CN114193094B - Processing technology of ultra-high precision spindle - Google Patents
Processing technology of ultra-high precision spindle Download PDFInfo
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- CN114193094B CN114193094B CN202111487173.7A CN202111487173A CN114193094B CN 114193094 B CN114193094 B CN 114193094B CN 202111487173 A CN202111487173 A CN 202111487173A CN 114193094 B CN114193094 B CN 114193094B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work
- B24B5/04—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work for grinding cylindrical surfaces externally
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work
- B24B5/14—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor involving centres or chucks for holding work for grinding conical surfaces, e.g. of centres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B7/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding plane surfaces on work, including polishing plane glass surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B7/10—Single-purpose machines or devices
- B24B7/16—Single-purpose machines or devices for grinding end-faces, e.g. of gauges, rollers, nuts, piston rings
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Grinding Of Cylindrical And Plane Surfaces (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a processing technology of an ultra-high precision main shaft, which comprises the following steps: preparing materials, forging, normalizing, rough turning, tempering, finish turning, destressing, rough grinding, low-temperature aging, nitriding treatment, center hole repairing, low-temperature aging, thread gear grinding, thread turning, low-temperature aging, semi-finish grinding, chamfer grinding, finish grinding and ultra-finish grinding; in the tempering step, heating at 905-955 ℃ and preserving heat for 3 hours; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 600-630 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30; in the stress relief, the temperature is raised to 575-625 ℃ at 50 ℃/h for 8h, and the temperature is slowly cooled to 20 ℃/h so as to prevent the generation of new residual stress, and the furnace is discharged after reaching 150 ℃. The invention controls the stress deformation of the main shaft to be 0.001mm-0.002mm, the hardness is not lower than HV950, the finish of the journal gear can reach Ra0.0125, and the mirror surface effect is realized.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cylindrical grinding machines, in particular to a processing technology of an ultra-high precision main shaft.
Background
In the machining industry, high-precision spindles have become an indispensable core component in the high-grade machine tool industry. The ultra-high precision spindle is the core of ultra-fine machining equipment, and for a high-precision grinding machine, the precision of the grinding carriage spindle influences the overall machining precision of the machine tool. In the long-time use of the grinding carriage main shaft, the stress deformation, insufficient strength, insufficient hardness and insufficient roughness cause the reduction of the processing quality, and the service life is shortened.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects, and provides a processing technology of an ultra-high precision main shaft, which is beneficial to improving the processing efficiency and the product quality of the main shaft, ensuring the dimensional tolerance, the form tolerance and the surface roughness of the main shaft, solving the reduction of the processing quality caused by the stress deformation and insufficient rigidity, controlling the stress deformation of the main shaft to be 0.001mm-0.002mm, controlling the hardness not lower than HV950, enabling the finish degree of a journal gear to reach Ra0.0125, realizing the mirror surface effect, reducing the friction between the journal gear and a bearing bush on the journal gear, prolonging the service life of a dynamic pressure bearing, and further prolonging the service life of the main shaft.
The purpose of the invention is realized in the following way:
a processing technology of an ultra-high precision main shaft comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing materials; s2: forging; s3: normalizing; s4: rough turning; s5: tempering; s6: finish turning; s7: stress relief; s8: rough grinding; s9: aging at low temperature; s10: nitriding; s11: repairing a center hole; s12: aging at low temperature; s13: grinding a thread gear; s14: threading; s15: aging at low temperature; s16: semi-finish grinding; s17: chamfering and grinding; s18: finely grinding; s19: ultra-fine grinding;
in S4, rough turning is carried out on the blank according to the size to obtain a general main shaft shape, and the main shaft is divided into a central shaft gear, a journal gear, a positioning shaft gear, an end surface gear, a first sealing shaft gear, a second sealing shaft gear, a cone gear and a thread gear;
in S5, heating at 905-955 ℃ and preserving heat for 3h; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 600-630 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30;
in S7, heating to 575-625 ℃ at 50 ℃/h, preserving heat for 8h, slowly cooling to 20 ℃/h to prevent generating new residual stress, and discharging after reaching 150 ℃;
in S18, the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the cone gear are subjected to fine grinding;
in S19, the journal gear is subjected to superfine grinding, and the journal gear achieves a mirror effect.
