CN114213165A - Method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage - Google Patents
Method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage Download PDFInfo
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- CN114213165A CN114213165A CN202210038794.5A CN202210038794A CN114213165A CN 114213165 A CN114213165 A CN 114213165A CN 202210038794 A CN202210038794 A CN 202210038794A CN 114213165 A CN114213165 A CN 114213165A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F9/00—Fertilisers from household or town refuse
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
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- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage, which comprises the steps of sorting, removing oil and crushing the organic garbage to prepare compost raw materials, then adding a conditioner to prepare a mixed material, placing the mixed material in a composting device with ventilation and heating functions for ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment, promoting dissolution of humus precursor substances, killing pathogenic bacteria and ova, and improving the quality of compost products. The method has the advantages of simple operation, low energy consumption, short garbage fermentation period, quick product decomposition, good harmless effect and good fertilizer effect, and can realize the reduction, reclamation and harmless treatment of the garbage quickly and at low cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage, belongs to the technical field of organic garbage resource utilization, and can be specially used for quickly and harmlessly treating and fertilizing organic garbage.
Background
With the development of social economy and the improvement of the living standard of people, the yield of organic garbage is increased year by year. The composting technology is a reliable and environment-friendly technology for treating organic garbage, can promote the recycling of N, P, K elements, and can effectively improve the soil fertility of compost products, so that the technology becomes a research hotspot in the field of organic garbage treatment at present. However, the traditional composting process has the technical bottlenecks of low fermentation speed, low fertilizer efficiency of products, incomplete harmlessness and the like, and the application of the technology is greatly restricted.
In order to break through the bottleneck, researchers at home and abroad make a great deal of research on the aspects of compost condition control, process improvement and the like. For example, patent CN 112521187a discloses a method for rapidly composting kitchen waste, which reduces the composting period from conventional 30-60d to 30-40d by periodic operations of temperature control, oxygen supply regulation and mechanical pile turning. Although the period is improved to a certain extent compared with the traditional high-temperature composting, the whole reaction process needs to be carried out in a reactor, and operations such as temperature control, ventilation, pile turning and the like are needed, so that the management is complex.
Patent CN 212128011U invented a drum-type aerobic compost back-mixing device, and the device realizes microbial inoculation and material sufficient mixing by promoting the high-efficient backward flow of the rear end decomposed material to the front end of the reactor, and the harmless degree is high, and the organic waste degradation is rapid, but the patent is optimized for a fermentation stage, and the influence on the total fermentation process and fertilizer efficiency is unclear.
Patent CN 113666777A discloses a fast composting method for reducing nitrogen loss of kitchen garbage compost, which adopts a mixture of biochar and phosphogypsum as a compost conditioner, and finds that the conditioner can ensure that the pH value can not be obviously increased while the compost is rapidly heated, thereby simultaneously achieving the purposes of increasing the fertilizer efficiency and accelerating the decomposition. However, this method does not consider the effect on the detoxification.
Patent CN 112479757A discloses an ultrahigh-temperature rapid aerobic fermentation method for organic garbage, which comprises the steps of inoculating ultrahigh-temperature aerobic composite microbial bacteria, raising the fermentation temperature to 80-110 ℃, increasing the metabolic activity of the microorganisms under the condition of being far higher than the conventional high-temperature composting temperature, greatly shortening the composting time to 15-20 days, and having short fermentation period and high harmless degree. However, the method needs to add a special microbial inoculum, and the addition of the microbial inoculum needs early-stage screening, domestication and adaptation, so that the specialization degree is high, the operation and maintenance management is complex, and the change of environmental temperature, pH and the like can influence the activity of the microorganisms, so that the method is limited.
Many researchers have proposed a biological processor for composting in a shorter period (such as 24-48h), and the composting product is produced by controlling ventilation, stirring and temperature to realize quick drying and harmless treatment. However, researches show that the maturity of the products can not meet the requirements of organic fertilizer standards (Bifeng, Li Xiang, Han Yang Dong, etc., quality evaluation of perishable garbage machine fertilizer products in rural areas in China-example J. agricultural environmental science, report 2018,5(37): 1016-1022).
