CN114136485A - Current and temperature sensor based on FP cascade FBG structure - Google Patents
Current and temperature sensor based on FP cascade FBG structure Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01K11/00—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00
- G01K11/32—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres
- G01K11/3206—Measuring temperature based upon physical or chemical changes not covered by groups G01K3/00, G01K5/00, G01K7/00 or G01K9/00 using changes in transmittance, scattering or luminescence in optical fibres at discrete locations in the fibre, e.g. using Bragg scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/0052—Manufacturing aspects; Manufacturing of single devices, i.e. of semiconductor magnetic sensor chips
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
- G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
- G01R33/032—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using magneto-optic devices, e.g. Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
Abstract
The invention provides a current and temperature sensor based on an FP (Fabry-Perot) cascaded FBG (fiber Bragg Grating) structure, which comprises a broadband light source (1), a coupler (2), a double-parameter sensing system (3), an IMG (4), an OSA (5), a demodulation module (6) and a PC (7). The invention adopts an FP cascade FBG structure, light beams generated by a broadband light source are reflected in the FP cascade FBG structure, an FP cavity filled with magnetic fluid realizes the detection of current through a magnetic field, the change of temperature is detected through the FBG, and the demodulation is carried out through a demodulation module, thereby realizing the processing on a PC and realizing the digital real-time detection. The invention simultaneously realizes the small and exquisite integral structure, the simultaneous measurement of various parameters, the convenient use in various environments, the reduction of cross sensitivity, and the connection with a PC machine, thereby meeting the requirements of digital real-time detection.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of optical fiber sensors, and particularly relates to a current and temperature sensor based on an FP cascade FBG structure.
Background
Compared with the traditional electronic sensor, the optical fiber sensor has the advantages of small volume, good insulation, high signal-to-noise ratio, capability of remote monitoring, small electromagnetic interference, sensitivity and flexibility in use, and nowadays, along with the development of the society, a great number of optical fiber sensors capable of measuring temperature, pressure, concentration and the like are developed. In recent years, the development of society has increased the demand for sensors that are intelligent, multifunctional, and miniaturized. Therefore, the development of multi-parameter measurement sensors is becoming a future trend. A dual-parameter measurement sensor based on an FP cascade FBG structure is designed, which can monitor the magnetic field and the temperature and has the following advantages: the method has the advantages of strong multiplexing capability, remote monitoring, high safety, small electromagnetic interference, high measurement precision and sensitivity, extreme environment resistance, wider detection range, low manufacturing difficulty, strong anti-interference capability and realization of multi-parameter measurement.
The sensor adopts an FP cavity and an FBG cascaded optical fiber composite structure, wherein the FP cavity is filled with magnetic fluid, the FBG is welded on the right side of the FP cavity, the magnetic field changes through the change of the current on a solenoid to cause the reflectivity of the magnetic fluid to change, so that the optical path of reflected light changes, the resonance peak of an obtained spectral curve moves along with the change of the magnetic field, and magnetic field measurement is realized according to the movement of the spectral peak; in addition, the FBG has a central reflection wavelength that moves due to thermal expansion and thermo-optic effect, that is, the whole spectral curve moves but the shape does not change, and temperature measurement is realized according to the change of the moving amount of the spectral curve, and currently, a sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure can realize multi-parameter monitoring of temperature, stress, pressure, concentration, magnetic field, current, and the like.