And S4, reserving machining allowance of 2mm in the diameter direction of each shaft block, and reserving machining allowance of 1mm in the axial direction.
S6, reserving machining allowance of 0.5mm in the diameter direction of each shaft gear, and reserving machining allowance of 0.2mm in the axial direction; the machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the diameter direction of the thread block, and the machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the end face block 4.
S9 and S12, heating the workpiece to 135-185 ℃ and preserving heat for 12-18h; in S15, heating the workpiece to 135-185 ℃ and preserving heat for 24-28h.
S8 and S16, grinding by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel; s18, grinding by using a 120# chrome corundum grinding wheel; in S19, grinding is performed using a 1000# graphite grinding wheel.
In S8, the end face gear is firstly subjected to rough grinding, then the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear are subjected to rough grinding, and the cone gear is subjected to rough grinding.
In S16, the end face gear is semi-refined firstly, then the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear are semi-refined, and then the cone gear is semi-refined.
In S18, the accurate grinding of the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the cone gear is divided into three times of accurate grinding with feeding amount and sequentially no-feeding optical grinding, the feeding amount of the X direction of the three times of accurate grinding with feeding is gradually decreased, each time of oscillating grinding is performed for at least 2 times, the X direction of the no-feeding optical grinding is maintained, and the oscillating grinding is performed for at least 4 times; the total grinding depth is 0.005-0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06.
In S19, the ultra-precision grinding of the journal gear is divided into three times of feeding amount precision grinding and sequentially no-feeding precision grinding, the X-direction feeding amount of the three times of feeding precision grinding is sequentially decreased, each time of oscillating grinding is performed for at least 2 times, the X-direction feeding of the no-feeding precision grinding is maintained, and the oscillating grinding is performed for at least 4 times; the total grinding depth is 0.002-0.005mm, and the grinding is carried out until the finish reaches Ra0.0125.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the invention controls the stress deformation of the main shaft to be 0.001mm-0.002mm, the hardness is not lower than HV950, the finish of the journal gear can reach Ra0.0125, the mirror surface effect is realized, the friction between the journal gear and the bearing bush on the journal gear is reduced, and the service life of the dynamic pressure bearing is prolonged, thereby prolonging the service life of the main shaft.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a spindle structure according to the present invention.
Wherein: a center shaft block 1; journal gear 2; positioning a shaft block 3; an end face rail 4; a first sealing collar 5; a second sealing collar 6; a cone 7; a thread stop 8.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
referring to fig. 1, the invention relates to a processing technology of an ultra-high precision spindle,
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing materials; alloy steel 38CrMoAlA is used as a blank, and the rough turning is performed to remove the oxide skin before forging.
S2: forging; and (3) heating and forging the blank in the step S1, so that the defects of cast loosening and the like generated in smelting of metal can be eliminated through forging, and the microstructure is optimized.
S3: normalizing; stress during forging is eliminated, the hardness is HRC15-18, crystals are thinned, the structure is uniform, and the preparation of the structure is prepared for final heat treatment.
S4: rough turning; rough turning is carried out on the blank according to the size to obtain a rough main shaft shape, the main shaft is divided into a central shaft block 1, a journal block 2, a positioning shaft block 3, an end surface block 4, a first sealing shaft block 5, a second sealing shaft block 6, a cone block 7 and a thread block 8, machining allowance of 2mm is reserved in the diameter direction, and machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the axial direction;
s5: tempering; heating at 920-935 deg.c for 3 hr; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 615 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30.
S6: finish turning; finish turning is carried out on the blank according to the size, machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the diameter direction of each shaft gear, and machining allowance of 0.2mm is reserved in the axial direction; the machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the diameter direction of the thread block 8, and the machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the end face block 4.
