CN114109494B - Implementation method of two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in expanded rock area - Google Patents
Implementation method of two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in expanded rock area Download PDFInfo
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- CN114109494B CN114109494B CN202111430696.8A CN202111430696A CN114109494B CN 114109494 B CN114109494 B CN 114109494B CN 202111430696 A CN202111430696 A CN 202111430696A CN 114109494 B CN114109494 B CN 114109494B
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- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 166
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000010009 beating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009193 crawling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F16/00—Drainage
- E21F16/02—Drainage of tunnels
Abstract
The invention relates to a realization method of a partition drainage system for two single-extra-long tunnels in an expanded rock region, which solves the problem that surrounding rock disturbance expansion caused by expanded rock base soaking water damages a tunnel lining structure in the prior art. The invention utilizes the upstream transverse channel of the expansion rock stratum, a water collecting well is arranged in the transverse channel, a permeable pebble layer is backfilled by digging a positive hole foundation downwards, and water collecting and intercepting at the upstream of the positive hole tunnel are led into the water collecting well in the transverse channel; the water pump is started to introduce catchment in the water collecting well into the ditch in the transverse channel, and the catchment is converged into the positive tunnel ditch and discharged out of the tunnel when the water level reaches a certain height.
Description
Technical field:
the invention belongs to the technical field of traffic engineering, and relates to a realization method of a partition drainage system for two single extra-long tunnels in an expansive rock region.
The background technology is as follows:
the two single extra-long tunnels are in a double-hole type, and each 500m in the middle adopts a transverse channel to communicate the two tunnels. The construction of two single extra-long tunnels, particularly the tunnels with large gradient, has large disturbance to the original state of surrounding rock, changes the original hydraulic runoff path after the tunnel is excavated, forms a new longitudinal hydraulic drainage path along the tunnel, and underground water is distributed from high to low and from dense and complete rock mass to broken and loose parts along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel. In China, tunnel construction of a traffic vehicle in an expansive rock area has the defect that a plurality of lining cracks, inverted arch bottom drums and the like occur, and the influence of expansive rock on tunnel construction is more and more concerned.
The proposal and research of the problems of regional drainage of long tunnels, disturbance of hydraulic runoff on expanded rock reduction, disease reduction in the expanded rock area and improvement of the tunnel construction level in the expanded rock area at home and abroad are still in the initial stage. How to realize scientific interception and drainage in the expanded rock area, and solve the problem that surrounding rock disturbance expansion caused by base water soaking damages a tunnel lining structure.
The invention comprises the following steps:
the invention aims to provide a realization method of a partition drainage system for two single-extra-long tunnels in an expanded rock region, which solves the problem that surrounding rock disturbance expansion caused by expanded rock base water soaking damages a tunnel lining structure in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the implementation method of the two single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in the expanded rock area is characterized by comprising the following steps of: arranging a water collecting well in the transverse passage by utilizing an upstream transverse passage of the expansion rock stratum, backfilling a permeable pebble layer by digging a positive hole foundation downwards, and introducing water collecting interception at the upstream of the positive hole tunnel into the water collecting well in the transverse passage; the water pump is started to introduce catchment in the water collecting well into the ditch in the transverse channel, and the catchment is converged into the positive tunnel ditch and discharged out of the tunnel when the water level reaches a certain height.
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) Intercepting water:
the arch wall and the substrate of the left line of the positive tunnel or the right line of the positive tunnel are outwards expanded and excavated, the expansion and excavation range is backfilled by a pebble permeable layer, and C25 spray concrete walls are arranged around the backfill body and isolated from surrounding rocks; reserving a phi 150 drainage hole, and enabling the water collecting of the positive hole substrate to be intercepted by a phi 150PVC pipe;
(2) And (3) water guide:
the transverse channel substrate is dug in an expanding mode, and the depth of the expanding digging is required to ensure that the transverse channel substrate is connected with the substrate of the left line of the positive tunnel or the right line of the positive tunnel in sequence; backfilling the permeable pebble layer on the expanding foundation; a water collecting well is arranged in the transverse channel, and phi 150 water draining holes are reserved around the water collecting well; the water interception of the positive hole is led into the water collecting well through the pebble permeable layer;
(3) And (3) draining:
the water pump is arranged in the water collecting well, the water pump comprises a liquid level control system, when the water level in the water collecting well reaches a certain height, the water pump is started, water collecting in the water collecting well is discharged into a ditch of a transverse channel through a water pipe, and finally the water collecting is discharged into a positive tunnel ditch to realize a partition drainage function, so that water collecting and drainage of an upstream substrate are realized.