For example: in 2013, LvNiqing et al (LvNiqing, optical characteristics of magnetic fluid and optical fiber FP sensing key technology research [ D ]. northeast university, 2013.) propose that in order to solve the problem of cross sensitivity of temperature and magnetic field of magnetic fluid, a method of combining an optical fiber Bragg grating and an FP sensor is adopted, an FBG-FP sensor based on magnetic fluid filling is scientifically and reasonably designed, the FBG and the FP are simultaneously placed in a capillary quartz glass tube, the FBG is guaranteed to be free from stress influence as much as possible, temperature measurement is realized by means of the FBG temperature sensitivity characteristic, the influence of temperature on the magnetic fluid characteristic is compensated, and by deducing the sensing principle, the structure not only can realize temperature compensation, but also can realize double-parameter measurement; in 2010, Lixing et al (Lixing. design [ D ] of magnetic fluid filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber F-P sensor, university of northeast, 2010.) proposed that magnetic fluid selection and sensing system design were completed and theoretical simulation was performed on the whole system by studying the magnetic fluid filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber F-P sensor; in 2018, Val gem yoga et al (Val gem yoga, full Lei, Liu jin Rong, Wang Guanjun. oil seal method-based optical fiber FP temperature sensor sensitivity enhancement technical research [ J ]. university of North and Central university (Nature science edition), 2018,39(03): 362-; in 2012, xu Yonghua et al (xu Yonghua, research [ D ] on the basis of a temperature and liquid concentration measurement method of an FBG-FP cavity, northeast university, 2012.) proposed that a sensor based on the FBG-FP cavity is designed by utilizing Fresnel reflection of an optical fiber end surface to measure the temperature and the liquid concentration, and the sensing characteristics of the sensor on the temperature are analyzed, and the result shows that the shape of a reflection spectrum of the FBG-FP cavity is not changed under the action of the temperature, but the position is integrally translated; in 2021, zhanbin and et al (zhanbin and study [ D ]. hainan university, 2021.) proposed an improved method for preparing microbubbles based on a pressure-assisted discharge method, by controlling the intensity of arc discharge, time and fiber position, reducing the thickness of a microbubble film, preparing a micron-sized all-silicon thin film, and by controlling arc discharge and tension, transferring an end film of a bubble microcavity to a fusion structure of a single-mode fiber and a glass tube, an FP interference cavity can be formed at the end of the fiber.
Disclosure of Invention
At present, researchers have realized the measurement of parameters such as temperature, refractive index, stress, magnetism and the like by adopting an FBG or an FBG cascade structure, but the reasons that the parameters measured by the cascade structure are single, the measurement structure is complex and large-scale, double-parameter measurement cannot be realized at the same time, or the multi-parameter measurement structure is complex to realize and the like exist mostly; according to the prior art and by combining the structural defects, the invention provides the magnetic field and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure, which has the advantages of high sensitivity, capability of realizing double-parameter measurement, simple manufacturing method, strong repeatability, low manufacturing cost and high utilization rate.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
the technical scheme is as follows: current and temperature sensor based on FP cascades FBG structure, its characterized in that: the device comprises a broadband light source (1), a coupler (2), a double-parameter sensing system (3), an IMG (4), an OSA (5), a demodulation module (6) and a PC (7);
the double-parameter sensing system (3) comprises a heating platform (3-1), a sensor (3-2), a solenoid (3-3) and a current source (3-4), wherein:
a solenoid (3-3) is fixed above the heating platform (3-1), a sensor (3-2) is arranged in the solenoid (3-3), and a current source (3-4) is arranged on the right side of the heating platform (3-1);
the sensor (3-2) is of an optical fiber composite structure formed by cascading an FP cavity (3-2-1) and an FBG (3-2-2), the FP cavity (3-2-1) is filled with a magnetic fluid (3-2-3), and the FBG (3-2-2) is welded on the right side of the FP cavity (3-2-1) to form the sensor (3-2);
the manufacturing process of the sensor (3-2) comprises the steps of manufacturing a bubble micro-cavity of the FP cavity (3-2-1), manufacturing and filling the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) and manufacturing an optical fiber composite structure:
wherein: the production of the bubble micro-cavity of the FP chamber (3-2-1) first prepares a hollow quartz glass tube with an outer diameter of 145 microns and an inner diameter of 125 microns, and a section of single-mode optical fiber with 120 micron cladding and 12 micron fiber core, wherein the tail end of the single-mode optical fiber is cut flat and then is welded with one end of a hollow quartz glass tube with two flat end surfaces by using an optical fiber welding machine, the other end of the hollow quartz glass tube is connected with a pressure pump, two parts of the single-mode optical fiber and the hollow quartz glass tube are respectively connected with a motor, the pressure of 130kPa is input, and the welded end surface is subjected to multiple discharge by using an electrode, simultaneously, the middle position of the hollow quartz glass tube is pulled towards two sides by a motor, the welding position is uniformly stretched into a thin cone shape, the cone-shaped end surface of the hollow quartz glass tube is slowly rotated, meanwhile, a ruby single crystal fiber laser is used for irradiating the ruby single crystal fiber laser, and a proper pressure intensity is added, so that a uniform bubble micro-cavity is manufactured at one end of the hollow quartz glass tube;
the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) is prepared by dissolving citric acid in deionized water, standing for 5min, and mixing the solutionLiquid is transferred into a condenser pipe, a stirrer and N235ml of 0.046mol/L Fe (NO) are added into an inlet four-neck bottle in sequence3)3Aqueous solution, 15ml of 0.160mol/L Cd (NO)3)2Stirring the aqueous solution at 50r/min, and adding dropwise 3.0mol/L NaOH solution to adjust pH of the mixture to 12 while adding N2Under the protection of (3), reacting for 5h at 55 ℃ to finally obtain magnetic fluid (3-2-3);
