CN114174898A - 用于平视显示系统的投影装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于平视显示器(HUD)的投影装置,所述投影装置至少包括:•具有HUD区域的挡风玻璃板(10),所述挡风玻璃板包括外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2),所述外玻璃板和内玻璃板经由热塑性中间层(3)相互连接,•投影仪(4),所述投影仪对准所述HUD区域,其中所述投影仪(4)的辐射主要是S偏振的,其中所述投影装置具有半波片(6),所述半波片被设置在所述HUD区域之内用于转换透射穿过所述半波片(6)的辐射的偏振,并且所述半波片(6)布置在两个由热塑性聚合物制成的薄膜、尤其是两个PVB层(3.1、3.2)之间。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于平视显示器的投影装置。
背景技术
现代车辆越来越多地被装备有所谓的平视显示器(Head-Up-Display,HUD;“抬头显示(Kopfoben-Anzeige)”)技术。平视显示器是一种显示系统,所述显示系统为车辆的驾驶员以图像的形式将附加信息投影到其视野中。平视显示器由投影仪(成像单元)和多个用于将图像偏转或镜像(反射)到投影面或反射面上的光学模块组成。在此,复合玻璃板、尤其是车辆的挡风玻璃板通常用作投影面。尽管图像被投影到挡风玻璃板上,但是所述图像在驾驶员的人眼的感知中遥远地漂浮在车辆的发动机罩上方。
通过这种方式,可以将附加信息投影到驾驶员的视野中,例如将驾驶员在不必改变其视向的情况下可以感知的导航或警告提示和当前行驶速度到驾驶员的视野中。因此,平视显示器可以显著地有助于提高交通安全性。
通过投影仪产生的图像通常由偏振、尤其是S偏振光辐射组成。S偏振光以特定的入射角射到复合玻璃板上并且至少部分地不仅被折射到复合玻璃板中而且作为S偏振光被反射到驾驶员的视野中。然而,不以真彩色表示或以不期望的反射、即所谓的双像表示所反射的图像。
S偏振辐射的入射角通常约为65%,这大致对应于用于空气玻璃过渡的布儒斯特角(Brewster-Winkel)(对于钠钙玻璃为57.2°)。在此出现以下问题:投影仪图像在从空气到玻璃和从玻璃到空气的两个外部过渡处被反射。由此,除了期望的主图像之外,也出现轻微偏移的双重像、所谓的虚影(“Ghost(重影)”)。通过以下方式缓和该问题,即使挡风玻璃板的表面彼此成角度地布置。这在对构造为复合玻璃板的挡风玻璃板进行层压时通过使用楔形中间层来实现。由此可以实现主图像和虚影的叠加。例如从WO 2009/071135 A1、EP1800855 B1或EP 1880243 A2中已知用于HUD的具有楔形薄膜的复合玻璃。
楔形薄膜是成本高的,使得制造用于HUD的这种复合玻璃板是相当成本密集型的。因此,存在对用无楔形薄膜的挡风玻璃板就够用的HUD系统的需求。因此例如可能的是,利用P偏振辐射运行HUD投影仪,所述P偏振辐射在玻璃板表面处不显著地被反射。代替地,挡风玻璃板具有反射覆层作为用于P偏振辐射的反射面。
US 6,744,478 B1公开一种HUD系统,其中液晶显示器产生光束,所述光束对准挡风玻璃板。挡风玻璃板在透明板的第一表面上具有光学旋转层。旋转层包括液晶聚合物。反射层布置在挡风玻璃板的内玻璃板的内侧上。
US 2009/195875 A1公开一种具有挡风玻璃板的HUD系统,其中双折射层布置在挡风玻璃板中或布置在挡风玻璃板上。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于,提供一种HUD投影装置,所述HUD投影装置对可见光谱范围中的S偏振辐射具有良好的反射率并且改善图像的投影。
根据本发明,本发明的任务通过根据权利要求1所述的投影装置解决。优选的实施方式由从属权利要求中得知。
根据本发明的用于平视显示器的投影装置拥有挡风玻璃板,所述挡风玻璃板具有外玻璃板和内玻璃板。外玻璃板和内玻璃板经由热塑性中间层相互连接。挡风玻璃板被设置用于在车辆的窗户开口中将内部空间相对于外部环境分离。在本发明的意义上,用内玻璃板表示挡风玻璃板的朝向车辆内部空间的玻璃板。用外玻璃板表示朝向外部环境的玻璃板。挡风玻璃板优选地是机动车、尤其是载客汽车或载重汽车的挡风玻璃板。
如在HUD情况下常见的那样,投影仪照射挡风玻璃板的区域,在此处辐射朝观察者(驾驶员)的方向被反射,由此产生观察者从其来看在挡风玻璃板后面感知的虚拟图像。通过投影仪可照射的挡风玻璃板的区域被称为HUD区域。投影仪的射束方向可以通过光学元件(例如镜)改变,尤其是垂直地改变,以便使投影适配于观察者的身高。