Step (1) comprises the steps of:
a. and expanding and digging the substrate and the outer side of the positive tunnel at the transverse passage: the arch wall and the substrate of the left line or right line of the positive tunnel are outwards expanded and dug in the range of 1-2 m, the arch wall expansion and dug height is 2-3 m, and the length of the positive tunnel or expansion and dug paragraph is generally the width of a transverse channel;
b. backfilling the excavation range by using a pebble permeable layer, wherein the compactness is more than 90%; c25 spray concrete walls are arranged around the backfill body and are isolated from surrounding rocks; reserving phi 150 water drainage holes on a wall body on the upstream side of a C25 sprayed concrete wall body, the left side of a left line of a positive tunnel and the right side of a right line of the positive tunnel, wherein the distance is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the two water drainage holes are arranged in a plum blossom shape; meanwhile, phi 150PVC pipes wrapping non-woven fabrics are arranged outside the wall body on the left side of the right line of the positive tunnel and the right side of the left line of the positive tunnel in a punching mode, 3 pipes are arranged in the circumferential direction, and the longitudinal distance is 1.0m.
Step (2) comprises the following steps:
a. the base expanding and digging depth of the section inside the cross road plugging wall is 0.5-1 m, and the base expanding and digging height H of the section of the cross road close to the outside of the plugging wall is determined according to the base expanding and digging height of the left line of the positive tunnel or the right line of the positive tunnel, so that the base of the cross road is ensured to be connected with the base of the left line of the positive tunnel or the right line of the positive tunnel in sequence; backfilling the permeable pebble layer on the expanded digging substrate, wherein the compactness is more than 90%;
b. a water collecting well is arranged at the outer side of a blocking gate of the transverse channel, and the depth H of the water collecting well entering the lower part of a base of the transverse channel is more than H; and phi 150 drainage holes are reserved around the water collecting well, the spacing is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the water collecting well is arranged in a quincuncial manner.
Step (3) comprises the following steps:
a. a water pump is arranged in the water collecting well, the water pump comprises a liquid level control system, when the water level in the water collecting well reaches a certain height, the water pump is started, and water collected in the water collecting well is discharged into a ditch of a transverse channel through a water pipe;
b. a steel crawling ladder and a concrete step are arranged in the water collecting well;
c. the transverse channel ditch is connected with the positive tunnel ditch through a pre-buried phi 100PVC pipe.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
1. according to the invention, the water collecting well is arranged in the transverse channel by utilizing the upstream transverse channel of the expansion rock stratum, the permeable pebble layer is backfilled by digging the main tunnel foundation downwards, and the water collecting and intercepting at the upstream of the main tunnel is led into the water collecting well in the transverse channel, so that the drainage partition of the whole tunnel is realized. The water pump, the water pipe, the liquid level control system and the like are arranged in the water collecting well, when the water level reaches a certain height, the water pump is started to introduce catchment in the water collecting well into the water ditch in the transverse channel, and the catchment is converged into the positive tunnel water ditch and discharged out of the tunnel.
2. Conventional drainage systems within tunnels solve the drainage problem above the base, but the drainage of the base along the longitudinal extent of the tunnel is not. The invention maximally utilizes the original drainage system of two single-feature tunnels, and realizes the interception of the upstream of the expansion rock stratum tunnel by only expanding the foundation, backfilling the permeable pebble layer, adding a water collecting well, a drainage facility and other few engineering measures. The method of the invention finally realizes the partition of the full tunnel drainage. And the catchment of the substrate at the upstream of the expansion rock stratum tunnel is introduced into the ditch of the tunnel, so that the problem of soaking the substrate of the expansion rock long-gradient tunnel is solved.