the filling of the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) aims at one end of the hollow quartz glass tube without a bubble microcavity, no air residue exists in the cavity during filling, and part of liquid at the later filling stage of the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) remains at the edge of the end face of the hollow quartz glass tube and is automatically dried, so that the magnetic fluid is wiped clean by using alcohol for subsequent welding;
the optical fiber composite structure is manufactured by using the hollow quartz glass tube filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) and the FBG (3-2-2) with a section of gate area with the length of 35mm and the central wavelength of 1550nm, and welding the flat end of the hollow quartz glass tube filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) upwards with the FBG (3-2-2) by using an optical fiber welding machine to complete the manufacture of the optical fiber composite structure;
further, the current and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure is further characterized in that:
a broadband light source (1) emits light beams, two light beams are output through a coupler (2), one light beam is incident to an IMG (4), the other light beam is incident to a sensor (3-2) of a double-parameter sensing system (3), when the current input to a solenoid (3-3) is changed, a magnetic field is further changed, the reflectivity of a magnetic fluid (3-2-3) in the wall of an FP (3-2-1) cavity is changed, when the temperature of a heating platform (3-1) is changed, the grid period and the effective refractive index of the FBG (3-2-2) are changed accordingly, reflected light beams pass through the coupler (2), record reflection spectrum information through an OSA (5), enter a demodulation module (6), and enter a PC (7) for data processing after demodulation;
further, the IMG (4) is used for eliminating the return of the light beam and preventing the OSA (5) from being influenced to analyze the reflection spectrum of the fiber grating;
the current and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure is characterized in that:
the solenoid (3-3) is fixed above the heating platform (3-1) in the double-parameter sensing system (3), the sensor (3-2) is arranged in the solenoid (3-3), when the current is measured, the current source (3-4) is connected with the solenoid (3-3) through a lead, and the magnetic field of the solenoid (3-3) is changed by changing the magnitude of the current output by the current source (3-4), so that the current is measured; when measuring the temperature, the current source (3-4) is closed and the heating platform (3-1) is opened, and the temperature heating platform (3-1) is adjusted to realize the temperature measurement.
The invention has the structure that: current and temperature sensor based on FP cascade FBG structure.
Compared with the prior structure, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention realizes double-parameter measurement of magnetic field and temperature, can detect the change of environmental temperature while detecting the real-time change of environmental magnetic field, has exquisite structure manufacturing method and smaller volume, can meet the detection under extreme environment and meet the requirement of multi-environment detection equipment.
The FP cavity is filled with the magnetic fluid to realize current measurement, and compared with the sticking magnetostrictive material, the structure has higher measurement precision.
The invention can realize demodulation and output the result to the PC, and realize real-time monitoring and measurement.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a system diagram of a current and temperature sensor based on FP cascaded FBG structure.
Fig. 2 is a sensor structure diagram of a current and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure.
Fig. 3 is a diagram of a dual-parameter sensing architecture of a current and temperature sensor based on an FP cascaded FBG structure.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments will explain the concrete implementation of the current and temperature sensor of FP cascade FBG structure in accordance with the present invention with reference to the attached drawings.
As shown in figure 1, for the system diagram of the magnetic field and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure provided by the invention, a broadband light source (1) emits a light beam, two light beams are output through a coupler (2), one light beam is incident to an IMG (4), the IMG (4) eliminates the return of the light beam, the other light beam is incident to a sensor (3-2) of a double-parameter sensing system (3), the light beam is reflected out after passing through an optical fiber composite structure formed by the FP cavity (3-2-1) and the FBG (3-2-2) in a cascade mode, a reflected light beam enters an OSA (5) after passing through the coupler (2), a current source (3-4) of the double-parameter sensing system (3) is connected with a power supply to a solenoid (3-3), the magnetic field generated by the solenoid (3-3) is changed by changing the current output by the current source (3-4), and the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) to change the optical path of the reflected light, and detecting the magnetic field by observing the shift amount of the peak of the spectral curve on the OSA (5); when the temperature of a heating platform (3-1) of the dual-parameter sensing system (3) changes, the grating period of the FBG (3-2-2) is changed by thermal expansion, the effective refractive index of the FBG (3-2-2) is changed by a thermo-optic effect, the central reflection wavelength moves, namely the whole spectral curve moves but the shape does not change, and the temperature is detected according to the change of the moving amount of the spectral curve; and the data in the OSA (5) is output to a demodulation module (6), the cross influence of the temperature and the current is eliminated by a matrix analysis method of the demodulation module (6), the result is output to a PC (7), the measurement data of the temperature and the current is obtained, and the measurement sensitivity of the sensor (3-2) is further analyzed.