S7: stress relief; heating to 600 ℃ at 50 ℃ per hour, preserving heat for 8 hours, slowly cooling to 20 ℃ per hour to prevent the generation of new residual stress, and discharging after reaching 150 ℃.
S8: rough grinding; the method for clamping a workpiece by adopting a 60-degree center commonly used for a cylindrical grinder comprises the steps of firstly carrying out rough grinding on an end face gear 4 by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, wherein the white corundum is high in hardness, good in wear resistance and high in grinding efficiency, the feeding speeds F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of the rough grinding are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and the grinding allowance of 0.03mm is reserved for finish machining; then, carrying out rough grinding on the sizes of a journal gear, a first sealing shaft gear, a central shaft gear, a second sealing shaft gear and a positioning shaft gear, and carrying out plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding, wherein the total grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish reaches Ra0.4, and a grinding allowance of 0.03mm is reserved for processing; and then rough grinding is carried out on the cone gear, three gears of speed F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding are used for cutting grinding, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and 0.03mm of grinding allowance is reserved for processing.
S9: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 160 ℃, and preserving heat for 16h.
S10: nitriding treatment, namely nitriding D0.5-950, wherein the depth of the nitrided layer is 0.5mm.38CrMoAlA is special steel for nitriding, aluminum in the steel forms nitride with high hardness, high stability and high red hardness in the nitriding process, and the size of a workpiece after nitriding is 0.004-0.005mm larger.
S11: and (3) trimming the center hole, wherein the size of the center hole is generally phi 3.15B type center Kong Weiyi, the contact surface of the center hole is good, the large end is hard, and the contact surface is not too wide, so that the contact precision of the center hole and the center of the workpiece is improved.
S12: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 160 ℃, and preserving heat for 16h.
S13: grinding the thread gear, namely firstly grinding the excircle of the thread gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, and performing plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min along the X direction, wherein the grinding depth is 1mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.4.
S14: and (3) threading, namely threading the two ends of the grinded main shaft.
S15: aging at low temperature: the workpiece is heated to 160 ℃ and kept for 16 hours.
S16: semi-finish grinding is carried out on the end face gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, the feeding speeds F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min of the semi-finish grinding in the X direction are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1. Then semi-finish grinding is carried out on the sizes of the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear, three gears of speed F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min in the X direction of the semi-finish grinding are cut into the grinding depth of 0.02mm, the finish degree can reach Ra0.1, then semi-finish grinding is carried out on the cone gear, the speed F1-0.2mm/min in the X direction of the semi-finish grinding is carried out, the grinding depth of 0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1.
S17: chamfering grinding, trimming the formed grinding wheel, and grinding two ends of the thread gear to form a chamfer.
S18: and the 120# chrome corundum grinding wheel is used for fine grinding the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear, the diameters of the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear are the same, and the chrome corundum has good toughness, high hardness and good grinding quality. The first time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.005mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.003mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction vibration speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the grinding total depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06; then, the cone gear is finely ground, the first time of fine grinding is 0.005mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding is 0.003mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding is 0.002mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding smooth grinding is X-direction feeding maintenance, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the total grinding depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06.
S19: ultra-fine grinding is carried out on the journal gear by using a 1000# graphite grinding wheel, so that the journal gear achieves the mirror surface effect. The graphite grinding wheel grinding is a new technology and a new skill of superfine grinding, and is used for superfine grinding with small grinding allowance or in-place size, so as to achieve the mirror surface effect. The first ultra-fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001 mm/min, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, and the total grinding depth is 0.004mm, and the grinding finish reaches Ra0.0125.
S20: and (5) checking.
S21: marking, applying rust-preventive oil, packaging and warehousing.
Example 2:
referring to fig. 1, the invention relates to a processing technology of an ultra-high precision spindle,
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing materials; and (3) taking alloy structural steel as a blank, and roughly turning to remove oxide scales before forging.