In conclusion, researchers have performed a lot of work aiming at various bottlenecks in the composting technology, but at present, further research is still needed for the composting technology which can realize quick decomposition of garbage, thorough harmlessness and high fertilizer efficiency of products.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a method for fast composting and decomposing organic waste, which can accelerate the composting process, increase the total nitrogen content of the compost, reduce the nitrogen loss amount in the composting process, and increase the fertilizer efficiency of the compost product.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
1. method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage
The organic garbage is sorted, deoiled and crushed to prepare compost raw materials, then a conditioner is added to prepare a mixed material, the mixed material is placed in a composting device with ventilation and heating functions for high-temperature pretreatment, and the dissolution of humus precursor substances is promoted, so that the subsequent composting process is accelerated, the rapid decomposition is realized, pathogenic bacteria and insect eggs are killed, and the quality of compost products is improved.
Preferably, the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment is realized by heating the garbage to 65-95 ℃ from an external source.
In a further preferred mode of the invention, the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment is realized by maintaining high temperature through external heating and forced ventilation, and the ventilation rate is 0.1-0.2m3/(min·m3)。
According to the invention, the time of the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment is 2-6 h.
Preferably, the sorting is to remove bones, plastics and tissues, the oil removal is to remove grease in organic garbage by adopting damp-heat treatment, and the crushing is to crush the garbage to 8-12mm of particle size.
Preferably, the conditioner is a material with high carbon-nitrogen ratio, including but not limited to agricultural straws and wood chips; the mixing proportion of the composting raw material and the conditioner is controlled according to the carbon-nitrogen ratio, so that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixed material is 20-30: 1.
the invention preferably further comprises the steps of mixing a composting microbial inoculum into the material subjected to the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment and performing static composting.
The static composting is further preferable that the materials mixed with the composting microbial inoculum are placed in a composting device for 15-20 days, and the compost is turned over regularly every 2 days to rebuild the porosity of the compost and supplement oxygen.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the dissolution of humus precursor substances is promoted by short-term ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment, the decomposition period of the traditional compost is shortened from 30-60 days to 15-20 days, the composting process is greatly shortened, and the rapid decomposition is realized.
(2) The short-term ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment is combined with static composting to treat the organic garbage, and the static composting stage only needs to be subjected to turning and ventilation, so that the method is simple to operate, convenient to operate, maintain and manage, low in cost and wide in applicability.
(3) Through ultra-high temperature pretreatment, pathogenic bacteria and ova in the raw materials can be completely inactivated, and the harmless effect is good.
(4) The ultra-high temperature pretreatment can also reduce the loss of nitrogen and improve the fertilizer efficiency of the compost product.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further described with reference to specific examples to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention and to practice the same, but the examples are not intended to limit the present invention.
Example 1:
the compost raw materials used in the embodiment are taken from school canteens, the main components of the compost raw materials are rice, wheaten food, vegetables, meat and the like, the moisture content is 79 percent, the composting temperature is 65 ℃, the pretreatment time is 6 hours, and the ventilation quantity is 0.2m3/(min·m3) The experimental group carries out composting treatment on the organic garbage by adopting a high-temperature pretreatment combined with static composting and turning mode, and the concrete composting steps are as follows:
(1) screening, deoiling and crushing organic garbage, firstly, manually sorting the organic garbage, and selecting substances such as large bones, napkin paper and the like; then carrying out a damp-heat treatment operation, and removing oil and salt (free and adhered to a solid phase) in the organic waste through the step; finally, carrying out primary crushing treatment on the organic garbage, cutting larger vegetables and meat into 1-2cm by using scissors, then mechanically crushing the vegetables and the meat, and crushing the vegetables and the meat to 8-12mm of particle size;
(2) taking 8.2kg of crushed organic garbage, adding 1.2kg of birch sawdust crushed to about 5mm into the organic garbage, and uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixture is adjusted to 20.6;
(3) Heating 4.1kg of mixture in a high-temperature pretreatment device, raising the temperature to 65 ℃, performing ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment for 6h, and performing forced ventilation with the ventilation rate of 0.2m3/(min·m3) As example 1; taking 4.1kg of the mixture, and marking the mixture as a control group CK without treatment;
(4) after the organic waste in the embodiment 1 is naturally cooled to room temperature, the organic waste and the material of the CK in the control group are respectively placed in a 2L plastic barrel, every 5-8cm of organic waste is placed, a layer of EM microbial inoculum (about 20g) is scattered, the microbial inoculum uniformly covers the organic waste, the material is statically stacked for 20d in an aerobic environment, and the material is turned over once every 2 days in the period to supplement oxygen, so that the decomposed fertilizer is prepared.