As shown in fig. 2, for the structure diagram of the sensor of the current and temperature sensor of the FP cascade FBG structure provided by the present invention, the FP cavity (3-2-1) in the sensor (3-2) is filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) and the FBG (3-2-2) to form the sensor (3-2) after cascading, the FP cavity (3-2-1) filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) detects the change of the current, and the detection principle is as follows: when the current changes, the magnetic field generated by the solenoid (3-3) changes, so that the reflectivity of the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) changes, the optical path of reflected light changes, the resonance peak of the obtained spectrum curve moves along with the change, and current measurement is realized according to the movement of the spectrum peak; FBG (3-2-2) measures stable change, and the detection principle is as follows: when the temperature changes, the grating period of the FBG (3-2-2) is changed by thermal expansion, the effective refractive index of the FBG (3-2-2) is changed by a thermo-optical effect, the central reflection wavelength is shifted, namely, the whole spectral curve is shifted but the shape is not changed, and the temperature detection is realized according to the shift amount of the spectral curve.
As shown in fig. 3, for the double parameter sensing system diagram of the current and temperature sensor of the FP cascade FBG structure provided by the present invention, a solenoid (3-3) is fixed on a heating platform (3-1), a sensor (3-2) is placed in the solenoid (3-3), a current source (3-4) is placed on the right side of the heating platform (3-1), a current changing magnetic field with different magnitudes is output to the solenoid (3-3) through the current source (3-4), and the current detection is realized by the sensor (3-2); the heating platform (3-1) is opened, and the FBG (3-2-2) realizes the temperature detection through the thermal expansion and the thermo-optic effect brought by the temperature change.
Claims (3)
1. Current and temperature sensor based on FP cascades FBG structure, its characterized in that: the device comprises a broadband light source (1), a coupler (2), a double-parameter sensing system (3), an IMG (4), an OSA (5), a demodulation module (6) and a PC (7);
the dual-parameter sensing system (3) comprises a heating platform (3-1), a sensor (3-2), a solenoid (3-3) and a current source (3-4), wherein:
a solenoid (3-3) is fixed above the heating platform (3-1), a sensor (3-2) is arranged in the solenoid (3-3), and a current source (3-4) is arranged on the right side of the heating platform (3-1);
the sensor (3-2) is of an optical fiber composite structure formed by cascading an FP cavity (3-2-1) and an FBG (3-2-2), the FP cavity (3-2-1) is filled with a magnetic fluid (3-2-3), and the FBG (3-2-2) is welded on the right side of the FP cavity (3-2-1) to form the sensor (3-2);
the manufacturing process of the sensor (3-2) comprises the steps of manufacturing a bubble micro-cavity of the FP cavity (3-2-1), manufacturing and filling the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) and manufacturing an optical fiber composite structure:
wherein: the production of the bubble micro-cavity of the FP chamber (3-2-1) first prepares a hollow quartz glass tube with an outer diameter of 145 microns and an inner diameter of 125 microns, and a section of single-mode optical fiber with 120 micron cladding and 12 micron fiber core, wherein the tail end of the single-mode optical fiber is cut flat and then is welded with one end of a hollow quartz glass tube with two flat end surfaces by using an optical fiber welding machine, the other end of the hollow quartz glass tube is connected with a pressure pump, two parts of the single-mode optical fiber and the hollow quartz glass tube are respectively connected with a motor, the pressure of 130kPa is input, and the welded end surface is subjected to multiple discharge by using an electrode, simultaneously, the middle position of the hollow quartz glass tube is pulled towards two sides by a motor, the welding position is uniformly stretched into a thin cone shape, the cone-shaped end surface of the hollow quartz glass tube is slowly rotated, meanwhile, a ruby single crystal fiber laser is used for irradiating the ruby single crystal fiber laser, and a proper pressure intensity is added, so that a uniform bubble micro-cavity is manufactured at one end of the hollow quartz glass tube;
the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) is prepared by dissolving citric acid in deionized water, standing for 5min, transferring the solution into a condenser tube, stirring, and adding N235ml of 0.046mol/L Fe (NO) are added into an inlet four-neck bottle in sequence3)3Aqueous solution, 15ml of 0.160mol/L Cd (NO)3)2Stirring the aqueous solution at 50r/min, and adding dropwise 3.0mol/L NaOH solution to adjust pH of the mixture to 12 while adding N2Under the protection of (3), reacting for 5h at 55 ℃ to finally obtain magnetic fluid (3-2-3);