S2: forging; and (3) heating and forging the blank in the step S1, so that the defects of cast loosening and the like generated in smelting of metal can be eliminated through forging, and the microstructure is optimized.
S3: normalizing; stress during forging is eliminated, the hardness is HRC15-18, crystals are thinned, the structure is uniform, and the preparation of the structure is prepared for final heat treatment.
S4: rough turning; rough turning is carried out on the blank according to the size to obtain a rough main shaft shape, the main shaft is divided into a central shaft block 1, a journal block 2, a positioning shaft block 3, an end surface block 4, a first sealing shaft block 5, a second sealing shaft block 6, a cone block 7 and a thread block 8, machining allowance of 2mm is reserved in the diameter direction, and machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the axial direction;
s5: tempering; heating to 905-925 deg.C, and maintaining for 3 hr; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 600 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30.
S6: finish turning; finish turning is carried out on the blank according to the size, machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the diameter direction of each shaft gear, and machining allowance of 0.2mm is reserved in the axial direction; the machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the diameter direction of the thread block 8, and the machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the end face block 4.
S7: stress relief; heating to 575 ℃ at 50 ℃/h, preserving heat for 8h, slowly cooling to 20 ℃/h to prevent generating new residual stress, and discharging after reaching 150 ℃.
S8: rough grinding; the method for clamping a workpiece by adopting a 60-degree center commonly used for a cylindrical grinder comprises the steps of firstly carrying out rough grinding on an end face gear 4 by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, wherein the white corundum is high in hardness, good in wear resistance and high in grinding efficiency, the feeding speeds F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of the rough grinding are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and the grinding allowance of 0.02mm is reserved for finishing; then, carrying out rough grinding on the sizes of a journal gear, a first sealing shaft gear, a central shaft gear, a second sealing shaft gear and a positioning shaft gear, and carrying out plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding, wherein the total grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish reaches Ra0.4, and a grinding allowance of 0.02mm is reserved for processing; and then rough grinding is carried out on the cone gear, three gears of speed F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding are used for cutting grinding, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and 0.02mm of grinding allowance is reserved for processing.
S9: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 135 ℃, and preserving heat for 12 hours.
S10: nitriding treatment, namely nitriding D0.5-950, wherein the depth of the nitrided layer is 0.5mm.38CrMoAlA is special steel for nitriding, and aluminum in the steel forms nitride with high hardness, high stability and high red hardness in the nitriding process.
S11: and (3) trimming the center hole, wherein the size of the center hole is generally phi 3.15B type center Kong Weiyi, the contact surface of the center hole is good, the large end is hard, and the contact surface is not too wide, so that the contact precision of the center hole and the center of the workpiece is improved.
S12: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 135 ℃, and preserving heat for 12 hours.
S13: grinding the thread gear, namely firstly grinding the excircle of the thread gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, and performing plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min along the X direction, wherein the grinding depth is 1mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.4.
S14: and (3) threading, namely threading M36X 3 threads at two ends of the grinded main shaft.
S15: aging at low temperature: the workpiece is heated to 135 ℃ and kept for 24 hours.
S16: semi-finish grinding is carried out on the end face gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, the feeding speeds F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min of the semi-finish grinding in the X direction are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.015-0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1. Then semi-fine grinding is carried out on the sizes of the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear, three gears of speed F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min in the X direction of the semi-fine grinding are cut into the grinding depth of 0.015-0.02mm, the finish degree can reach Ra0.1, then semi-fine grinding is carried out on the cone gear, the speed F1.5-0.5mm/min in the X direction of the semi-fine grinding is carried out, the grinding depth of 0.015-0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1.
S17: and (3) chamfering grinding, namely finishing the formed grinding wheel, and grinding the end face of the thread block to form a chamfer.
