CN114199737A - Device and method for measuring effective porosity - Google Patents
Device and method for measuring effective porosity Download PDFInfo
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- CN114199737A CN114199737A CN202010980987.3A CN202010980987A CN114199737A CN 114199737 A CN114199737 A CN 114199737A CN 202010980987 A CN202010980987 A CN 202010980987A CN 114199737 A CN114199737 A CN 114199737A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000002591 computed tomography Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 206010044565 Tremor Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001225 nuclear magnetic resonance method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/088—Investigating volume, surface area, size or distribution of pores; Porosimetry
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/0806—Details, e.g. sample holders, mounting samples for testing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N2015/0846—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials by use of radiation, e.g. transmitted or reflected light
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Abstract
The invention provides a device and a method for measuring effective porosity, wherein the device comprises a closed core holder and a pressurized fluid injection device. The liquid inlet end of the core holder is connected with the pressurized fluid injection device, and the liquid outlet end of the core holder is communicated with the outside through a connecting pipeline. The device and the method for measuring the effective porosity provided by the invention can scan on X-ray CT, and the effective pore space can be calculated after the obtained image is processed, so that the requirement of the research on the physical properties of an oil and gas reservoir is met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for the research on oil and gas exploration.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of rock physics experiments, in particular to a device and a method for measuring effective porosity.
Background
Total porosity is the percentage of the total pore volume in the matrix in relation to the total volume of the matrix, expressed as%, and includes both water-holding porosity and air-permeable porosity, which reflects the sum of the spaces that air and moisture can accommodate in one type of matrix, and does not reflect the amount of space that air and moisture can accommodate in the matrix, respectively. In studying the porosity of an oil reservoir, the measured porosity is the ratio of connected pore space to the total volume of rock, i.e. the effective porosity.
The commonly used rock sample porosity measuring method mainly comprises a liquid (usually kerosene) saturation weighing method, a nitrogen injection porosity method, a nuclear magnetic resonance method and the like. In the prior art, all rock sample porosity measurement methods require workers to wash oil and saturate the rock sample and then measure the porosity for the oil-bearing rock sample. However, these methods have disadvantages: the oil saturation method is adopted to measure the porosity of the rock core, so that irreversible damage can be caused to the rock core; in nitrogen injection porosimetry, some pores are connected for gas but not necessarily for liquid, since nitrogen molecules are much smaller than liquid molecules; the nuclear magnetic resonance method is mainly used for measuring the radius of pore throat, and the measured porosity is small.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a device and a method for measuring effective porosity, which can scan on X-ray CT and calculate the effective pore space after the obtained image is processed, thereby meeting the requirement of research on the physical properties of an oil-gas reservoir and providing an effective detection method and a detection means for oil-gas exploration and research.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
an apparatus for measuring effective porosity includes a closed core holder and a pressurized fluid injection device. The liquid inlet end of the core holder is connected with the pressurized fluid injection device, and the liquid outlet end of the core holder is communicated with the outside through a connecting pipeline.
According to the device for measuring the effective porosity, the rock core holder is arranged into a closed container which can be injected with pressurized fluid, scanning can be carried out on a CT scanning device, and the obtained image is processed to calculate the effective pore space, so that the requirement of research on the physical property of an oil-gas reservoir is met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for oil-gas exploration and research.
With respect to the above technical solution, further improvements as described below can be made.
In a preferred embodiment of the device for measuring effective porosity according to the present invention, the pressurized fluid injection means comprises a fluid source and a manual pump. The fluid source is connected with the manual pump and the liquid inlet end of the core holder through the connecting pipeline respectively, and the liquid inlet end of the core holder is located on the top and the side of the core holder respectively, so that pressurized fluid can be injected into the core holder in the axial direction and the radial direction conveniently.
The pressurized fluid injection device with the structure can simulate overburden pressure, axial pressure and confining pressure borne by a rock core, can be used for conveniently pressurizing and saturating a rock core sample, and can also be used for simulating the real state of a stratum where the rock core is located, so that the accuracy of measurement is effectively improved.