the filling of the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) aims at one end of the hollow quartz glass tube without a bubble microcavity, no air residue exists in the cavity during filling, and part of liquid at the later filling stage of the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) remains at the edge of the end face of the hollow quartz glass tube and is automatically dried, so that the magnetic fluid is wiped clean by using alcohol for subsequent welding;
the optical fiber composite structure is manufactured by using the hollow quartz glass tube filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) and the FBG (3-2-2) with a section of gate area with the length of 35mm and the central wavelength of 1550nm, and welding the flat end of the hollow quartz glass tube filled with the magnetic fluid (3-2-3) upwards with the FBG (3-2-2) by using an optical fiber welding machine to complete the manufacture of the optical fiber composite structure;
the current and temperature sensor based on the FP cascade FBG structure is further characterized in that:
a broadband light source (1) emits light beams, two light beams are output through a coupler (2), one light beam is incident to an IMG (4), the other light beam is incident to a sensor (3-2) of a double-parameter sensing system (3), when the current input to a solenoid (3-3) is changed, a magnetic field is further changed, the reflectivity of a magnetic fluid (3-2-3) in the wall of an FP (3-2-1) cavity is changed, when the temperature of a heating platform (3-1) is changed, the grid period and the effective refractive index of the FBG (3-2-2) are changed accordingly, reflected light beams pass through the coupler (2), record reflection spectrum information through an OSA (5), enter a demodulation module (6), and enter a PC (7) for data processing after demodulation.
2. The FP cascaded FBG structure based current and temperature sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the IMG (4) is used to eliminate the return of the beam and prevent the OSA (5) from affecting the reflectance spectrum of the fiber grating.
3. The FP cascaded FBG structure based current and temperature sensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the solenoid (3-3) is fixed above the heating platform (3-1) in the double-parameter sensing system (3), the sensor (3-2) is arranged in the solenoid (3-3), when the current is measured, the current source (3-4) is connected with the solenoid (3-3) through a lead, and the magnetic field of the solenoid (3-3) is changed by changing the magnitude of the current output by the current source (3-4), so that the current is measured; when measuring the temperature, the current source (3-4) is closed and the heating platform (3-1) is opened, and the temperature heating platform (3-1) is adjusted to realize the temperature measurement.
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Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JP2008046036A (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-02-28 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | Ae/ultrasound detection system, and material monitoring apparatus and nondestructive inspection apparatus equipped with system |
| CN102221679A (en) * | 2011-04-25 | 2011-10-19 | 东北大学 | Magnetofluid filling photonic crystal optical fiber F-P magnetic field sensor |
| CN106338702A (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2017-01-18 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Temperature-insensitive magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid filling optical fiber microcavity |
| CN107870047A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-04-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Temperature and the double parameter fibre optical sensors of strain based on optical fiber F P chambers cascade FBG structure |
| CN111610471A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-01 | 中国计量大学 | Magnetic field and temperature sensor with metalized fiber bragg grating cascaded F-P structure |
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2021
- 2021-11-30 CN CN202111447941.6A patent/CN114136485A/en active Pending
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| JP2008046036A (en) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-02-28 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | Ae/ultrasound detection system, and material monitoring apparatus and nondestructive inspection apparatus equipped with system |
| CN102221679A (en) * | 2011-04-25 | 2011-10-19 | 东北大学 | Magnetofluid filling photonic crystal optical fiber F-P magnetic field sensor |
| CN106338702A (en) * | 2016-09-20 | 2017-01-18 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | Temperature-insensitive magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid filling optical fiber microcavity |
| CN107870047A (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2018-04-03 | 北京信息科技大学 | Temperature and the double parameter fibre optical sensors of strain based on optical fiber F P chambers cascade FBG structure |
| CN111610471A (en) * | 2020-06-30 | 2020-09-01 | 中国计量大学 | Magnetic field and temperature sensor with metalized fiber bragg grating cascaded F-P structure |
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