CN114209832B - 一种光治疗试剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种光治疗试剂及其制备方法和应用,利用光引发剂小分子与环氧氯丙烷在催化剂下反应,反应结束后除去有机溶剂得到携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子,后与表面修饰羟基的808 nm激发的上转换纳米粒子发生取代反应,用离心沉淀除杂法得到一种乏氧光敏剂。本发明的光治疗试剂中是在808 nm激光器的照射下便能引发产生自由基,不需要氧气的参与便能在乏氧的肿瘤环境下起到治疗效果且组织穿透深度深;上转换纳米粒子的发射光谱与2959‑ECH的吸收光谱部分重叠,发生能量转移过程从而有效引发产生自由基,因此可以解决多种因素导致的肿瘤乏氧问题,产生自由基,起到抑制肿瘤细胞生长繁殖的作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于光动力疗法领域,特别涉及一种光治疗试剂的制备方法和应用。
背景技术
自由基是指含有未成对电子的原子或基团,正常情况下,其在细胞代谢中起到积极的作用,但当自由基含量过多时,就会与细胞中的DNA、蛋白质等反应,引起细胞功能障碍。基于这种高反应性,自由基可以应用于癌症治疗。
复杂的肿瘤微环境具有乏氧、血管高渗透性和反应性、低pH等特点,严重限制了抗肿瘤药物作用的发挥。其中乏氧的环境与肿瘤的生长、转移、耐药等方面都有着密切的联系,很大程度上抑制了光动力疗法、化疗等的作用效果。
目前现有的自由基治疗形式主要就是光动力治疗,但其具有严重的氧气依赖性,组织中的氧含量影响着光动力疗法的治疗效果和反应机制类型。针对此问题,目前有很多研究在光动力治疗中加用辅助策略,主要有以下几种形式:
1)增加肿瘤部位氧气供应,此策略在下列文献中公开:
[1]Di-Wei, Zheng, Bin, et al. Carbon-Dot-Decorated Carbon NitrideNanoparticles for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy against Hypoxic Tumor viaWater Splitting[J]. Acs Nano, 2016.
[2] Wang P , Tang Q , Zhang L , et al. Ultrasmall Barium TitanateNanoparticles for Highly Efficient Hypoxic Tumor Therapy via UltrasoundTriggered Piezocatalysis and Water Splitting[J]. ACS Nano, 2021, 15(7).
[3] Liang S , Deng X , Chang Y , et al. Intelligent Hollow Pt-CuSJanus Architecture for Synergistic Catalysis-Enhanced Sonodynamic andPhotothermal Cancer Therapy[J]. Nano Letters, 2019, 19(6).
2)将光敏剂与缺氧激活前药联合使用,此策略在下列文献中公开:
[1]An All‐in‐One Organic Semiconductor for Targeted PhotoxidationCatalysis in Hypoxic Tumor[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2021.
[2] A Mitochondria-Targeted Photosensitizer Showing ImprovedPhotodynamic Therapy Effects Under Hypoxia [J]. Angewandte ChemieInternational Edition, 2016.
上述这些辅助策略都难以解决氧气依赖性的固有限制,且易引起副作用。
因此,在本领域,期望开发一种能够实现在乏氧的肿瘤微环境下发生能量转移过程分解产生自由基,不受氧气浓度的干扰、对癌细胞造成杀伤的乏氧光敏剂,对于解决上述问题将非常有意义。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种光治疗试剂及其制备方法和应用。本发明所述的光治疗试剂是由光引发剂小分子通过化学键连接到修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子表面制备的,实现了在肿瘤乏氧环境下发生能量转移过程产生自由基、组织穿透深度深、生物相容性好、对正常组织毒副作用小等效果。
为达此目的,本发明采用以下技术方案:
一种光治疗试剂,其由携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子与表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子发生取代反应制备生成。
本发明还提供了一种光治疗试剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