Further, in a preferred embodiment, at least two sets of high-pressure fluid storage containers are arranged in parallel between the manual pump and the liquid inlet end of the core holder. And control valves are arranged at the inlet end and the outlet end of the manual pump, the inlet end and the outlet end of the high-pressure fluid storage container and the liquid inlet end of the rock core holder.
The pressurized fluid injection device with the structure is convenient for controlling the pressure and the flow of fluid entering the core holder through the plurality of branches, ensures the stability and the adjustability of the whole measuring process, and further effectively improves the measuring efficiency and the accuracy.
Further, in a preferred embodiment, the liquid inlet end of the core holder and the liquid outlet end of the core holder are provided with pressure measuring devices.
By arranging the pressure measuring device, the pressure data of the liquid inlet end and the liquid outlet end can be obtained in real time, and whether the core sample is saturated by fluid or not can be judged conveniently according to the change range of the pressure data of the liquid outlet end.
Specifically, in a preferred embodiment, the core holder comprises a sample chamber and plugs arranged at two ends of the sample chamber, and the plugs are fixed at two ends of the sample chamber through pressing caps.
The structural form not only can facilitate the arrangement of the core sample, but also can ensure the tightness, stability and reliability of the core holder.
In particular, in a preferred embodiment, the sample compartment is a cylindrical cartridge structure.
The sample bin with the structure is simple in structure, easy to process, convenient for arranging the core sample and capable of effectively reducing the volume of the whole core holder.
Further, in a preferred embodiment, a gasket is arranged between the pressing cap and the plug, and a sealing ring is arranged between the plug and the end part of the sample chamber.
Through setting up packing ring and sealing washer, can further ensure the sealing performance of rock core holder to further guarantee the reliable and stable nature of measurement process.
Further, in a preferred embodiment, the bottom of the core holder is provided with a base for easy arrangement on the CT scanning device. The base includes support ring and lower support ring, and the external diameter of going up the support ring is less than the external diameter of lower support ring. The upper supporting ring and the lower supporting ring are connected through an oblique supporting rod.
Through setting up the base of above-mentioned structure, be convenient for whole rock core holder arranges and scans on CT scanning device to guarantee to measure and go on smoothly, and through the base that two support rings of external diameter inconsistent and diagonal bracing pole constitute, simple structure and reliable and stable, thereby can effectively avoid causing the unsafe problem of scanning result because support the shakiness in the scanning process.
The method for measuring effective porosity according to the second aspect of the present invention, which is implemented by the above-mentioned apparatus, comprises the steps of: and S01, drying the core sample. And S02, obtaining three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample by adopting a CT scanning method, identifying pores in the sample according to the gray value, and obtaining the total porosity of the core by dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core. And S03, injecting high-pressure fluid into the core sample arranged in the core holder by using a pressurized fluid injection device until the core sample is saturated by the fluid. And S04, scanning the whole core holder by adopting the CT again to obtain three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample in the core holder, identifying the pores in the sample according to the gray value, and obtaining the porosity which is not saturated by the fluid by a method of dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core. S05, subtracting the porosity not saturated by the liquid from the total porosity to obtain the effective porosity.
According to the method for measuring the effective porosity in the second aspect of the invention, due to the implementation of the device, the closed core holder with the core sample can be placed on the X-ray CT for scanning, and the effective pore space can be calculated after the obtained image is processed, so that the requirement of the physical property research of the oil-gas reservoir can be met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for the oil-gas exploration research.
With respect to the above technical solution, further improvements as described below can be made.
Further, in a preferred embodiment, in step S03, a preset pressure is applied to the inlet end of the core holder, and when the pressure value at the outlet end fluctuates by no more than 1% within half an hour, it indicates that the core sample is saturated with the fluid.
