CN114214586A - Supersonic flame spray gun for preparing amorphous alloy coating and spraying method thereof - Google Patents
Supersonic flame spray gun for preparing amorphous alloy coating and spraying method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN114214586A CN114214586A CN202111204942.8A CN202111204942A CN114214586A CN 114214586 A CN114214586 A CN 114214586A CN 202111204942 A CN202111204942 A CN 202111204942A CN 114214586 A CN114214586 A CN 114214586A
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- 229910000808 amorphous metal alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000010285 flame spraying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013021 overheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/129—Flame spraying
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C45/00—Amorphous alloys
- C22C45/02—Amorphous alloys with iron as the major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/06—Metallic material
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a supersonic flame spray gun for preparing an amorphous alloy coating and a spraying method thereof, wherein the supersonic flame spray gun comprises a combustion chamber, a Laval throat, a spray gun barrel and a spray gun shell, and is characterized in that an open premixing chamber is arranged on the front side of the combustion chamber; the open type premixing chamber is provided with a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, and an ignition plug is arranged at an outlet of the open type premixing chamber; the length-width ratio of the gun barrel of the spray gun is 10: 1; a powder feeding port is arranged on the gun barrel of the spray gun; a cooling water circulation pipeline is arranged in the spray gun shell, and a water inlet and a water outlet are formed in the spray gun shell; the included angle between the powder feeding port and the gun barrel of the spray gun is 45 degrees.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of supersonic flame spraying, in particular to a supersonic flame spray gun for preparing an amorphous alloy coating and a spraying method thereof.
Background
Corrosion, wear and tear are major problems in the engineering environment, especially on the material surface. These severe material losses not only result in huge economic losses, but also cause huge personal injuries. It is estimated that in china alone, the corrosion cost of engineering materials is as high as billions of dollars, accounting for about 3.34% of GDP. The durability and reliability of an engineered material depends to a large extent on the properties of its surface. The amorphous alloy shows excellent corrosion resistance, excellent wear resistance, higher mechanical strength and higher hardness due to the special disordered atomic structure, so that the preparation of a high-performance amorphous alloy coating for relieving the corrosion of metal materials becomes a research hotspot in the field of surface engineering.
Supersonic flame spraying is a High-speed flame spraying method developed in the last 80 th century, and is called High Velocity Oxygen-Fuel flame spraying (HVOF). Basic working principle of the supersonic flame spray gun: the fuel kerosene and combustion improver oxygen which enter the combustion chamber from the air inlet are mixed and ignited to generate violent gas phase combustion reaction. The combustion reaction releases heat energy to cause the combustion products to expand violently, and the violent expansion combustion flame flow is accelerated to form supersonic high-temperature flame flow under the constraint action when passing through the Laval throat. Amorphous alloy powder is radially sprayed into a combustion chamber through a powder injector, and nitrogen is used as amorphous alloy powder carrier gas to reduce oxidation and overheating of the powder. The temperature of the combustion flame flow (2500-. After flying in the air, the amorphous alloy powder is impacted, solidified and attached on the base material. This process is repeated to produce a layered amorphous alloy coating of the desired thickness and mechanical properties. The supersonic flame spraying technology has a fast enough cooling rate, inhibits the amorphous alloy from being diffused remotely, avoids crystallization, becomes a preferred method for overcoming the size defect of the amorphous alloy and expanding industrial application, and has important scientific significance and industrial application value when the supersonic flame spraying technology is adopted to prepare the high-quality amorphous alloy coating.
In the supersonic flame spraying process, the mechanical property and physical property of the amorphous alloy coating are mainly influenced by the structure of the amorphous alloy coating, and the structure of the amorphous alloy coating depends on the flight path, speed, temperature and melting degree of amorphous alloy powder before the amorphous alloy powder collides with a matrix. The flight path of the amorphous alloy powder in the gun barrel of the spray gun is mainly influenced by the incident speed and the incident angle of the powder, and the flight state of the amorphous alloy powder is optimal when the amorphous alloy powder is positioned at the radial center of the gun barrel of the spray gun. Meanwhile, compared with axial powder feeding, the time of the amorphous alloy powder in the gun barrel of the spray gun is shorter, the oxidation phenomenon of the amorphous alloy powder can be inhibited, and the prepared amorphous alloy coating has a uniform structure and optimal corrosion resistance. During the spraying process, the molten amorphous alloy powder can be adhered to the inner wall of a gun barrel of the spray gun due to overhigh temperature, so that the normal spraying is influenced; in addition, the excessive temperature can also cause partial oxidation of the amorphous alloy powder, so that the porosity of the amorphous alloy coating is increased; when the amorphous alloy powder is between the liquid phase temperature and the solid phase temperature, the amorphous alloy powder has a better molten state, and an amorphous alloy coating with high amorphous content is formed at a reasonable cooling rate. Along with the increase of the impact speed, the flattening degree of the amorphous alloy powder is improved, and meanwhile, the contact area between the amorphous alloy powder and the substrate is increased, so that the bonding strength and the compactness of the coating are improved, and the coating with good performance is formed.