S18: and the 120# chrome corundum grinding wheel is used for fine grinding the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear, the diameters of the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear are the same, and the chrome corundum has good toughness, high hardness and good grinding quality. The first time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.005mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.003mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction vibration speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the grinding total depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06; then, the cone gear is finely ground, the first time of fine grinding is 0.005mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding is 0.003mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding is 0.002mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding smooth grinding is X-direction feeding maintenance, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the total grinding depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06.
S19: ultra-fine grinding is carried out on the journal gear by using a 1000# graphite grinding wheel, so that the journal gear achieves the mirror surface effect. The graphite grinding wheel grinding is a new technology and a new skill of superfine grinding, and is used for superfine grinding with small grinding allowance or in-place size, so as to achieve the mirror surface effect. The first ultra-fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001 mm/min, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, and the total grinding depth is 0.004mm, and the grinding finish reaches Ra0.0125.
S20: and (5) checking.
S21: marking, applying rust-preventive oil, packaging and warehousing
Example 3:
referring to fig. 1, the invention relates to a processing technology of an ultra-high precision spindle,
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing materials; and (3) taking alloy structural steel as a blank, and roughly turning to remove oxide scales before forging.
S2: forging; and (3) heating and forging the blank in the step S1, so that the defects of cast loosening and the like generated in smelting of metal can be eliminated through forging, and the microstructure is optimized.
S3: normalizing; stress during forging is eliminated, the hardness is HRC15-18, crystals are thinned, the structure is uniform, and the preparation of the structure is prepared for final heat treatment.
S4: rough turning; rough turning is carried out on the blank according to the size to obtain a rough main shaft shape, the main shaft is divided into a central shaft block 1, a journal block 2, a positioning shaft block 3, an end surface block 4, a first sealing shaft block 5, a second sealing shaft block 6, a cone block 7 and a thread block 8, machining allowance of 2mm is reserved in the diameter direction, and machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the axial direction;
s5: tempering; heating to 935-955 deg.C, and maintaining for 3 hr; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 630 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30.
S6: finish turning; finish turning is carried out on the blank according to the size, machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the diameter direction of each shaft gear, and machining allowance of 0.2mm is reserved in the axial direction; the machining allowance of 1mm is reserved in the diameter direction of the thread block 8, and the machining allowance of 0.5mm is reserved in the end face block 4.
S7: stress relief; raising the temperature to 625 ℃ at 50 ℃/h, preserving the heat for 8h, slowly cooling by 20 ℃/h to prevent generating new residual stress, and discharging after reaching 150 ℃.
S8: rough grinding; the method for clamping a workpiece by adopting a 60-degree center commonly used for a cylindrical grinder comprises the steps of firstly carrying out rough grinding on an end face gear 4 by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, wherein the white corundum is high in hardness, good in wear resistance and high in grinding efficiency, the feeding speeds F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of the rough grinding are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and the grinding allowance of 0.02mm is reserved for finishing; then, carrying out rough grinding on the sizes of a journal gear, a first sealing shaft gear, a central shaft gear, a second sealing shaft gear and a positioning shaft gear, and carrying out plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding, wherein the total grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish reaches Ra0.4, and a grinding allowance of 0.02mm is reserved for processing; and then rough grinding is carried out on the cone gear, three gears of speed F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min in the X direction of rough grinding are used for cutting grinding, the grinding depth is 0.465mm, the finish can reach Ra0.4, and 0.02mm of grinding allowance is reserved for processing.
S9: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 185 ℃, and preserving heat for 18h. After the step is finished, the hardness is stable, and the method is suitable for subsequent nitriding treatment.
S10: nitriding treatment, namely nitriding D0.5-950, wherein the depth of the nitrided layer is 0.5mm.38CrMoAlA is special steel for nitriding, and aluminum in the steel forms nitride with high hardness, high stability and high red hardness in the nitriding process.
S11: and (3) trimming the center hole, wherein the size of the center hole is generally phi 3.15B type center Kong Weiyi, the contact surface of the center hole is good, the large end is hard, and the contact surface is not too wide, so that the contact precision of the center hole and the center of the workpiece is improved.