Through the steps, whether the core sample is saturated by the fluid can be simply, conveniently and accurately judged, and therefore the measuring efficiency and accuracy are improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that: the method can scan on X-ray CT, and the obtained image can be processed to calculate the effective pore space, thereby meeting the requirement of research on the physical properties of the oil and gas reservoir and providing an effective detection method and a detection means for oil and gas exploration research.
Drawings
The invention will be described in more detail hereinafter on the basis of embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Wherein:
fig. 1 schematically shows the overall structure of a core holder according to example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the overall structure of the apparatus for measuring effective porosity of example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 schematically shows an image of a dried sample in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 schematically shows an image of a water-saturated sample in example 2 of the present invention;
fig. 5 schematically shows the poor results of fig. 3 and 4.
In the drawings, like parts are provided with like reference numerals. The figures are not drawn to scale.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further explained in detail with reference to the figures and the embodiments without thereby limiting the scope of protection of the invention.
Fig. 1 schematically shows the overall structure of a core holder 1 according to example 1 of the present invention. Fig. 2 schematically shows the overall structure of the apparatus 10 for measuring effective porosity according to example 1 of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 2, an apparatus 10 for measuring effective porosity according to an embodiment of the present invention includes a closed core holder 1 and a pressurized fluid injection apparatus 2. The liquid inlet end of the core holder 1 is connected with the pressurized fluid injection device 2, and the liquid outlet end of the core holder 1 is communicated with the outside through a connecting pipeline.
According to the device for measuring the effective porosity, the rock core holder is arranged into the closed container which can be injected with the pressurized fluid, scanning can be carried out on the CT scanning device, the obtained image is processed, and the effective pore space can be calculated, so that the requirement of research on the physical property of an oil-gas reservoir is met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for oil-gas exploration and research.
As shown in fig. 2, specifically, in the present embodiment, the pressurized fluid injection device 2 includes a fluid source 21 and a manual pump 22. The fluid source 21 is connected with the manual pump 22 and the liquid inlet end of the core holder 1 through connecting pipelines respectively, and the liquid inlet end of the core holder 1 is located at the top and the side of the core holder 1 respectively, so that pressurized fluid can be injected into the core holder 1 in the axial direction and the radial direction conveniently. The pressurized fluid injection device with the structure can simulate overburden pressure, axial pressure and confining pressure borne by a rock core, can be used for conveniently pressurizing and saturating a rock core sample, and can also be used for simulating the real state of a stratum where the rock core is located, so that the accuracy of measurement is effectively improved. Further, in this embodiment, at least two sets of high pressure fluid storage containers 23 are provided in parallel between the hand pump 22 and the inlet end of the core holder 1. The inlet and outlet ends of the hand pump 22, the high-pressure fluid storage container 23, and the inlet end of the core holder 1 are provided with control valves 24. The pressurized fluid injection device with the structure is convenient for controlling the pressure and the flow of fluid entering the core holder through the plurality of branches, ensures the stability and the adjustability of the whole measuring process, and further effectively improves the measuring efficiency and the accuracy.
Specifically, in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, on one set of the pressurized fluid injection branch, three high-pressure fluid storage containers 23 are arranged in parallel between the manual pump 22 and the inlet end of the top of the core holder 1, the fluid source 21 is stored in the containers, and control valves 24 are arranged between the outlet end of the containers and the inlet end of the manual pump 22, the outlet end of the manual pump 22, the inlet end and the outlet end of the high-pressure fluid storage containers 23, and the inlet end of the top of the core holder 1. On the other group of pressurized fluid injection branch, the manual pump 22 is respectively connected with the top liquid inlet end and the side liquid inlet end of the core holder through pipelines, so that fluid can be simultaneously injected into a core sample in the core holder from the axial direction and the radial direction, and the convenience and the adjustability of measurement are improved.
Further, in this embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, the liquid inlet end of the core holder 1 and the liquid outlet end of the core holder 1 are both provided with a pressure measuring device 25. By arranging the pressure measuring device, the pressure data of the liquid inlet end and the liquid outlet end can be obtained in real time, and whether the core sample is saturated by fluid or not can be judged conveniently according to the change range of the pressure data of the liquid outlet end.
