CN114145316A - 一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法 - Google Patents
一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN114145316A CN114145316A CN202110808741.2A CN202110808741A CN114145316A CN 114145316 A CN114145316 A CN 114145316A CN 202110808741 A CN202110808741 A CN 202110808741A CN 114145316 A CN114145316 A CN 114145316A
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Abstract
本发明涉及了病虫防治领域，具体的是一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法。其中甘薯病虫害的防治药剂包括预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂，所述预处理药剂用于对种薯进行预处理，所述土壤处理缓释剂用于对苗床中的微生物以及虫卵进行灭杀，所述快速灭杀剂用于在发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时对害虫进行灭杀。本发明的有益之处在于：土壤处理缓释剂处理中的农药和肥料混存能够提高了农药的稳定性；土壤处理缓释剂可以延长农药和肥料的有效期，对甘薯生长后期发生的病虫害仍有较好的效果，能够减少后期需要追肥的次数。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及了病虫防治领域，具体的是一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法。
背景技术
近年来随着甘薯的连茬种植导致土传和种传病害日益严重，种子处理作为甘薯生产的第一环节，对于防治种传和土传病害具有重要作用，但因为种子处理方法不当，不但没有有效控制土传和种传病害，还造成了烂薯、出苗不齐、不全的问题，目前生产上主要是通过甲基硫菌灵粉剂加上滑石粉对种薯进行处理，但是这种传统的种薯处理方法存在很多问题：首先滑石粉与甲托粉混合不均匀，药剂不能均匀的附着在薯面上；其次，在种薯搬运和播种过程中，因为抖动很大一部分药剂会脱落下来，导致真正附着在薯块上的药剂量远远低于使用量；第三，传统方法对逐年加重的黑痣病及镰刀菌引起的枯萎病防效差或无效果；最后，甲基硫菌灵粉剂和滑石粉造成的粉尘污染也对操作工人的健康和环境造成极大的危害。
为了改善上述问题，需要对甘薯种植的防治药剂进行改良，降低甘薯生长过程中的病虫害发生率和病虫害的持续时间。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中的缺陷，本发明实施例提供了一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法，能够明显降低甘薯生长过程中的病虫害，提高甘薯的产量。
本发明公开了一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂，所述预处理药剂用于对种薯进行预处理，所述土壤处理缓释剂用于对苗床中的微生物以及虫卵进行灭杀，所述快速灭杀剂用于在发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时对害虫进行灭杀；
所述土壤处理缓释剂以各组分质量百分比计，组成如下：
杀虫剂0.001％～0.5％，
杀菌剂0.001％～2％，
缓释剂占杀虫剂和杀菌剂总质量的40％～45％，
氮元素4％～45％，
磷元素1％～15％，
钾元素1％～25％，
粘结剂0％～2％，
余量为填料，
其中氮元素、磷元素和钾元素的用量根据土壤的实际情况进行调整；
所述预处理剂包括预处理浸泡液和预处理拌料粉，所述预处理浸泡液由下列重量份的原料：10-20份鱼腥草、10-15份黄芩、10-20份大青叶、15-20份大蒜、10-20份蛇床子、10-15 份千里光、20-30份艾叶、10-20份菖蒲叶经粉碎、煎煮、过滤、浓缩步骤而制成。
进一步地，所述杀虫剂为噻虫嗪、噻虫胺中的一种，所述杀菌剂为噻菌灵、嘧菌酯中的一种，填料为黏土、高岭土、膨润土、砂石土、砖红壤中的一种或几种。
进一步地，所述缓释剂为聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷-叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液中的一种或两种。
进一步地，所述快速灭杀剂由何首乌10～15份、车前草8～13份、玉米须4～8份、马鞭草3～6份、羊蹄根9～14份、马齿苋20～25份、柚子皮12～14份加入水煎煮、收集滤液浓缩而成。
进一步地，所述预处理拌料粉包括草木灰100-200份、克露3份、链宝3份和甲基托布津5份。