根据本发明,使用S偏振辐射来产生HUD图像。挡风玻璃板具有半波片,所述半波片布置在HUD区域内并且被设置用于转换透射穿过半波片的辐射的偏振。
半波片被设置用于改变入射辐射的偏振,尤其是将S偏振转换成P偏振,由此显着地改善辐射的反射率。
由于对于HUD投影装置典型的大约65°的入射角相对地接近于用于空气玻璃过渡的布儒斯特角(57.2°,钠钙玻璃),因此S偏振辐射由玻璃板表面反射。辐射的反射主要在内玻璃板的背离中间层的内部空间侧表面处发生。为了改进S偏振辐射的反射,通过布置在挡风玻璃板中的半波片改变辐射的偏振。
换句话说,根据本发明规定,挡风玻璃板具有半波片,所述半波片改变所透射的辐射的偏振,使得所述辐射几乎不被反射。令人惊讶地已经表明,这种根据本发明的投影仪装置具有与迄今已知的挡风玻璃板相比显着改善的光学特性。
根据本发明的HUD投影装置相对于在与HUD表示相关的450 nm至650 nm(纳米)的光谱范围中的S偏振辐射在内玻璃板的表面处引起高反射率。HUD投影仪典型地使用473nm、550 nm和630 nm(RGB)的波长。由此实现强度强的HUD图像。
半波片优选地包括至少一种光学各向异性材料或者也包括光学双折射材料、尤其是石英或云母。石英尤其是因其透明性和高光学质量而被使用。原则上合适的其他材料例如是方解石(CaCO3)、蓝宝石、铌酸锂(LiNbO3)、红宝石(Al2O3)、金红石(TiO2)和锆石(ZrSiO4)。半波片也可以被构造为聚合物薄膜。
在一种优选构型中,半波片布置在中间层内。在此,S偏振辐射穿过中间层内的半波片,使得辐射的偏振被转换为P偏振的。P偏振辐射在外玻璃板处几乎不被反射。由此避免在外玻璃板处的反射,这导致强度强的HUD图像。
在另一构型中,挡风玻璃板具有多个半波片。从而实现特别好的结果。
投影仪布置在挡风玻璃板的内部空间侧,并且经由内玻璃板的内部空间侧表面照射挡风玻璃板。所述投影仪对准HUD区域并且对所述HUD区域进行照射以产生HUD投影。根据本发明,投影仪的辐射主要是S偏振的,即具有大于50%的S偏振辐射分量。S偏振辐射占投影仪总辐射的分量越高,期望的投影图像就强度越强并且在挡风玻璃板的表面处不期望的反射就强度越弱。投影仪的S偏振辐射分量优选地为至少70%、特别优选地为至少80%并且尤其是为至少90%。
在一种特别有利的构型中,投影仪的辐射基本上是纯S偏振的——因此S偏振辐射分量为100%或仅无关紧要地与之偏离。在此,偏振方向的说明与辐射在挡风玻璃板上的入射平面有关。用P偏振辐射表示其电场在入射平面中振荡的辐射。用S偏振辐射表示其电场垂直于入射平面振荡的辐射。入射平面由入射矢量和挡风玻璃板在受照射区域的几何中心中的平面垂线撑开(aufgespannt)。
投影仪的辐射优选地以45°至75°、尤其是60°至70°的入射角射到挡风玻璃板上。在一种有利的构型中,入射角偏离布儒斯特角至多10°。于是,P偏振辐射在挡风玻璃板的表面处仅无关紧要地被反射,使得不产生虚影。入射角是投影仪辐射的入射矢量与在HUD区域的几何中心中的内部空间侧平面垂线(即到挡风玻璃板的内部空间侧外部表面上的平面垂线)之间的角度。在对于窗玻璃板通常常见的钠钙玻璃的情况下用于空气到玻璃过渡的布儒斯特角为57.2°。理想地,入射角应该尽可能接近该布儒斯特角。但是,例如也可以使用65°的入射角,这对于HUD投影装置是常见的,在车辆中可以毫无问题地实现,并且仅在小的程度上与布儒斯特角偏离,使得P偏振辐射的反射仅无关紧要地增加。
由于投影仪辐射的反射基本上在内玻璃板的背离中间层的内部空间侧表面处进行,而不在内部玻璃板表面处进行,因此不必要将内部玻璃板表面彼此成角度地布置以便避免虚影。因此,挡风玻璃板的外部表面优选地基本上彼此平行地布置。为此,热塑性中间层优选地不被构造为成楔形的,而是尤其是即使在挡风玻璃板的上边缘和下边缘之间的垂直走向上,像内玻璃板和外玻璃板一样,具有基本上恒定的厚度。而楔形中间层在挡风玻璃板的下边缘和上边缘之间的垂直走向上将会具有可变的、尤其是增加的厚度。由于标准薄膜比楔形薄膜显著地更成本低,因此使挡风玻璃板的制造变得更有益。
外玻璃板和内玻璃板优选地由玻璃制成,尤其是由钠钙玻璃制成,这对于窗玻璃板是常见的。但是原则上,玻璃板也可以由其他玻璃类型(例如硼硅玻璃、石英玻璃、铝硅玻璃)或透明塑料(例如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚碳酸酯)制成。外玻璃板和内玻璃板的厚度可以广泛地变化。优选地使用具有0.8 mm至5 mm、优选1.4 mm至2.5 mm范围中的厚度的玻璃板,例如具有标准厚度1.6 mm或2.1 mm的玻璃板。