As shown in fig. 1, in particular, in the present embodiment, the core holder 1 includes a sample chamber 11 and plugs arranged at both ends of the sample chamber 11, and the plugs are fixed at both ends of the sample chamber 11 by press caps 12. The structural form not only can facilitate the arrangement of the core sample, but also can ensure the tightness, stability and reliability of the core holder. Specifically, in the present embodiment, the sample chamber 11 has a cylindrical barrel structure. The sample bin with the structure is simple in structure, easy to process, convenient for arranging the core sample and capable of effectively reducing the volume of the whole core holder.
Further, in the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 3, a gasket is disposed between the pressing cap 12 and the plug 12, and a sealing ring is disposed between the plug and the end of the sample chamber 11. Through setting up packing ring and sealing washer, can further ensure the sealing performance and the structural stability of rock core holder to further guarantee the reliable and stable nature of measurement process.
In the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 1, further, the bottom of the core holder 1 is provided with a base 13 for easy arrangement on the CT scanner. The base 13 includes an upper support ring and a lower support ring, and the outer diameter of the upper support ring is smaller than that of the lower support ring. The upper supporting ring and the lower supporting ring are connected through an oblique supporting rod. Through setting up the base of above-mentioned structure, be convenient for whole rock core holder arranges and scans on CT scanning device to guarantee to measure and go on smoothly, and through the base that two support rings of external diameter inconsistent and diagonal bracing pole constitute, simple structure and reliable and stable, thereby can effectively avoid causing the unsafe problem of scanning result because support the shakiness in the scanning process.
Preferably, in the present embodiment, as shown in fig. 2, a fixing component for fixing the core sample is provided in the sample chamber 11. And the core holder is preferably made of high-strength non-metallic materials, has good temperature and pressure resistance, and is particularly preferably made of carbon fiber materials.
Figure 3 shows schematically an image of a dried sample in example 2 of the present invention. Fig. 3 schematically shows an image of a water-saturated sample in example 2 of the present invention. Fig. 5 schematically shows the poor results of fig. 3 and 4.
Example 2
The method for measuring effective porosity according to the embodiment of the present invention is implemented by using the above-mentioned apparatus 10, and includes the following steps:
s01, drying the core sample: selecting a conglomerate sample with the diameter of 25mm and the length of 50mm, placing the conglomerate sample in an oven, baking the conglomerate sample for 48 hours at the temperature of 60 ℃, and drying the conglomerate sample by distillation;
s02, obtaining three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample by adopting a CT scanning method, obtaining a gray image shown in figure 3 after reconstruction, identifying pores in the sample according to the gray value, calculating the pixel number of the black area according to the position where black inside the core sample can be seen as the pores in figure 4, calculating the pore volume of the core sample, and obtaining the total porosity of the core by dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core;
s03, placing the core sample after the step S02 in a core holder, loading 5MPa of pressure at a liquid inlet port of the core holder, injecting distilled water into the sample, detecting outlet pressure at a liquid outlet end of the core holder until the pressure value of the liquid outlet end of the core holder fluctuates by no more than 1% within 30 minutes, and determining that the sample is saturated with water;
s04, placing the core holder with the core sample in a CT scanning device for scanning to obtain three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample in the core holder, reconstructing the image to obtain a water-saturated sample image shown in figure 4, wherein the original black part is changed into gray to show that liquid enters the part, identifying pores in the sample according to the gray value, and obtaining the porosity which is not saturated by the liquid according to the method of dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core;
and S05, subtracting the images in the figures 3 and 4 by using an image algorithm to obtain a result shown in figure 5, wherein the part filled with light gray in the core sample is a pore into which liquid enters, the part circled by a dark gray line is a part into which liquid does not enter, the number of pixels of the area occupied by the light gray is counted, and the ratio of the number of pixels of the black area to the number of pixels of the effective pore is the ratio of the effective pore.