S1:将光引发剂小分子Irgacure2959与环氧氯丙烷在催化剂三氟化硼乙醚下反应,反应生成携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子2959-ECH;反应式如下:
S2:利用2959-ECH上的氯基团与808 nm激发的表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子发生取代反应,反应生成光治疗试剂U2959。
其中,
步骤S1的主要目的是使Irgacure 2959修饰氯基团,氯基团可与携带羟基的上转换纳米粒子发生取代反应。
步骤S2的主要目的是使自由基光引发剂2959-ECH通过氯基团与羟基的取代反应修饰到上转换纳米粒子上,连接稳定。
另外,步骤S1和S2反应时均需要作避光处理:若不进行避光处理,则自由基光引发剂可能受到自然光源的影响,导致其少量分解,影响材料后续治疗效果。
进一步地,所述的步骤S1中,所述的携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子2959-ECH是由Irgacure 2959经过取代反应得到,具体步骤如下:
将光引发剂小分子Irgacure 2959溶解到乙醇中,进行超声处理,待其完全溶解后加热到50℃– 60℃,后加入三氟化硼乙醚作为反应的催化剂,再逐滴加入环氧氯丙烷,在50℃– 60℃条件下保温;反应结束后旋蒸除去过量的环氧氯丙烷和乙醇进行产物纯化,置于真空烘箱中烘干得到2959-ECH;
其中,光引发剂小分子Irgacure 2959与环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比为1:1。
进一步地,所述的步骤S2中,将携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子与表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子混合,主要经过溶解、加热保温、离心沉淀除杂、干燥工序;其主要操作步骤是:
(1)溶解:将携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子2959-ECH溶解到乙醇中,进行超声处理,使其完全溶解,后加入808 nm激发的表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子,超声混匀;2959-ECH与上转换纳米粒子反应时,2959-ECH要稍过量;
(2)加热保温:将步骤(1)的混合溶液置于70℃- 90℃下加热,并用锡纸作保温处理;
(3)离心沉淀除杂:反应结束后,通过12000 r/min – 15000r/min超速离心,并用超纯水多次洗涤沉淀产物;
(4)干燥工序:将步骤(3)的溶有产物的混合溶液先在-75℃ – -85℃环境下冷冻为固体,后置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥,得到光治疗试剂。
其中,上转换纳米粒子特点是指能够吸收来自低能量、长波长的光源激发,发射出高能量、短波长的蓝紫光,该实验中我们所用的(808 nm激发的)上转换纳米粒子便是吸收的来自808 nm的光源。此外,羟基的连接是通过在甘露醇过量投料修饰到上转换纳米粒子表面的。(购自西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司,货号为R-UWO365-808)
更进一步地,所述的步骤S1中,环氧氯丙烷要逐滴加入,在50℃– 60℃下保温至少2 h – 4 h,且要用锡纸进行保温避光。
步骤S1中,环氧氯丙烷反应时要逐滴加入的原因在于,环氧氯丙烷会聚合放出大量的热,使温度迅速升高并产生副产物;如果不这样做会导致局部反应温度过高,并伴随大量副产物出现。
更进一步地,所述的步骤S2中,
所述步骤(2)中,将步骤(1)的混合溶液置于75℃- 85℃下加热,并用锡纸作保温处理3 h– 6 h;
所述步骤(3)中,离心时间为15 min – 25 min,用超纯水离心纯化3次– 5次。 离心时间及转速很重要,当离心转速小于12000 r/min或离心时间不够时,会导致反应产物沉淀不完全,浓度降低。
本发明还提供了所述的光治疗试剂或采用所述方法制备的光治疗试剂在制备无氧光动力治疗肿瘤药物中的应用。
本发明相对于现有技术,具有如下的优点及有益效果:
1)本发明制备的光治疗试剂是在外加激光照射下,通过光谱的重叠发生能量转移过程引发自身分解产生自由基,而不是通过物理载氧或者外部供氧,避免了载氧效率有限及高压氧治疗带来的后序氧癫痫等问题,有效解决肿瘤组织的乏氧情况;
2)本发明制备的光治疗试剂通过外加808 nm激光器照射引发,提高了组织穿透深度,减小了带来的光损伤;
3)本发明制备的光治疗试剂在未加808 nm激光照射时,具有良好的生物相容性,能够减小对正常组织的毒副作用,有效避免现有的光敏剂在光动力治疗过程中产生的光毒性问题。
附图说明
图1是光引发剂小分子Irgacure 2959在光照下分解产生自由基的分解反应式;
图2是本发明实施例1中,Irgacure 2959反应生成2959-ECH的过程示意图;