The change of the physicochemical properties of the organic waste of the experimental group after the high-temperature pretreatment is shown in table 1:
TABLE 1 Change in physicochemical Properties of organic waste before and after high-temperature pretreatment
As can be seen from Table 1, the high-temperature pretreatment significantly increases the pH value (p <0.05), reduces the content of hemicellulose, and significantly increases the content of humus precursor substances such as reducing sugar and amino acid (p <0.05), wherein the content of amino acid in the test group is increased by 17.51 + -6.78% compared with that of CK in the control group, and the content of reducing sugar is increased by 52.77 + -0.13% compared with that of CK in the control group, which indicates that the high-temperature pretreatment effectively promotes the degradation of hemicellulose and generates more humus precursor substances.
Comparison of the maturity time (using the germination index GI of the seeds as an index) and the fertilizer efficiency (using the total nitrogen TN as an index) of the test groups in the composting process:
GI is a comprehensive index for representing the compost maturity and the toxicity of compost products, and the GI value of the organic fertilizer is higher than 70 percent and is taken as the qualified standard of the organic fertilizer. When the rotting time is 15 days, the GI value of example 1 is 79.30 +/-0.12%, the GI value of the CK of the control group is 52.90 +/-0.10%, and the GI value is remarkably improved by 49.91 +/-0.23%; when the rotting time is 20 days, the GI value of example 1 is 80.64 +/-0.21%, and the GI value of the CK in the control group is 65.71 +/-0.09%, which is obviously improved by 22.72 +/-0.32%. When the rotten time is 20 days, the TN value of the example 1 is 21.94 +/-0.26 g/kg, and the TN value of the CK of the control group is 19.70 +/-0.13 g/kg, which is improved by 11.37 +/-1.31%. The result shows that the GI value of the high-temperature pretreated compost exceeds 70% when the composting time is 15 days, the high-temperature pretreatment can greatly accelerate the composting process, the composting period of the traditional compost can be shortened from 30-50 days to 15-20 days, and the TN content of the high-temperature pretreated compost is higher than that of a control group, which indicates that the nitrogen loss is lower than that of the control group and the fertilizer efficiency is better than that of the control group in the subsequent composting process.
Example 2:
the compost raw materials used in the example are taken from school canteens, the main components are rice, wheaten food, vegetables, meat and the like, the water content is 79 percent, the compost temperature is designed to be 80 ℃, the pretreatment time is 4 hours, and the ventilation volume is 0.1m 3/(min·m3) The experimental group adopts high-temperature pretreatmentThe method is characterized in that the organic garbage is composted in a rational combination of static composting and turning mode, and the specific composting steps are as follows:
(1) screening, deoiling and crushing organic garbage, firstly, manually sorting the organic garbage, and selecting substances such as large bones, napkin paper and the like; then carrying out a damp-heat treatment operation, and removing oil and salt (free and adhered to a solid phase) in the organic waste through the step; finally, carrying out primary crushing treatment on the organic garbage, cutting larger vegetables and meat into 1-2cm by using scissors, then mechanically crushing the vegetables and the meat, and crushing the vegetables and the meat to 8-12mm of particle size;
(2) taking 24.6kg of crushed organic garbage, adding 3.6kg of birch sawdust crushed to about 5mm into the organic garbage, and uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixture is adjusted to 20.6;
(3) heating the mixture in a high-temperature pretreatment device, heating to 80 deg.C, performing ultra-high temperature pretreatment for 4 hr, and forced ventilation with ventilation rate of 0.1m3/(min·m3) As example 2; taking 12.3kg of the mixture, and marking the mixture as a control group CK without treatment;
(4) after the organic waste in the embodiment 2 is naturally cooled to room temperature, the organic waste and the material of the CK in the control group are respectively placed in a 15L plastic bucket, every 5-8cm of organic waste is placed, a layer of EM microbial inoculum (about 20g) is scattered, the microbial inoculum uniformly covers the organic waste, the material is statically stacked for 20d in an aerobic environment, and the material is turned over once every 2 days in the period to supplement oxygen, so that the decomposed fertilizer is prepared.