外玻璃板、内玻璃板和热塑性中间层可以是明亮的和无色的,但也可以是上色或着色的。在一种优选构型中,通过挡风玻璃板的总透射为大于70%。术语总透射援引通过ECE-R 43、附件3,9.1规定的用于检验机动车玻璃板的透光性的方法。外玻璃板和内玻璃板可以彼此独立地不被预加应力、部分预加应力或被预加应力。如果所述玻璃板中的至少一个应该具有预应力,则这可以是热或化学预应力。
在一种有利的构型中,外玻璃板是上色或着色的。由此,可以降低挡风玻璃板的外侧反射率,由此对于外部观察者而言,使玻璃板的印象变得更令人愉快。然而为了保证用于挡风玻璃板的70%的预先规定的光透射(总透射),外玻璃板应该优选地具有至少80%、特别优选地至少85%的光透射。内玻璃板和中间层优选地是明亮的,即不被上色或着色的。例如,着绿色或蓝色的玻璃可以被用作外玻璃板。
挡风玻璃板优选地在空间的一个或多个方向上弯曲,如这对于机动车玻璃板是常见的,其中典型的曲率半径处于大约10 cm至大约40 m的范围中。但是例如当所述挡风玻璃板被设置为用于公共汽车、列车或拖拉机的玻璃板时,挡风玻璃板也可以是平的。
热塑性中间层包含至少一种热塑性聚合物、优选地乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)或聚氨酯(PU)或其混合物或共聚物或衍生物、特别优选地PVB。中间层典型地由热塑性薄膜构造。中间层的厚度优选地为0.2 mm至2 mm、特别优选地为0.3 mm至1 mm。
本发明意义上的中间层可以由一种材料组成。但是,中间层也可以包括不同材料的两个或多个单层。根据本发明的中间层包括例如至少一个第一PVB层和第二PVB层。半波片嵌入在第一和第二PVB层之间。可替代地或附加地,PVB层可以具有乙烯醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚氨酯(PU)、其混合物或共聚物或衍生物。
挡风玻璃板可以通过本身已知的方法制造。例如通过压热器方法、真空袋方法、真空环方法、压延方法、真空层压机或其组合,经由中间层对外玻璃板和内玻璃板彼此层压。在此,外玻璃板和内玻璃板的连接通常在热、真空和/或压力的作用下进行。
附图说明
下面根据图和实施例更详细地阐述本发明。图是示意图并且不按正确比例绘制。图不以任何方式限制本发明。
图1示出这种类型投影装置的复合玻璃板的俯视图,
图2示出通过这种类型投影装置的横截面,
图3示出S偏振光的光束的示意图表,和
图4示出通过根据本发明的挡风玻璃板的横截面。
具体实施方式
具有数值的说明通常不应被理解为精确值,而是也包含+/-1%直至+/-10%的公差。
图1和图2各示出用于HUD的这种类型投影装置的细节。投影装置包括挡风玻璃板10、尤其是载客汽车的挡风玻璃板。此外,投影装置具有投影仪4,所述投影仪对准复合玻璃板10的区域。该区域通常被称为HUD区域B。在该区域中,可以投影由投影仪4产生的图像,当观察者5(例如车辆驾驶员)的眼睛位于所谓的眼动范围(Eyebox)E之内时,所述图像被所述观察者5感知为复合玻璃板10的背离所述观察者的侧上的虚拟图像。
挡风玻璃板10由外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2构建,所述外玻璃板和内玻璃板经由热塑性中间层3相互连接。所述挡风玻璃板的下边缘U向下朝载客汽车的发动机方向布置,所述挡风玻璃板的上边缘O向上朝顶部方向布置。在安装位置中,外玻璃板1朝向外部环境,内玻璃板2朝向车辆内部空间。
图3示出S偏振光的光束的示意图表。挡风玻璃板10的外玻璃板1具有在安装位置中朝向外部环境的外侧表面I和在安装位置中朝向内部空间的内侧表面II。同样,内玻璃板2具有在安装位置中朝向外部环境的外侧表面III和在安装位置中朝向内部空间的内部空间侧表面IV。外玻璃板1和内玻璃板2例如由钠钙玻璃构成。外玻璃板例如具有2.1 mm的厚度,内玻璃板2具有1.6 mm或2.1 mm的厚度。中间层3例如以0.76 mm的厚度由PVB层构造。除了专业常见的可能表面粗糙度之外,PVB层具有基本上恒定的厚度——该PVB层不被构造为所谓的楔形薄膜。
当利用S偏振光辐射照射这种挡风玻璃板10并且光辐射以大约65°的入射角α(其接近所谓的布儒斯特角)射到挡风玻璃板10上时,辐射主要在表面IV和I处被反射。
图4示出根据本发明构造的挡风玻璃板10的一种构型。与图2不同地,根据本发明的挡风玻璃板10具有半波片6。
与图3不同地,中间层3具有两个PVB层3.1和3.2。可替代地或附加地,中间层3可以具有两个由热塑性聚合物、优选EVA、PU或其混合物或共聚物或衍生物制成的薄膜。
半波片嵌入在第一PVB层3.1和第二PVB层3.2之间。PVB层具有分别约0.38 mm至76mm的基本上恒定的厚度。