本发明还提供了一种防治药剂的使用方法，用于上述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括在种植之前选择优质高产、适应性广、抗病性强、商品性好的脱毒甘薯品种，播种前根据薯块大小，将种薯切成2-6块，每一块必须保证有1-2个芽眼和单块重在30g-60g，将分切好的薯块放在200-300倍预处理浸泡液中浸30-50min，捞出后摊开将表面水分晾干，用预处理拌料粉拌种薯，使种薯切面都均匀粘附上一层预处理拌料粉。
进一步地，还包括将苗床进行深翻，将土壤处理缓释剂作为底肥，对苗床施撒，亩施200～ 400kg；施撒方式为机施、撒施和/或沟施。
进一步地，还包括当发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时，采用100-200倍的快速灭杀剂对发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒，同时采用500倍的快速灭杀剂对未发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒。
进一步地，还包括在甘薯植株生长过程中的晴天以800倍的快速灭杀剂对甘薯植株株进行喷洒，间隔周期为20d-30d。
本发明涉及的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂及其使用方法在实施中产生的有益效果有：
1.土壤处理缓释剂处理中的农药和肥料混存能够提高了农药的稳定性；
2.土壤处理缓释剂可以延长农药和肥料的有效期，对甘薯生长后期发生的病虫害仍有较好的效果，能够减少后期需要追肥的次数。
3.快速灭杀剂采用纯中药制剂，能够降低农药的使用量，在防止病虫害的同时，降低农药的残留，提高甘薯的质量。
4.采用预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂对甘薯的种植和后续生产阶段进行综合治理，能够显著降低甘薯病虫害的发生几率，提高甘薯的产量。
为让本发明的上述和其他目的、特征和优点能更明显易懂，下文特举较佳实施例，并配合所附表格，作详细说明如下。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
需要说明的是，下述实施方案中所述实验方法，如无特殊说明，均为常规方法，所述试剂和材料，如无特殊说明，均可从商业途径获得。
在本发明涉及的一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂，所述预处理药剂用于对种薯进行预处理，所述土壤处理缓释剂用于对苗床中的微生物以及虫卵进行灭杀，所述快速灭杀剂用于在发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时对害虫进行灭杀；
所述土壤处理缓释剂以各组分质量百分比计，组成如下：
杀虫剂0.5％，
杀菌剂1％，
缓释剂占杀虫剂和杀菌剂总质量的40％，
氮元素15％，
磷元素7％，
钾元素20％，
粘结剂1％，
余量为填料，
其中氮元素、磷元素和钾元素的用量根据土壤的实际情况进行调整；
所述预处理剂包括预处理浸泡液和预处理拌料粉，所述预处理浸泡液由下列重量份的原料：15份鱼腥草、12份黄芩、15份大青叶、17份大蒜、15份蛇床子、12份千里光、25份艾叶、15份菖蒲叶经粉碎、煎煮、过滤、浓缩步骤而制成。
在上述实施例中，所述杀虫剂为噻虫嗪、噻虫胺中的一种，所述杀菌剂为噻菌灵、嘧菌酯中的一种，填料为黏土、高岭土、膨润土、砂石土、砖红壤中的一种或几种。
在上述实施例中，所述缓释剂为聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷- 叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液中的一种或两种。缓释剂聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷-叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液中，醋酸乙烯酯和叔碳酸乙烯酯的亲水性较强，苯乙烯和乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷疏水性较强，通过调节共聚物中二者之间的比例可以达到控制释放速度的目的。
缓释剂聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液和乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷-叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液的制备同现有技术，例如聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液可以采用《聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液胶》(余先纯等编著，化学工业出版社，2010-05出版)中的制备方法，也可以采用本发明中描述的方法；乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷-叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液可以采用《有机硅-叔-醋共聚乳液的合成研究》(肖正强，南昌大学，硕士论文，2006-05-01)中的制备方法，也可以采用本发明中描述的方法。