S12: and (5) aging at low temperature, heating the workpiece to 185 ℃, and preserving heat for 18h.
S13: grinding the thread gear, namely firstly grinding the excircle of the thread gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, and performing plunge grinding at three speeds of F5, F1 and F0.5mm/min along the X direction, wherein the grinding depth is 1mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.4.
S14: and (3) threading, namely threading M36X 3 threads at two ends of the grinded main shaft.
S15: aging at low temperature: the workpiece was heated to 185℃and incubated for 28h. It should be noted that, since the thread steps are located at the outermost circle and the accuracy requirement is relatively low, the low-temperature aging is performed after the completion of S13 and S14, and the stress generated in S13 and S14 is removed.
S16: semi-finish grinding is carried out on the end face gear by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel, the feeding speeds F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min of the semi-finish grinding in the X direction are rapidly positioned, the grinding is carried out in the Z direction at the speeds F1, F0.8 and F0.5mm/min, the grinding depth is 0.015-0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1. Then semi-fine grinding is carried out on the sizes of the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear, three gears of speed F1, F0.5 and F0.2mm/min in the X direction of the semi-fine grinding are cut into the grinding depth of 0.015-0.02mm, the finish degree can reach Ra0.1, then semi-fine grinding is carried out on the cone gear, the speed F1.5-0.5mm/min in the X direction of the semi-fine grinding is carried out, the grinding depth of 0.015-0.02mm, and the finish degree can reach Ra0.1.
S17: and (3) chamfering grinding, namely finishing the formed grinding wheel, and grinding the end face of the thread block to form a chamfer.
S18: and the 120# chrome corundum grinding wheel is used for fine grinding the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear, the diameters of the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear and the second sealing shaft gear are the same, and the chrome corundum has good toughness, high hardness and good grinding quality. The first time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.005mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.003mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction vibration speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the grinding total depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06; then, the cone gear is finely ground, the first time of fine grinding is 0.005mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second time of fine grinding is 0.003mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third time of fine grinding is 0.002mm in X-direction feeding amount, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding smooth grinding is X-direction feeding maintenance, the Z-direction feeding speed is F1000mm/min, the back and forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, the total grinding depth is 0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06.
S19: ultra-fine grinding is carried out on the journal gear by using a 1000# graphite grinding wheel, so that the journal gear achieves the mirror surface effect. The graphite grinding wheel grinding is a new technology and a new skill of superfine grinding, and is used for superfine grinding with small grinding allowance or in-place size, so as to achieve the mirror surface effect. The first ultra-fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.002mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the second fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001 mm/min, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the third fine grinding X-direction feeding amount is 0.001mm, the feeding speed is 0.5mm/min, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 2 times, the non-feeding optical grinding X-direction feeding is kept, the Z-direction feeding speed F1000mm/min, the back-and-forth vibration grinding is carried out for 4 times, and the total grinding depth is 0.004mm, and the grinding finish reaches Ra0.0125.
S20: and (5) checking.
S21: marking, applying rust-preventive oil, packaging and warehousing
Comparative example 1:
s3 was omitted and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 2:
s5 was omitted and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 3:
s7, S9, S12 and S15 are omitted, and the rest of the steps are the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 4:
s16 was omitted and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Comparative example 5:
s8 was omitted and the rest of the procedure was the same as in example 1.
Grinding tests were carried out on the spindles produced according to examples 1 to 3 and comparative examples 1 to 5, and the test results were as follows:
from the above table, examples 1-3 meet processing requirements.
The main shafts produced according to examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-5 were subjected to a runout test, the double ejector pins were pushed against the central hole of the main shaft, the main shaft was rotated, a dial gauge was set, and the heads were respectively placed at the end, middle and tail of the main shaft to check the runout state of the main shaft, and the test results were as follows:
| name of the name | End runout | Middle jump | Tail runout |
| Example 1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Example 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Example 3 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Comparative example 1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Comparative example 2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Comparative example 3 | 0.03 | 0.035 | 0.03 |
| Comparative example 4 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Comparative example 5 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 |
From the above table, examples 1 to 3 satisfy the requirements for hardness, and the roughness is up to the standard, with little deformation of the main shaft.