According to the method for measuring the effective porosity, which is disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, due to the implementation of the device, the closed core holder with the core sample can be placed on an X-ray CT for scanning, and the effective pore space can be calculated after the obtained image is processed, so that the requirement of the physical property research of an oil-gas reservoir can be met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for the oil-gas exploration research. Through arranging the pressure devices at the liquid inlet end and the liquid outlet end, whether the core sample is saturated by the fluid can be simply, conveniently and accurately judged, so that the measuring efficiency and accuracy are improved.
According to the embodiment, the device and the method for measuring the effective porosity, provided by the invention, can be used for scanning on X-ray CT, and the effective pore space can be calculated after the obtained image is processed, so that the requirement of research on the physical properties of an oil and gas reservoir is met, and an effective detection method and a detection means are provided for oil and gas exploration and research.
While the invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment, various modifications may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In particular, the technical features mentioned in the embodiments can be combined in any way as long as there is no structural conflict. It is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. The device for measuring the effective porosity is characterized by comprising a closed core holder and a pressurized fluid injection device; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the liquid inlet end of the core holder is connected with the pressurized fluid injection device, and the liquid outlet end of the core holder is communicated with the outside through a connecting pipeline.
2. The apparatus for measuring effective porosity according to claim 1, wherein the pressurized fluid injection apparatus comprises a fluid source and a manual pump; wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the fluid source is respectively connected with the manual pump and the liquid inlet end of the core holder through connecting pipelines, and the liquid inlet end of the core holder is respectively positioned at the top and the side of the core holder, so that pressurized fluid can be conveniently injected into the core holder in the axial direction and the radial direction.
3. The apparatus for measuring effective porosity of claim 2 wherein at least two sets of high pressure fluid storage vessels are provided in parallel between the hand pump and the inlet end of the core holder;
and control valves are arranged at the inlet end and the outlet end of the manual pump, the inlet end and the outlet end of the high-pressure fluid storage container and the liquid inlet end of the rock core holder.
4. An apparatus for measuring effective porosity according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the inlet end of the core holder and the outlet end of the core holder are each provided with a pressure measuring device.
5. The apparatus for measuring effective porosity according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the core holder comprises a sample chamber and plugs arranged at both ends of the sample chamber;
the plugs are fixed at two ends of the sample bin through pressing caps.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the sample chamber is a cylindrical barrel structure.
7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein a gasket is disposed between the gland and the plug, and a sealing ring is disposed between the plug and the end of the sample chamber.
8. The apparatus for measuring effective porosity according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the bottom of the core holder is provided with a base for easy arrangement on a CT scanning device;
the base comprises an upper support ring and a lower support ring, and the outer diameter of the upper support ring is smaller than that of the lower support ring;
the upper supporting ring is connected with the lower supporting ring through an oblique supporting rod.
9. A method for measuring effective porosity, carried out using the device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
s01, drying the core sample;
s02, obtaining three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample by adopting a CT scanning method, identifying pores in the sample according to the gray value, and obtaining the total porosity of the core by dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core;
s03, injecting high-pressure fluid into the core sample arranged in the core holder by using a pressurized fluid injection device until the core sample is saturated by the fluid;
s04, scanning the whole core holder by adopting CT again to obtain three-dimensional scanning data of the core sample in the core holder, identifying the pores in the sample according to the gray value, and obtaining the porosity which is not saturated by the fluid according to the method of dividing the pore volume by the total volume of the core;
s05, subtracting the porosity not saturated by the liquid from the total porosity to obtain the effective porosity.
10. The method for measuring effective porosity as claimed in claim 9, wherein in step S03, a preset pressure is applied to the inlet end of the core holder, and when the value of the pressure at the outlet end fluctuates by no more than 1% within half an hour, it indicates that the core sample is saturated with the fluid.
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| 易 敏: "测量储层多孔介质孔隙度及其分布的新方法", 《西南石油学院学报》, vol. 26, no. 1, 28 February 2004 (2004-02-28), pages 43 - 44 * |
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