在上述实施例中，所述快速灭杀剂由何首乌12份、车前草10份、玉米须6份、马鞭草5份、羊蹄根10份、马齿苋22份、柚子皮13份加入水煎煮、收集滤液浓缩而成。
在上述实施例中，所述预处理拌料粉包括草木灰150份、克露3份、链宝3份和甲基托布津5份。在使用过程中，首先将克露3份、链宝3份和甲基托布津5份的混合液均匀的喷洒的薯块上，然后将草木灰均匀的覆盖在薯块的切面上，通过这种方式，能够降低薯块运输过程中的药剂流失。克露的有效成分是霜脲氰，能够防治真菌性病虫害。链宝的有效成分是链霉素，能够防治细菌性病虫害。甲基托布津的有效成分是甲基硫菌灵，能够防治真菌性病虫害。采用克露、链宝和甲基托布津作为种薯薯块拌种用药剂的主药，三种药剂协同配合，可以杀死种薯上携带的病菌，防治病菌入侵和种薯腐烂，还可以杀死种薯附近土壤中的病菌，保证种薯健康发芽。
在本发明第一种实施例中涉及的一种防治药剂的使用方法，用于上述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括在种植之前选择优质高产、适应性广、抗病性强、商品性好的脱毒甘薯品种，播种前根据薯块大小，将种薯切成2-6块，每一块必须保证有1-2个芽眼和单块重在30g-60g，将分切好的薯块放在200-300倍预处理浸泡液中浸30-50min，捞出后摊开将表面水分晾干，用预处理拌料粉拌种薯，使种薯切面都均匀粘附上一层预处理拌料粉。
在上述实施例中，还包括将苗床进行深翻，将土壤处理缓释剂作为底肥，对苗床施撒，亩施200～400kg；施撒方式为机施、撒施和/或沟施。
在上述实施例中，还包括当发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时，采用100-200倍的快速灭杀剂对发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒，同时采用500倍的快速灭杀剂对未发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒。
在上述实施例中，还包括在甘薯植株生长过程中的晴天以800倍的快速灭杀剂对甘薯植株株进行喷洒，间隔周期为20d-30d。具体的间隔时间根据天气情况进行调整，避免在降水情况进行，以保证快速灭杀剂对病虫害的防治效果。在实际实施过程中，为了达到更好的治理效果，在病虫害高发区，可以将快速灭杀剂的使用周期缩短至5d-15d，由于快速灭杀剂采用纯中药制剂，即便多次施放，也不易对土壤造成损害。保证甘薯植株的健康生长，提高甘薯的产量。
在本发明第二种实施例中涉及的一种防治药剂的使用方法，用于上述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括在种植之前选择优质高产、适应性广、抗病性强、商品性好的脱毒甘薯品种，播种前根据薯块大小，将种薯切成2-6块，每一块必须保证有1-2个芽眼和单块重在30g-60g，将分切好的薯块放在200-300倍预处理浸泡液中浸30-50min，捞出后摊开将表面水分晾干，之后，采用用预处理拌料粉与种薯混拌，使种薯切面都均匀粘附上一层预处理拌料粉。
种薯处理前需要挑选种薯，挑选表皮光滑、细嫩、色泽鲜艳、无病虫、无冻伤的薯块作种，淘汰病烂、畸形、芽眼凸出、表皮粗糙龟裂、皮色老化暗淡的薯块。
对挑选出来的种薯切块，得到带有1-2个顶芽的种薯薯块。在播种前3天根据种薯薯块自身的大小对种薯切块，切种人员每人配备两把刀，一把刀切块时另一把刀需浸泡在消毒液中(消毒液为5％的高锰酸钾溶液，消毒容器需将整把刀浸过)，切一个薯块换一把刀，轮换使用，每两个小时集中换消毒液一次，消毒液现配现用；小于50g不切；小于100g的从中间顶芽处切口一分为二；大于100g小于130g，应先将尾部三分之一处切去，剩余顶部三分之二从顶芽处剖开，一分为二；大于130g小于160g，根据薯块形状，若顶部较大，将尾部三分之一切除，剩余部分从顶芽40％处下刀，最后剩余60％部分再从顶芽处一切为二；大于160g以上薯块视顶芽分布情况确定。
在上述实施例中，还包括将苗床进行深翻，将土壤处理缓释剂作为底肥，对苗床施撒，亩施200～400kg；施撒方式为机施、撒施和/或沟施。
在本发明第三种实施例中涉及的一种防治药剂的使用方法，用于上述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，包括在种植之前选择优质高产、适应性广、抗病性强、商品性好的脱毒甘薯品种，播种前根据薯块大小，将种薯切成2-6块，每一块必须保证有1-2个芽眼和单块重在30g-60g，将分切好的薯块放在200-300倍预处理浸泡液中浸30-50min，捞出后摊开将表面水分晾干，用预处理拌料粉拌种薯，使种薯切面都均匀粘附上一层预处理拌料粉。
在上述实施例中，还包括当发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时，采用100-200倍的快速灭杀剂对发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒，同时采用500倍的快速灭杀剂对未发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒。
在上述实施例中，还包括在甘薯植株生长过程中的晴天以800倍的快速灭杀剂对甘薯植株株进行喷洒，间隔周期为20d-30d。
