CN114174646A - 用于废气再处理的设备 - Google Patents

用于废气再处理的设备 Download PDF

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CN114174646A
CN114174646A CN202080052968.2A CN202080052968A CN114174646A CN 114174646 A CN114174646 A CN 114174646A CN 202080052968 A CN202080052968 A CN 202080052968A CN 114174646 A CN114174646 A CN 114174646A
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nitrogen oxide
exhaust gas
hydrocarbon trap
oxide adsorber
adsorber
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R·布鲁克
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
    • F01N3/28—Construction of catalytic reactors
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
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    • B01D2255/912—HC-storage component incorporated in the catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2255/00—Catalysts
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
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    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于处理内燃机(1)的废气的设备，该设备具有至少一个用于对至少一种废气成分进行化学转化的主催化器(6)、用于暂时储存碳氢化合物的碳氢化合物捕集器(3)、用于暂时储存氮氧化物的氮氧化物吸附器(4)、和能电加热的加热式催化器(5)，其中，上述部件(3、4、5、6)布置在空间受限的流动路段(2)内并被依次穿流。

Description

用于废气再处理的设备
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于处理内燃机的废气/排气的设备，该设备具有至少一个用于对至少一种废气成分进行化学转化的主催化器、用于暂时储存碳氢化合物的碳氢化合物捕集器、用于暂时储存氮氧化物的氮氧化物吸附器、和能电加热的加热式催化器，其中，上述部件布置在空间受限的流动路段内并被依次穿流。
背景技术
针对废气再处理的目的，在排气道中使用所谓的HC捕集器或碳氢化合物捕集器是已知的。使用它们的目的是减少废气中所携带的碳氢化合物，例如尤其是未燃烧的燃料。这种HC捕集器例如由沸石涂覆的整体式的催化剂载体形成。
DE 691 27 377 T2公开了HC捕集器在排气道中的应用，并且尤其示出了用于废气再处理的各种部件的可能的布置方式。
现有技术中的设备尤其不利的是，废气再处理没有得到最佳解决，这是因为在机动车辆的不同的运行情况下，氮氧化物尤其不能够充分地从废气中去除。尤其是在低温的情况下。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是提供一种用于废气再处理的设备，该设备能够实现在机动车辆的不同运行状态下对废气的改进的净化。
在设备方面，该目的通过具有权利要求1的特征的设备来解决。
本发明的实施例涉及一种用于处理内燃机的废气的设备，该设备具有至少一个用于对至少一种废气成分进行化学转化的主催化器、用于暂时储存碳氢化合物的碳氢化合物捕集器、用于暂时储存氮氧化物的氮氧化物吸附器、和能电加热的加热式催化器，其中，上述部件布置在空间受限的流动路段内并被依次穿流。
尤其地，为了确保最佳的废气再处理，在加热式催化器之前将碳氢化合物捕集器与氮氧化物吸附器相组合是特别有利的。碳氢化合物捕集器设计成用于吸收废气中所含的碳氢化合物，并至少暂时将该碳氢化合物束缚住。特别是只要废气温度低于一定的最低温度，这种情况就一直存在。由此有利的是，可以在冷启动期间、在废气温度还没有高到足以确保后置的主催化器充分起作用期间，将碳氢化合物束缚住。因此，碳氢化合物捕集器尤其在达到主催化器发挥其主要作用的所谓的点燃(Light-Off)温度之前起作用。由碳氢化合物捕集器的材料或者尤其是涂层所确定，从达到点燃温度开始，碳氢化合物重新解吸并释放到废气流中。
由于与布置在碳氢化合物捕集器下游的电加热的加热式催化器相组合，使得解吸温度也可以略低于主催化器的点燃温度，这是因为通过加热式催化器输送了附加的热能，该附加的热能可以填补该差值(Delta)。
氮氧化物吸附器优选具有不同于碳氢化合物捕集器的涂层，并且其目的是在低的温度水平下将废气中的氮氧化物束缚住，并在相应的更高的温度水平下解吸。与碳氢化合物捕集器一样，吸附和解吸在理想情况下与相应的主催化器的点燃温度相关联，该主催化器被设置用于分别对废气成分进行转化。
吸附温度(直到该吸附温度，碳氢化合物或氮氧化物被吸收)和解吸温度(从该解吸温度开始将所束缚的碳氢化合物或氮氧化物释放)对于碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器来说可以是不同的。这些温度基本上由所选择的基底材料和施加在其上的涂层所决定。
特别有利的是，碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器在废气流动方向上布置在能电加热的加热式催化器之前。