半波片6被构造为板状的并且例如包含石英。所述半波片具有约28µm(微米)的厚度。半波片6整面地覆盖HUD区域。可替代地,半波片6可以包含金红石。在此,所述半波片的厚度将会约为870 nm(纳米)。半波片6被构造为透明的。
根据本发明,投影仪4发射S偏振、尤其是基本上纯S偏振辐射。由于投影仪4以接近布儒斯特角的入射角65°照射挡风玻璃板10,因此辐射大部分在挡风玻璃板10的表面IV处被反射。S偏振辐射部分地在表面IV处被反射并且部分地被透射。当所透射的辐射穿透半波片6时,所述辐射的偏振被改变。S偏振辐射被转换成P偏振辐射。P偏振辐射穿透PVB层3.2并且在外玻璃板1的表面I处从挡风玻璃板10射出。
由于在外玻璃板1的表面I处透射而不产生附加反射。由此不形成干扰性反射阴影并且HUD投影变得明显可见。可替代地或附加地,外玻璃板1可以上色或着色。该结果对于本领域技术人员来说是出乎意料和令人惊讶的。
附图标记列表:
1 外玻璃板
2 内玻璃板
3 热塑性中间层
3.1 第一PVB层
3.2 第二PVB层
4 投影仪
5 观察者/车辆驾驶员
6 半波片
10 挡风玻璃板
O 挡风玻璃板10的上边缘
U 挡风玻璃板10的下边缘
B 挡风玻璃板的HUD区域10
E 眼动范围(Eyebox)
I 外玻璃板1的背离中间层3的外侧表面
II 外玻璃板1的面向中间层3的内部空间侧表面
III 内玻璃板2的面向中间层3的外侧表面
IV 内玻璃板2的背离中间层3的内部空间侧表面。
Claims (14)
1.一种用于平视显示器的投影装置,所述投影装置至少包括
•具有HUD区域的挡风玻璃板(10),所述挡风玻璃板包括外玻璃板(1)和内玻璃板(2),所述外玻璃板和内玻璃板经由热塑性中间层(3)相互连接,
•投影仪(4),所述投影仪对准所述HUD区域,其中所述投影仪(4)的辐射主要是S偏振的,
其中半波片(6)被设置在所述HUD区域之内用于转换透射穿过所述半波片的辐射的偏振,并且所述半波片(6)布置在两个由热塑性聚合物制成的薄膜、尤其是PVB层(3.1、3.2)之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)具有光学各向异性材料、尤其是石英。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)具有云母。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)布置在所述中间层(3)之内。
5.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述热塑性中间层(3)尤其是在HUD区域之内具有恒定的厚度。
6.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述挡风玻璃板(10)具有多个半波片(6)。
7.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)被设置用于将S偏振旋转成P偏振。
8.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述外玻璃板(1)具有至少80%的光透射。
9.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述投影仪(4)的辐射基本上是纯S偏振的。
10.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述投影仪(4)的辐射以60°至75°的入射角射到所述挡风玻璃板(10)上。
11.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)被构造为板状的,例如包含石英并且具有约28 μm的厚度。
12.根据权利要求1至11中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)包含金红石,其中所述半波片(6)的厚度为约870 nm。
13.根据权利要求1至13中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述PVB层(3.1、3.2)具有约分别为0.38 mm至76 mm的基本上恒定的厚度。
14.根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的投影装置,其特征在于,所述半波片(6)包括方解石(CaCO3)、蓝宝石、铌酸锂(LiNbO3)、红宝石(Al2O3)、金红石(TiO2)和/或锆石(ZrSiO4)。
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