The supersonic flame spray gun consists of three parts of a combustion chamber, a Laval throat and a spray gun nozzle. The Laval throat is equivalent to an energy conversion device, converts the internal energy of high-temperature and high-speed combustion flame flow into kinetic energy, and is a main determinant factor of the speed which can be achieved by the combustion flame flow and the amorphous alloy powder. The method ensures that the flight track of the amorphous alloy powder is positioned in the center of the gun barrel of the spray gun, and simultaneously improves the flight speed of the amorphous alloy powder, which is a key point for obtaining a high-quality amorphous alloy coating. Therefore, in order to improve the spraying efficiency and enhance the coating quality, the invention manufactures the high-performance corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant amorphous alloy coating by designing the supersonic flame spray gun suitable for preparing the amorphous alloy coating.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects that the existing spraying equipment has low cooling efficiency and high temperature, and the commonly prepared amorphous alloy coating has high porosity, low amorphous content, low bonding strength with a matrix and no wide industrial applicability. The invention discloses a supersonic flame spray gun for preparing an iron-based amorphous alloy coating and a spraying method thereof, in order to obtain the amorphous alloy coating with high density and high bonding strength. The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
a supersonic flame spray gun for preparing amorphous alloy coating comprises a combustion chamber, a Laval throat, a spray gun barrel and a spray gun shell, and is characterized in that an open premixing chamber is arranged on the front side of the combustion chamber; the open type premixing chamber is provided with a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, and an ignition plug is arranged at an outlet of the open type premixing chamber; the length-width ratio of the gun barrel of the spray gun is 10: 1; a powder feeding port is arranged on the gun barrel of the spray gun; a cooling water circulation pipeline is arranged in the spray gun shell, and a water inlet and a water outlet are formed in the spray gun shell; the included angle between the powder feeding port and the gun barrel of the spray gun is 45 degrees.
Further, the lance barrel is 110mm in length, 11mm in width and 38mm in width of the combustion chamber.
Furthermore, cooling water circulation pipelines of the spray gun shell are distributed on the periphery of the spray gun shell, and the cooling water circulation pipelines are communicated through intermittent capillary holes.
The invention also provides a spraying method for preparing the amorphous alloy coating, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, respectively feeding kerosene and an oxidant into a combustion chamber through a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, wherein the fuel is the kerosene, the combustion improver is oxygen, the flow rate of the kerosene is 0.0077kg/s, and the flow rate of the oxygen is 0.02618 kg/s.
And step two, igniting through an ignition plug, so that the fuel is fully combusted in the combustion chamber.
And step three, enabling the flame flow after combustion to pass through a Laval throat pipe to generate supersonic speed flame flow.
Step four, feeding the amorphous alloy powder into a gun barrel of the spray gun through a powder feeding port, wherein nitrogen is used as powder carrier gas; the amorphous alloy powder is Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2The particle size of the powder is 20-30 μm, the sphericity of the powder is 0.9-1, the flow rate of the powder is 30g/min, and the flow rate of nitrogen is 10 g/s.
And fifthly, the amorphous alloy powder is fully heated and accelerated through supersonic flame flow generated by a Laval throat pipe and is sprayed out from a gun barrel of the spray gun.
And step six, the heated and accelerated amorphous alloy powder flies in the air and then impacts the surface of the substrate to form the amorphous alloy coating.
Further, the spraying distance is 300-360 mm.
Furthermore, the temperature range of the high-temperature supersonic airflow is 2500-.