特别有利的是，碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器优选在低的废气温度范围内使用，这是因为它们特别是可以在该温度范围内发挥其作用，并且因此在整体较低的温度水平下、优选是在200摄氏度以下，改善了废气净化。接着，能电加热的加热式催化器被设置用于对废气流进行附加加热进而尤其是对之后的主催化器进行附加加热。
也有利的是，碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器分别被实施为单独的构件，并沿流动方向前后相继地布置在流动路段中。对于碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器使用单独的构件和部件是有利的，以便在放置、构造、材料选择和涂层选择方面能够实现尽可能大的灵活性。因此，各单独的部件可以特别良好地与各自的使用目的相匹配。
一个优选的实施例的特征在于，碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器被实施为组合的构件。尤其是当致力于尽可能紧凑的结构形式时，组合的构件具有优势。例如，组合的构件可以具有由同一基底材料制成的共同的蜂窝体，并根据所期望的分布设置涂层，这些涂层构成了作为碳氢化合物捕集器起作用的部分和作为氮氧化物吸附器起作用的部分。
也优选的是，氮氧化物吸附器是被动的氮氧化物吸附器，该氮氧化物吸附器在低的温度水平下、优选是在200摄氏度以下暂时储存废气中的氮氧化物，并在更高的温度水平下将其再次释放到废气流中。被动的氮氧化物吸附器的特点尤其在于，它从废气中吸收氮氧化物，将其暂时储存，并在较高的温度水平时再次释放。并没有发生例如在SCR催化器(在该催化器上在利用氨的情况下对氮氧化物进行化学转化)上的氮氧化物的主动转化。因此，被动的氮氧化物吸附器补充了主动的废气再处理，并因此整体上改善了废气再处理。
此外有利的是，碳氢化合物捕集器、氮氧化物吸附器和能电加热的加热催化器分别由能沿主流动方向被穿流的蜂窝体形成。为此，可以优选使用由金属制成的蜂窝体，该蜂窝体通过使用至少部分结构化且光滑的金属薄膜来形成，金属薄膜相互堆叠并缠绕。替选地，也可以使用相应经涂覆的陶瓷载体。
此外有利的是，碳氢化合物捕集器和/或氮氧化物吸附器的解吸温度和沿流动方向后置的主催化器的点燃温度是相同的，或者点燃温度略低于解吸温度。
这有利于确保只有当主催化器被充分加热以确保有效进行废气再处理时，所吸附的废气成分才再次被解吸。
本发明的有利的改进方案在从属权利要求和下面的附图描述中进行了描述。
附图说明
在下文中参照附图结合实施例对本发明进行详细阐述。在附图中：
图1示出后置于内燃机的排气道的示意性的视图，该排气道具有碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器；并且
图2示出后置于内燃机的排气道的另外的示意性的视图，该排气道具有碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器。
具体实施方式
图1示出内燃机1。内燃机1的废气被导引到排气道2中，该排气道是针对废气的流动路段。在流动路段2内布置有碳氢化合物捕集器3和氮氧化物吸附器4。它们也可以按颠倒的顺序来布置。在流动方向上后续地布置有能电加热的加热式催化器5，并且然后是具有附图标记6的至少一个主催化器，该主催化器例如可以是氧化型催化器或SCR催化器。
图2示出类似的结构，因此所使用的附图标记是相同的。与图1不同的是，碳氢化合物捕集器3和氮氧化物吸附器4以组合方式实施为共同的构件。在此，碳氢化合物捕集器和氮氧化物吸附器的顺序也可以掉转。
图1和图2的实施例尤其不具有限制性的特征，并且仅用于展示本发明构思。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于处理内燃机(1)的废气的设备，所述设备具有至少一个用于对至少一种废气成分进行化学转化的主催化器(6)、用于暂时储存碳氢化合物的碳氢化合物捕集器(3)、用于暂时储存氮氧化物的氮氧化物吸附器(4)、和能电加热的加热式催化器(5)，其中，上述部件(3、4、5、6)布置在空间受限的流动路段(2)内并被依次穿流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述碳氢化合物捕集器(3)和所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)沿废气的流动方向布置在所述能电加热的加热式催化器(5)之前。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述碳氢化合物捕集器(3)和所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)分别被实施为单独的构件，并沿流动方向前后相继地布置在所述流动路段(2)中。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的设备，其特征在于，所述碳氢化合物捕集器(3)和所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)被实施为组合的构件。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)是被动的氮氧化物吸附器(4)，该氮氧化物吸附器在低的温度水平下、优选是在200摄氏度以下暂时储存废气中的氮氧化物，并在更高的温度水平下将氮氧化物再次释放到废气流中。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述碳氢化合物捕集器(3)、所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)和所述能电加热的加热式催化器(5)分别由能沿主流动方向被穿流的蜂窝体形成。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的设备，其特征在于，所述碳氢化合物捕集器(3)和/或所述氮氧化物吸附器(4)的解吸温度和沿流动方向后置的主催化器(6)的点燃温度是相同的，或者点燃温度略低于解吸温度。
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