The change of the physicochemical properties of the organic waste of the test group after the high-temperature pretreatment is shown in table 2:
TABLE 2 Change of physicochemical Properties of organic waste before and after high-temperature pretreatment
As can be seen from Table 2, the high-temperature pretreatment significantly increases the pH value (p <0.05), decreases the cellulose and hemicellulose content, and significantly increases the content of humus precursor substances such as reducing sugar and amino acid (p <0.05), wherein the cellulose content of the test group is decreased by 13.12 + -0.86% compared with the CK of the control group, the amino acid content is increased by 43.00 + -7.40% compared with the CK, and the reducing sugar content is increased by 30.23 + -0.67% compared with the CK, which indicates that the high-temperature pretreatment effectively promotes the degradation of the cellulose and hemicellulose, and generates more humus precursor substances.
Comparison of the maturity time (using the germination index GI of the seeds as an index) and the fertilizer efficiency (using the total nitrogen TN as an index) of the test groups in the composting process:
when the rotting time is 15 days, the GI value of the sample 2 is 76.26 +/-0.27%, the GI value of the CK of the control group is 52.90 +/-0.10%, and the GI value is remarkably improved by 44.16 +/-0.51%; when the rotting time is 20 days, the GI value of the sample 2 is 93.97 +/-0.17%, and the GI value of the CK in the control group is 65.71 +/-0.09%, which is remarkably improved by 43.01 +/-0.26%. When the rotting time is 20 days, the TN value of the example 2 is 20.78 + -0.16 g/kg, and the TN value of the CK in the control group is 19.70 + -0.13 g/kg. The result shows that the high-temperature pretreatment can greatly accelerate the composting process and shorten the decomposing period, and the nitrogen loss in the subsequent composting process is lower than that of the control group, and the fertilizer efficiency is better than that of the control group.
Example 3:
the compost raw materials used in the embodiment are taken from a school canteen, the main components of the compost raw materials are rice, wheaten food, vegetables, meat and the like, the moisture content is 79 percent, the compost temperature is designed to be 95 ℃, the pretreatment time is 2 hours, and the ventilation volume is 0.1m3/(min·m3) The experimental group carries out composting treatment on the organic garbage by adopting a high-temperature pretreatment combined with static composting and turning mode, and the concrete composting steps are as follows:
(1) screening, deoiling and crushing organic garbage, firstly, manually sorting the organic garbage, and selecting substances such as large bones, napkin paper and the like; then carrying out a damp-heat treatment operation, and removing oil and salt (free and adhered to a solid phase) in the organic waste through the step; finally, carrying out primary crushing treatment on the organic garbage, cutting larger vegetables and meat into 1-2cm by using scissors, then mechanically crushing the vegetables and the meat, and crushing the vegetables and the meat to 8-12mm of particle size;
(2) taking 8.2kg of crushed organic garbage, adding 1.2kg of birch sawdust crushed to about 5mm into the organic garbage, and uniformly mixing, wherein the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixture is adjusted to 20.6;
(3) heating the mixture in a high-temperature pretreatment device, heating to 95 deg.C, performing ultra-high temperature pretreatment for 2 hr, and forced ventilation with ventilation rate of 0.1m 3/(min·m3) As example 3; taking 4.1kg of the mixture, and marking the mixture as a control group CK without treatment;
(4) after the organic waste in the embodiment 3 is naturally cooled to room temperature, the organic waste and the material of the CK in the control group are respectively placed in a 2L plastic bucket, every 5-8cm of organic waste is placed, a layer of EM microbial inoculum (about 20g) is scattered, the microbial inoculum uniformly covers the organic waste, the material is statically stacked in an aerobic environment for 20d, and the material is turned over once every 2 days in the period to supplement oxygen, so that the decomposed fertilizer is prepared.