According to the invention, the sizes of the combustion chamber and the gun barrel of the spray gun are optimized, the process conditions are optimized, and the integral cooling water circulation pipeline of the spray gun is designed without adding an independent cooling device, so that the temperature of the amorphous alloy powder can be effectively reduced, the speed of the amorphous alloy powder is increased, the flight track of the amorphous alloy powder is reasonably controlled, and the prepared amorphous alloy coating has high density, low porosity, excellent corrosion resistance and excellent wear resistance. The amorphous alloy powder is not easy to oxidize in the spraying process, the heat influence on the matrix is small, the spraying efficiency is high, and continuous spraying can be performed. The invention can be used for spraying large-scale engineering whole parts and small-scale precise parts.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required to be used in the embodiments will be described in detail below. It is appreciated that the following drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a supersonic flame spray gun according to an embodiment of the present invention
Icon: 1-combustion improver inlet; 2-a fuel inlet; 3-a water inlet; 4-water outlet; 5, igniting; 6-a combustion chamber; 7-laval throat; 8-powder feeding port; 9-lance barrel; 10-open premix chamber.
FIG. 2 is an axial cooling water circulation pipeline of the supersonic flame spray gun according to the embodiment of the invention
Icon: 1-laval throat; 2-cooling water circulation pipeline; 3-a lance barrel; 4-combustion chamber.
FIG. 3 HVOF thermal spray 3D model
FIG. 4 influence of different amorphous alloy particle sizes on the spraying temperature and velocity of HVOF Process
FIG. 5 Effect of different grain sizes on coating thickness and distribution of HVOF Process spray coating
FIG. 6. Effect of different incident angles on HVOF spray particle temperature, velocity, motion trajectory
FIG. 7. Effect of different kerosene and oxygen masses and ratios on lance pressure, temperature, velocity
FIG. 8. Effect of different powder feed rates and amounts on coating thickness and distribution of HVOF spray coatings
FIG. 9 shows the air velocity, pressure, temperature, and Mach number in the spray gun under the optimal spray parameters
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The invention discloses a supersonic flame spray gun for preparing an amorphous alloy coating, which comprises a combustion chamber, a Laval throat, a spray gun barrel and a spray gun shell. As shown in figure 1, the width of the combustion chamber is 38mm, the left side of the combustion chamber is provided with a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, an open type premixing chamber is arranged in the combustion chamber, and an ignition plug is arranged at the outlet on the right side of the open type premixing chamber; the left side of the Laval throat is a contraction end, and the right side of the Laval throat is an expansion end; the length of the lance barrel is 110mm, the width of the lance barrel is 11mm, and the aspect ratio is 10:1, a powder feeding port is arranged on a gun barrel of the spray gun; and a cooling water circulation pipeline is arranged in the spray gun shell, and a water inlet and a water outlet are arranged on the spray gun shell. The cooling water circulation pipelines of the spray gun shell are distributed on the periphery of the spray gun shell, as shown in figure 2, 12 circular hole-shaped pipelines with the diameter of 2mm are arranged, and the pipelines are communicated through intermittent capillary holes. The upper powder feeding port of the gun barrel of the spray gun forms an included angle of 45 degrees with the gun barrel of the spray gun.
In order to better prepare the corrosion-resistant and wear-resistant iron-based amorphous alloy coating, the result of the invention is obtained by performing hydrodynamic simulation through Fluent software, a three-dimensional simulation model is simulated and established, and Fe is selected48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2The amorphous alloy is used as a thermal spraying material. The nominal critical cooling rate of this alloy is only 80K/s, which enables it to appear as a fully amorphous thermal spray coating. Based on an achievable k-epsilon turbulence model, a vortex dissipation model and a discrete phase model, the transient law of combustion reaction, component change, flame characteristics and particle distribution in the spraying process is analyzed. Finally, the conclusion is drawn: the optimum particle size range is 20 to 30 μm, the shape factor is 0.9 to 1, the optimum particle jet velocity is 10m/s, the ideal O/F value is 3.4, and the optimum incident angle is 45 °. In this case, the iron-based amorphous alloy coating has the best coating structure and corrosion resistance.
The spraying method for preparing the amorphous alloy coating comprises the following specific steps:
step one, kerosene and an oxidant are fed into a combustion chamber through a fuel inlet and an oxidant inlet.
And step two, igniting through an ignition plug, so that the fuel is fully combusted in the combustion chamber.