图3是本发明实施例1中,2959-ECH的紫外-吸收光谱与修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子的荧光发射光谱重叠情况示意图;
图4是本发明实施例1中,反应前的上转换纳米粒子与反应后结合2959-ECH的U2959的透射电镜图;
图5是本发明实施例2中,光治疗试剂对不同氧气含量条件培养下的细胞分别在有无808 nm激光照射时造成的细胞毒性图;(a)是在氧气浓度正常(Normoxia,21%)下进行的实验,也就是细胞处于常氧状态;(b)是氧气浓度低于正常值(Hypoxia,2%),也就是细胞处于乏氧状态。
图6是本发明实施例3中,光治疗试剂及上转换纳米粒子进入细胞中的荧光图。
具体实施方式
下面结合说明书附图和具体的实施例,对本发明作详细描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
本发明中,所用4T1细胞、DAPI试剂盒、MTT试剂盒均购买自“江苏凯基生物”。所用上转换纳米粒子购买自“西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司”。
实施例1:光治疗试剂的制备方法
结合图2,介绍乏氧光敏剂的制备过程,具体步骤如下:
(1)取2.24 g Irgacure 2959溶解到45 mL乙醇中,进行超声处理,待其完全溶解后加热至55 ℃,并剧烈搅拌;
(2)在上述乙醇溶液中加入6 mg三氟化硼乙醚作为反应的催化剂;
(3)逐滴加入0.9 g环氧氯丙烷,并在55 ℃下保温2 h,并用锡纸作保温避光处理;
(4)反应结束后,利用旋转蒸发仪通过缓慢旋蒸的方法除去过量的环氧氯丙烷和部分乙醇,置于50℃的真空烘箱中烘干得到2959-ECH;
(5)取0.02 g 2959-ECH溶解在20 mL乙醇中,进行超声处理,使其完全溶解;
(6)在上述乙醇溶液中加入0.5 mL的808 nm激发浓度为2 mg/mL修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子(NaYF4: 30%Yb, 0.5%Tm@NaYF4, 20%Yb, 20%Nd),并在80 ℃下反应4 h,并用锡纸作保温避光处理;
(7)反应结束后,通过超速离心(15000 rpm,20 min)使产物U2959沉淀,并用超纯水离心纯化(15000 rpm,20 min)三次,并置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥,得到分散在超纯水中的最终产物U2959,避光储存在4 ℃冰箱中待用。
图3为是本发明实施例1中的2959-ECH的紫外-吸收光谱与修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子的荧光发射光谱重叠情况。图3中UCNP的发射光谱是通过荧光分光光度计(Fluoromax-Plus)测得,2959-ECH的吸收光谱是通过紫外分光光度计(LAMBDA 35)测得。
从图3可以看出,上转换纳米粒子的发射光谱与2959-ECH的吸收光谱重叠,可以表明上转换纳米粒子吸收808 nm激光后发射出来的光的波长可以引发2959-ECH。
使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子与反应制得的U2959。将修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子与乏氧光敏剂水溶液分别滴加到铜网上,并在室温下干燥后使用透射电子显微镜观察。
从图4可以看出,U2959(右)的尺寸均一,粒径约为45 nm,相比修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子(左)的粒径略有增大,且能清楚看到表面2959-ECH的成功包覆。
实施例2:乏氧光敏剂的细胞毒性测试
将实施例1制备得到的乏氧光敏剂U2959水溶液用不含胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养液配制成不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 μg/mL)。先将分散在10% FBS + 90% RPMI-1640培养液中的4T1细胞悬浊液接种在96 孔板上,每孔150 μL。在37℃恒温培养箱中待24 h贴壁后,将孔内旧的培养液用移液枪移出,分别加入上述不同浓度的材料,继续置于37℃恒温培养箱中孵育12 h后,移去上述培养液,每孔加50 μL MTT试剂之后继续孵育4 h,然后移去MTT试剂,每孔加入150 μL DMSO,利用酶标仪对材料在570 nm处的吸光值进行测试。光毒性实验组材料孵育12 h后,用波长808 nm激光器,功率密度为1.5 W/cm 2 对加样细胞照射10min,随后加MTT继续孵育4 h,加DMSO进行测试。细胞乏氧实验组材料孵育12 h后,加入浓度为100 mM的CoCl2作为乏氧诱导剂与细胞共孵育。
结果如图5所示,图5是本发明实施例2中,光治疗试剂对不同氧气含量条件培养下的细胞分别在有无808 nm激光照射时造成的细胞毒性图;(a)是在氧气浓度正常(Normoxia,21%)下进行的实验,也就是细胞处于常氧状态;(b)是氧气浓度低于正常值(Hypoxia,2%),也就是细胞处于乏氧状态。