In comparative examples 1 to 5, the hardness did not meet the requirements, the depth of the infiltrated layer was different, and the side surface reflected that the deformation amount of the spindle was large.
In addition to the above embodiments, the present invention also includes other embodiments, and all technical solutions that are formed by equivalent transformation or equivalent substitution should fall within the protection scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A processing technology of an ultra-high precision main shaft is characterized in that:
the method comprises the following steps:
s1: preparing materials; s2: forging; s3: normalizing; s4: rough turning; s5: tempering; s6: finish turning; s7: stress relief; s8: rough grinding; s9: aging at low temperature; s10: nitriding; s11: repairing a center hole; s12: aging at low temperature; s13: grinding a thread gear; s14: threading; s15: aging at low temperature; s16: semi-finish grinding; s17: chamfering and grinding; s18: finely grinding; s19: ultra-fine grinding;
in S4, rough turning is carried out on the blank according to the size to obtain a general main shaft shape, and the main shaft is divided into a central shaft gear, a journal gear, a positioning shaft gear, an end surface gear, a first sealing shaft gear, a second sealing shaft gear, a cone gear and a thread gear;
in S5, heating at 905-955 ℃ and preserving heat for 3h; oil cooling is adopted, quenching can be carried out in the oil, and the deformation and cracking tendency of the workpiece are small, and the quenching hardness is HRC42-47; after tempering at 600-630 ℃ for 3 hours, the hardness HRC is 25-30;
in S7, heating to 575-625 ℃ at 50 ℃/h, preserving heat for 8h, slowly cooling to 20 ℃/h to prevent generating new residual stress, and discharging after reaching 150 ℃;
in S18, the spindle journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the cone gear are subjected to fine grinding;
in S19, the journal gear is subjected to superfine grinding, and the journal gear achieves a mirror effect.
2. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: s9 and S12, heating the workpiece to 135-185 ℃ and preserving heat for 12-18h; in S15, heating the workpiece to 135-185 ℃ and preserving heat for 24-28h.
3. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: s8 and S16, grinding by using a 80# white corundum grinding wheel; s18, grinding by using a 120# chrome corundum grinding wheel; in S19, grinding is performed using a 1000# graphite grinding wheel.
4. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: in S8, the end face gear is firstly subjected to rough grinding, then the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear are subjected to rough grinding, and the cone gear is subjected to rough grinding.
5. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: in S16, the end face gear is semi-refined firstly, then the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the central shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the positioning shaft gear are semi-refined, and then the cone gear is semi-refined.
6. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: in S18, the accurate grinding of the journal gear, the first sealing shaft gear, the second sealing shaft gear and the cone gear is divided into three times of accurate grinding with feeding amount and one time of no-feeding optical grinding, the feeding amount of the X direction of the three times of accurate grinding with feeding is gradually decreased, each time of oscillating grinding is performed for at least 2 times, the X direction of the no-feeding optical grinding is maintained, and each time of oscillating grinding is performed for at least 4 times; the total grinding depth is 0.005-0.01mm, and the finish can reach Ra0.06.
7. The processing technology of the ultra-high precision spindle according to claim 1, wherein the processing technology is characterized in that: in S19, the ultra-precision grinding of the journal gear is divided into three times of feeding amount precision grinding and one time of non-feeding precision grinding, the X-direction feeding amount of the three times of feeding precision grinding is sequentially decreased, each time of oscillating grinding is performed for at least 2 times, the X-direction feeding of the non-feeding precision grinding is maintained, and the oscillating grinding is performed for at least 4 times; the total grinding depth is 0.002-0.005mm, and the grinding is carried out until the finish reaches Ra0.0125.
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