And step three, enabling the flame flow after combustion to pass through a Laval throat pipe to generate supersonic speed flame flow.
And step four, feeding the amorphous alloy powder into a gun barrel of the spray gun through a powder feeding port, wherein nitrogen is used as powder carrier gas.
And fifthly, the amorphous alloy powder is fully heated and accelerated through supersonic flame flow generated by a Laval throat pipe and is sprayed out from a gun barrel of the spray gun.
And step six, the heated and accelerated amorphous alloy powder flies in the air and then impacts the surface of the substrate to form the amorphous alloy coating.
Wherein the amorphous alloy powder is Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2The particle size of the powder is 20-30 μm, the sphericity of the powder is 0.9-1, the flow rate of the powder is 30g/min, and the flow rate of nitrogen is 10 g/s.
The spraying distance is 300-360 mm.
The fuel is kerosene, the combustion improver is oxygen, the flow rate of the kerosene is 0.0077kg/s, the flow rate of the oxygen is 0.02618kg/s, and the mass ratio of the combustion improver to the fuel is 3.4.
The temperature range of the high-temperature supersonic airflow is 2500-3200 ℃, and the flame flow velocity reaches more than 1500 m.
Claims (5)
1. A supersonic flame spray gun for preparing amorphous alloy coating comprises a combustion chamber, a Laval throat, a spray gun barrel and a spray gun shell, and is characterized in that an open premixing chamber is arranged on the front side of the combustion chamber; the open type premixing chamber is provided with a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, and an ignition plug is arranged at an outlet of the open type premixing chamber; the length-width ratio of the gun barrel of the spray gun is 10: 1; a powder feeding port is arranged on the gun barrel of the spray gun; a cooling water circulation pipeline is arranged in the spray gun shell, and a water inlet and a water outlet are formed in the spray gun shell; the included angle between the powder feeding port and the gun barrel of the spray gun is 45 degrees.
2. A supersonic flame lance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lance barrel is 110mm in length, 11mm in width and 38mm in combustion chamber width.
3. The supersonic flame lance of claim 1, wherein the cooling water circulation lines of the lance housing are distributed around the lance housing, and the cooling water circulation lines are communicated with each other by intermittent capillary holes.
4. A spray coating method for producing amorphous alloy coatings using a supersonic flame spray gun as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3, comprising the steps of:
step one, respectively feeding kerosene and an oxidant into a combustion chamber through a combustion improver inlet and a fuel inlet, wherein the fuel is the kerosene, the combustion improver is oxygen, the flow rate of the kerosene is 0.0077kg/s, and the flow rate of the oxygen is 0.02618 kg/s;
igniting through an ignition plug to enable the fuel to be fully combusted in the combustion chamber;
thirdly, the flame flow after combustion passes through a Laval throat to generate supersonic flame flow;
step four, feeding the amorphous alloy powder into a gun barrel of the spray gun through a powder feeding port, wherein nitrogen is used as powder carrier gas;
the amorphous alloy powder is Fe48Cr15Mo14C15B6Y2The particle size of the powder is 20-30 mu m, the sphericity of the powder is 0.9-1, the flow rate of the powder is 30g/min, and the flow rate of nitrogen is 10 g/s; the temperature range of the high-temperature supersonic airflow is 2500-;
step five, the amorphous alloy powder is fully heated and accelerated through supersonic flame flow generated by a Laval throat pipe and is sprayed out from a gun barrel of a spray gun;
and step six, the heated and accelerated amorphous alloy powder flies in the air and then impacts the surface of the substrate to form an amorphous alloy coating.
5. The spraying method according to claim 3, wherein the spraying distance is 300-360 mm.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115612965A (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2023-01-17 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | Preparation method of completely amorphous coating |
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| CN112899587A (en) * | 2021-01-15 | 2021-06-04 | 天津大学 | Corrosion-resistant iron-based amorphous alloy coating, preparation method and application thereof |
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- 2021-10-15 CN CN202111204942.8A patent/CN114214586A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
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| US20030173081A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2003-09-18 | Vinegar Harold J. | In situ thermal processing of an oil reservoir formation |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115612965A (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2023-01-17 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | Preparation method of completely amorphous coating |
| CN115612965B (en) * | 2022-10-20 | 2024-05-24 | 辽宁石油化工大学 | Preparation method of completely amorphous coating |
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Application publication date: 20220322 |