The change of the physicochemical properties of the organic waste of the test group after the high-temperature pretreatment is shown in table 3:
TABLE 3 Change of physicochemical Properties of organic waste before and after high-temperature pretreatment
As can be seen from Table 3, the high-temperature pretreatment significantly increases the pH value (p <0.05), slightly reduces the hemicellulose content, and significantly increases the content of humus precursor substances such as reducing sugar and amino acid (p <0.05), wherein the amino acid content in the test group is increased by 11.02 +/-0.10% compared with the CK in the control group, and the reducing sugar content is increased by 30.70 +/-0.47% compared with the CK in the control group, which indicates that the high-temperature pretreatment affects the pH value of the organic waste and promotes the generation of more humus precursor substances.
Comparison of the maturity time (using the germination index GI of the seeds as an index) and the fertilizer efficiency (using the total nitrogen TN as an index) of the test groups in the composting process:
When the rotting time is 15 days, the GI value of example 3 is 82.46 +/-0.15%, the GI value of the CK of the control group is 52.90 +/-0.10%, and the GI value is remarkably improved by 55.88 +/-0.28%; when the rotting time is 20 days, the GI value of example 3 is 91.19 +/-0.13%, and the GI value of the CK in the control group is 65.71 +/-0.09%, which is obviously improved by 38.78 +/-0.20%. When the rotting time is 20 days, the TN value of the test group 1 is 20.43. + -. 0.20g/kg, and the TN value of the control group CK is 19.70. + -. 0.13 g/kg. The result shows that the high-temperature pretreatment can greatly accelerate the composting process and can shorten the period of decomposing the traditional compost from 30-50 days to 15-20 days. And the TN content of the high-temperature pretreated compost is higher than that of the test group, which shows that the nitrogen loss amount is lower than that of the test group and the fertilizer efficiency is better than that of the test group in the subsequent composting process.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely preferred embodiments for fully illustrating the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. The equivalent substitution or change made by the technical personnel in the technical field on the basis of the invention is all within the protection scope of the invention. The protection scope of the invention is subject to the claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for quickly composting and decomposing organic garbage is characterized by comprising the following steps: the organic garbage is sorted, deoiled and crushed to prepare compost raw materials, then a conditioner is added to prepare a mixed material, and the mixed material is placed in a composting device with ventilation and heating functions for high-temperature pretreatment, so that the dissolution of humus precursor substances is promoted, pathogenic bacteria and insect eggs are killed, and the quality of compost products is improved.
2. The method for rapid compost composting of organic waste as claimed in claim 1 wherein said ultra high temperature pretreatment is exogenous heating of the waste to 65-95 ℃.
3. The method for fast composting and decomposing organic garbage according to claim 2, wherein the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment is exogenous heating and high temperature maintaining, and forced ventilation is needed, and the ventilation rate is 0.1-0.2m3/(min·m3)。
4. The method for fast composting and decomposing of organic waste as claimed in claim 3, wherein the time of the ultra-high temperature pretreatment is 2-6 h.
5. The method for rapid composting and decomposing of organic garbage according to claim 1, wherein the sorting is to remove bones, plastics and paper towels, the oil removal is to remove oil and fat in the organic garbage by adopting damp-heat treatment, and the crushing is to crush the organic garbage to 8-12mm of particle size.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the conditioner is a high carbon to nitrogen ratio material including but not limited to agricultural straw, wood chips; the mixing proportion of the composting raw material and the conditioner is controlled according to the carbon-nitrogen ratio, so that the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the mixed material is 20-30: 1.
7. the method for fast composting and decomposing organic garbage according to claim 1, further comprising the step of mixing compost bacteria agent into the material after the ultrahigh-temperature pretreatment and performing static composting.
8. The method for fast composting and decomposing organic garbage as claimed in claim 7, wherein the static composting is that the materials mixed with the compost microbial inoculum are placed in a composting device for 15-20 days, and the compost is turned regularly every 2 days.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN117466671A (en) * | 2023-10-31 | 2024-01-30 | 深圳市中兴恒熙环保有限公司 | Kitchen waste degradation treatment method |
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| CN107141047A (en) * | 2017-06-29 | 2017-09-08 | 江苏省农业科学院 | A kind of damp and hot pretreatment promotes the compost method that feces of livestock and poultry becomes thoroughly decomposed |
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