为了说明本发明的种植方法的有益效果，本发明的申请人采用实施例1、实施例2和实施例3的实施方案分别进行定量耕种，为了避免相互影响，提高实验结果的准确性，实施例 1、实施例2、实施例3以及对照组，分别选在条件一致的不同地块，统计甘薯植株的存活率、病虫害发生率、病虫害持续时间和产量，对照组为采用传统的甘薯种植技术种植，结果如表 1所示：
| 存活率 | 病虫害发生率 | 病虫害持续时间 | 产量 | |
| 现有技术 | 80％ | 12.6％ | 20d | 2000公斤 |
| 实施例1 | 95％ | 1.2％ | 3d | 2564公斤 |
| 实施例2 | 95％ | 2.1％ | 12d | 2212公斤 |
| 实施例3 | 95％ | 3.6％ | 5d | 2306公斤 |
表1
由表1中实施例2和现有技术的对比可以明确得出，土壤处理缓释剂可以延长农药的有效期，在发生外源的病虫害时，仍然能够对病虫害进行有效的灭杀；结合实施例1和实施例2可以明确得出采用快速灭杀剂对甘薯植株的上的病虫害；结合实施例1、实施例2、实施例3以及现有技术，可以明确得出采用本发明种的预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂，对甘薯的种植和后续生产阶段进行综合治理，能够显著降低甘薯病虫害的发生几率，提高甘薯的产量。
本发明中应用了具体实施例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想；同时，对于本领域的一般技术人员，依据本发明的思想，在具体实施方式及应用范围上均会有改变之处，综上所述，本说明书内容不应理解为对本发明的限制。
Claims (9)
1.一种甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，包括预处理剂、土壤处理缓释剂和快速灭杀剂，所述预处理药剂用于对种薯进行预处理，所述土壤处理缓释剂用于对苗床中的微生物以及虫卵进行灭杀，所述快速灭杀剂用于在发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时对害虫进行灭杀；
所述土壤处理缓释剂以各组分质量百分比计，组成如下：
杀虫剂0.001％～0.5％，
杀菌剂0.001％～2％，
缓释剂占杀虫剂和杀菌剂总质量的40％～45％，
氮元素4％～45％，
磷元素1％～15％，
钾元素1％～25％，
粘结剂0％～2％，
余量为填料，
其中氮元素、磷元素和钾元素的用量根据土壤的实际情况进行调整；
所述预处理剂包括预处理浸泡液和预处理拌料粉，所述预处理浸泡液由下列重量份的原料：10-20份鱼腥草、10-15份黄芩、10-20份大青叶、15-20份大蒜、10-20份蛇床子、10-15份千里光、20-30份艾叶、10-20份菖蒲叶经粉碎、煎煮、过滤、浓缩步骤而制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，所述杀虫剂为噻虫嗪、噻虫胺中的一种，所述杀菌剂为噻菌灵、嘧菌酯中的一种，填料为黏土、高岭土、膨润土、砂石土、砖红壤中的一种或几种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，所述缓释剂为聚醋酸乙烯酯苯乙烯共聚乳液、乙烯基三乙氧基硅烷-叔碳酸乙烯酯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液中的一种或两种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，所述快速灭杀剂由何首乌10～15份、车前草8～13份、玉米须4～8份、马鞭草3～6份、羊蹄根9～14份、马齿苋20～25份、柚子皮12～14份加入水煎煮、收集滤液浓缩而成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，所述预处理拌料粉包括草木灰100-200份、克露3份、链宝3份和甲基托布津5份。
6.一种防治药剂的使用方法，用于权利要求1-5任一项所述的甘薯病虫害的防治药剂，其特征在于，包括在种植之前选择优质高产、适应性广、抗病性强、商品性好的脱毒甘薯品种，播种前根据薯块大小，将种薯切成2-6块，每一块必须保证有1-2个芽眼和单块重在30g-60g，将分切好的薯块放在200-300倍预处理浸泡液中浸30-50min，捞出后摊开将表面水分晾干，用预处理拌料粉拌种薯，使种薯切面都均匀粘附上一层预处理拌料粉。
7.根据权利要求6所述的防治药剂的使用方法，其特征在于，还包括将苗床进行深翻，将土壤处理缓释剂作为底肥，对苗床施撒，亩施200～400kg；施撒方式为机施、撒施和/或沟施。
8.根据权利要求6所述的防治药剂的使用方法，其特征在于，还包括当发现甘薯植株上存在害虫时，采用100-200倍的快速灭杀剂对发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒，同时采用500倍的快速灭杀剂对未发现害虫的甘薯植株株进行喷洒。
9.根据权利要求6所述的防治药剂的使用方法，其特征在于，还包括在甘薯植株生长过程中的晴天以800倍的快速灭杀剂对甘薯植株株进行喷洒，间隔周期为20d-30d。
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