported on the pushing device,
the pushing and pressing device comprises a bearing plate (7) used for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack (3) and a plurality of groups of bending plates which are arranged between an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate and are symmetrically distributed by taking a central block as a center, each group of bending plates comprises an upper bending plate (1a) arranged on the upper cover plate (1) and a lower bending plate (2a) arranged on the lower cover plate (2) and corresponding to the upper bending plate (1a), the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate are distributed along the radial direction, the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate have elasticity and can elastically deform along the radial direction, one end of each of the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate is a fixed end and is respectively fixed on the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate (2), the other end of each of the upper bending plate and the lower bending plate is a movable end and is respectively hinged on the upper end and the lower end of the outer side surface of the bearing plate (7), the central block (4) is provided with a mounting surface used for fixing the piezoelectric ceramic stack (3) facing to the position of each bearing plate (7), and two ends of the piezoelectric ceramic stack (3) are respectively fixed on the bearing plate (7) and the central block (4) And (5) mounting on the noodles.
2. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to claim 1, wherein two ends of the piezoelectric ceramic stack (3) are fixedly connected with the bearing plate (7) and the central block (4) respectively through epoxy resin glue.
3. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to claim 1, wherein a pre-tightening bolt is installed between the upper cover plate (1) and the lower cover plate (2), and the pre-tightening bolt connects the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate and provides vertical pre-tightening force to the upper cover plate and the lower cover plate.
4. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to claim 1, wherein the stack (3) is formed by horizontally stacking piezoelectric ceramic plates (15), and the polarization directions of adjacent piezoelectric ceramic plates (15) are opposite.
5. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to claim 1, wherein each group of piezoelectric ceramic stacks (3) is connected in parallel and then outputs electric energy to the outside through a lead.
6. The piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the piezoceramic stacks (3) are arranged in six groups in a centrosymmetric manner with respect to a central block (4).
7. A floating slab track comprising the piezoelectric energy harvesting device according to claim 6, comprising a steel spring floating slab track bed (11), wherein a plurality of steel spring vibration isolators (8) are arranged in the steel spring floating slab track bed (11), and the piezoelectric energy harvesting device (12) is arranged in the steel spring vibration isolators (8) and between the upper and lower backing plates (9).
8. The floating slab track according to claim 7, characterized in that each of the steel spring floating slab track beds (11) is provided with piezoelectric energy harvesting devices (12) in eight steel spring vibration isolators (8) at both ends.
9. A method of applying a piezoelectric energy harvesting device to a floating plate track, comprising the floating plate track of claim 7 or 8, comprising the steps of:
the method comprises the following steps: determining the arrangement position and the vertical force applied on the piezoelectric type energy collecting device,
according to the bearing capacity condition of the mounting position of the floating plate, the size of the floating plate, the speed of the train and the rigidity and arrangement condition of the steel spring vibration isolator, a dynamic model of the mounting position of the train-the floating plate is established by using finite element analysis software ANSYS and multi-body dynamics software SIMPACK, a relation curve F (t) of spring fulcrum force F and time t of the steel spring vibration isolator at different positions is obtained through simulation, the spring fulcrum force F (t) is obtained through comparison, the positions with the largest change range are used for placing a piezoelectric type energy collecting device, and meanwhile, the maximum load F of the spring is obtainedmaxMaximum load F heremaxRefers to the sum of the maximum static load and the maximum dynamic load;
step two: the method comprises the following steps of establishing a mechanical model of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device, carrying out parameter optimization to determine the size of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device by taking the maximum output target of the piezoelectric energy acquisition device and the limitation of bearing capacity and size as constraints, wherein structural deformation mainly comprises bending and shearing deformation of a bending plate and axial deformation of a piezoelectric ceramic stack, taking a group of bending plates and the corresponding piezoelectric ceramic stack to establish the mechanical model, setting the horizontal force applied to the piezoelectric ceramic stack as H and the vertical force as F, and obtaining the relation between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F by a mechanical method according to the vertical force applied to each bending plate by 1/6F and the horizontal force applied to each bending plate as 1/2H, wherein the specific method comprises the following steps:
horizontal displacement delta of contact point of bending plate and piezoelectric ceramic stack1The formula (1) can be obtained by the deformation body virtual work principle, wherein k is a section shearing shape coefficient and takes a value of 1.2; g is the shear modulus of the stainless steel material; e is the elastic modulus of the stainless steel material; a is the sectional area of the bent plate; i is the bending plate section moment of inertia; d is the horizontal length of the bent plate; alpha is the horizontal included angle of the bending plate; fQP、FNP、MPRespectively showing the shearing force, the axial force and the bending moment of the bending plate under the actual load, FQ、FNM respectively represents the shearing force, the axial force and the bending moment of the bending plate under unit load,
at the same time, the horizontal displacement delta of the contact point of the piezoelectric ceramic stack and the bending plate2Can be obtained from equation (2), where:
is PZT-5H elastic flexibility; a. b is the width and height of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack; l is the total length of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, and l is Nh/6; h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece; n is the total number of layers of the piezoelectric ceramic pieces,
the coordination of the displacement of the contact point of the piezoelectric ceramic stack and the bending plate can obtain:
Δ1＝Δ2 (3)
from formulas 1 to 3, the relationship between the horizontal force H and the vertical force F can be obtained as shown in the following formula, namely, the ratio of H to F is represented by a coefficient xi, the value of which is mainly related to the material and the geometric parameter,
H＝ξ·F (4b)
in equation (5): hmaxIs FmaxThe maximum horizontal force corresponding to the moment can be obtained by calculation of a formula (4 b); gamma is the section plasticity development coefficient of the bent plate, and the value is 1.05 according to the specification; w is the section modulus of the bent plate; f is the design value of the material strength of the bending plate, according to the specification, the strength of the bending plate meets the formula (5) at the maximum load,
under the vibration of which the frequency is omega and the amplitude is F, the maximum output power of the piezoelectric ceramic stack is as follows:
i.e. the peak output power is proportional to the equivalent capacitance squared divided by the effective piezoelectric constant, where:
in order to be an equivalent capacitance,
lambda and mu are empirical coefficients with the value of 1,
is a constant dielectric constant under stress, d33The piezoelectric strain constant is shown, N is the total number of the piezoelectric ceramic pieces, h is the thickness of each piezoelectric ceramic piece, and a and b are the height and width of the cross section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack;
piezoelectric energy of formula (6)The maximum output of the acquisition device is a target, the bearing capacity and the size limit of the formula (5) are used as constraints, parameter optimization is carried out to determine the size of the piezoelectric type energy acquisition device, and parameter vectors x (1), x (2), x (3), x (4), x (5), x (6), x (7) and x (8)) are defined as (d, alpha, a)2,t1N, a, b, h), wherein a2 and t1 are the width and the thickness of the bent plate respectively, as shown in formula (7), the following mathematical model is established to convert the problem into a parameter bounded constraint nonlinear programming problem,
in the formula:
and programming the formula (7) by using computing software MATLAB to obtain an x optimal solution, and obtaining specific data of the height a of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, the width b of the section of the piezoelectric ceramic stack, the number N of the layers of the piezoelectric ceramic sheets, the thickness h of each piezoelectric ceramic sheet, the horizontal length d of the bending plate, the horizontal included angle alpha of the bending plate, the width a2 of the bending plate and the thickness t1 of the bending plate in the piezoelectric energy acquisition device through the x optimal solution, so as to manufacture the piezoelectric energy acquisition device applied to the corresponding floating plate track.
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