NIR是指材料与细胞共孵育后,加808 nm激光器进行照射的实验组,表示的是材料的光毒性;Dark是材料与细胞共孵育后没有加808 nm激光器照射,测试的是材料的暗毒性。
测试数据表明:
1)光治疗试剂在不加激光照射条件下,常氧组和乏氧组均显示出低的细胞毒性,表现出良好的生物相容性。不加激光照射也就是Dark组,其细胞存活率均在80%以上,所以说其有良好的生物相容性。
2)光治疗试剂在加激光照射后,常氧组和乏氧组细胞存活率均有所降低,杀死约50%的4T1细胞。说明乏氧光敏剂在常氧和乏氧的环境中都能分解产生自由基,对肿瘤细胞造成杀伤。加激光照射也就是图中的NIR组,可以看到细胞存活率明显下降。
实施例3:乏氧光敏剂在细胞内的荧光成像图。
将实施例1制备得到的乏氧光敏剂U2959水溶液及纯上转换纳米粒子UCNPs用不含胎牛血清的RPMI-1640培养液配制成100 μg/mL的浓度。先将分散在10% FBS + 90% RPMI-1640培养液中的4T1细胞悬浊液接种在共聚焦细胞培养皿上,每皿加入1 mL。在37℃恒温培养箱中待24 h贴壁后,将培养皿内旧的培养液用移液枪移出,分别加入上述100 μg/mL的材料,继续置于37℃恒温培养箱中孵育4 h后,用波长808 nm激光器,功率密度为1.5 W/cm 2对加样细胞照射10 min。移去上述培养液,加入500 μL的DAPI工作液,37℃染色15 min。后除去DAPI工作液,并用1 mL的PBS缓冲液轻轻冲洗2次,加入1mL的PBS溶液利用共聚焦荧光显微镜观察细胞内的荧光亮度。所述DAPI工作液是用甲醇稀释DAPI染料20倍,最终浓度为1μg/mL。
结果如图6所示,该图使用共聚焦荧光显微镜拍摄的,UCL是指上转换纳米粒子自身的荧光,DAPI是一种标记细胞核的商业染料,是用它来共定位,标记材料在细胞内的位置,Merged是指UCL与DAPI荧光的叠加图,可以定位材料进入细胞的情况。
测试数据表明,光治疗试剂能大量被细胞摄取。但我们也注意到,纯上转换纳米粒子相比较于光治疗试剂同浓度与细胞孵育相同时间后在细胞内显示出的荧光更强,这也证明光治疗试剂在激光照射过程中发生了能量转移过程。
以上显示描述了本发明的主要制备过程及优点。但是以上所述仅为本发明的具体实施例,本发明的技术特征并不局限于此,任何本领域的技术人员在不脱离本发明的技术方案下得出的其他实施方式均应涵盖在本发明的专利范围之中。
Claims (6)
2.根据权利要求1所述的光治疗试剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤S1中,所述的携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子2959-ECH是由Irgacure 2959经过取代反应得到,具体步骤如下:
将光引发剂小分子Irgacure 2959溶解到乙醇中,进行超声处理,待其完全溶解后加热到50℃–60℃,后加入三氟化硼乙醚作为反应的催化剂,再逐滴加入环氧氯丙烷,在50℃–60℃条件下保温;反应结束后旋蒸除去过量的环氧氯丙烷和乙醇进行产物纯化,置于真空烘箱中烘干得到2959-ECH;
其中,光引发剂小分子Irgacure 2959与环氧氯丙烷的摩尔比为1:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光治疗试剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤S2中,将携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子与表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子混合,主要经过溶解、加热保温、离心沉淀除杂、干燥工序;其主要操作步骤是:
(1)溶解:将携带氯基团的光引发剂小分子2959-ECH溶解到乙醇中,进行超声处理,使其完全溶解,后加入808nm激发的表面修饰羟基的上转换纳米粒子,超声混匀;
(2)加热保温:将步骤(1)的混合溶液置于70℃-90℃下加热,并用锡纸作保温处理;
(3)离心沉淀除杂:反应结束后,通过12000r/min–15000r/min超速离心,并用超纯水多次洗涤沉淀产物;
(4)干燥工序:将步骤(3)的溶有产物的混合溶液先在-75℃–-85℃环境下冷冻为固体,后置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥,得到光治疗试剂。
4.根据权利要求2所述的光治疗试剂的制备方法,其特征在于,环氧氯丙烷要逐滴加入,在50℃–60℃下保温至少2h–4h,且要用锡纸进行保温避光。
5.根据权利要求3所述的光治疗试剂的制备方法,其特征在于,
所述步骤(2)中,将步骤(1)的混合溶液置于75℃-85℃下加热,并用锡纸作保温处理3h–6h;
所述步骤(3)中,离心时间为15min–25min,用超纯水离心纯化3次–5次。
6.采用如权利要求1-5任意一项所述方法制备的光治疗试剂在制备无氧光动力治疗肿瘤药物中的应用。
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