Description of the drawings:
fig. 1 is a schematic view of a tunnel drainage plane.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a section A-A drainage.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a tunnel drainage profile.
Fig. 4 is an enlarged plan view of a zoned drainage system.
FIG. 5 is a sectional view B-B.
FIG. 6 is a C-C cross-sectional view.
In the figure, a 1-partition drainage system, a 2-transverse channel, a 3-positive tunnel left line, a 4-positive tunnel right line, a 5-upstream common rock stratum, a 6-downstream expanded rock stratum, a 7-ditch, an 8-water collecting well, a 9-water pump, a 10-water pipe, a 11-phi 150 drainage hole, a 12-phi 100PVC pipe, a 13-C25 sprayed concrete wall, a 14-non-woven fabric wrapped phi 150PVC pipe, a 15-pebble permeable layer, a 16-steel ladder and a 17-concrete step.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to the drawings and examples, in order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
The drainage system is suitable for two single-extra-long tunnels in an expanded rock area, and mainly solves the problem that tunnel deformation and cracking are caused by water soaking of two single-tunnel substrates in the expanded rock area. And (3) setting a water collecting well in the transverse channel by utilizing an upstream transverse channel of the expansion rock stratum, backfilling the permeable pebble layer by digging a positive tunnel foundation downwards, and introducing water collecting interception at the upstream of the positive tunnel into the water collecting well in the transverse channel. The water pump, the water pipe, the liquid level control system and the like are arranged in the water collecting well, when the water level reaches a certain height, the water pump is started to introduce catchment in the water collecting well into the water ditch in the transverse channel, and the catchment is converged into the positive tunnel water ditch and discharged out of the tunnel. The specific implementation method of the invention comprises the following steps:
a. water interception function:
the arch wall and the basement of the left line 3 or the right line 4 of the positive tunnel are excavated in an expanding and excavating range, the pebble permeable layer 15 is adopted for backfilling, and the C25 sprayed concrete wall 13 is arranged around the backfilling body and isolated from surrounding rocks. And a phi 150 drainage hole 11 is reserved, and a phi 150PVC pipe 14 is reserved to cut off the catchment of the positive hole substrate.
b. Water guiding function:
and (3) expanding and digging the substrate of the transverse channel 2, wherein the expanding and digging depth is required to ensure that the substrate of the transverse channel 2 is connected with the substrate of the right line 3 or the right line 4 of the positive tunnel. The expanded base is backfilled with a permeable pebble layer 15. A water collecting well 8 is arranged in the transverse channel 2, and phi 150 water draining holes 11 are reserved around the water collecting well 8. The water is guided into the water collecting well through the pebble permeable layer.
c. Drainage function:
set up water pump 9 in the sump pit 8, this water pump contains liquid level control system, when the water level reached certain altitude in the sump pit 8, water pump 9 was opened, and the water catch water was discharged into the ditch 7 of horizontal passageway 8 through water pipe 10 in the sump pit 8, and the final water catch water was discharged into positive tunnel ditch and was realized subregion drainage function, was discharged the water catch water of upper reaches basement.
Examples:
referring to fig. 1 to 6, the following description will be given of the functions and implementation steps of water interception, water guide and drainage by taking an example of setting a partition drainage system by using one cross channel:
(1) and the partition drainage system is used for intercepting water and realizing the partition of drainage in the tunnel.
a. And expanding and digging the substrate and the outer side of the positive tunnel at the position of the transverse channel 2: the arch wall and the substrate of the left line 3 or the right line 4 of the positive tunnel are outwards expanded and dug within the range of 1-2 m, the arch wall expansion and dug height is 2-3 m, the length of the expansion and dug section of the positive tunnel 3 or 4 is generally the width of the transverse channel 2, but the expansion and dug section can be properly extended to the upstream according to the water quantity of the tunnel, and the extension range is not limited.
b. The expansion and excavation range adopts a pebble permeable layer 15 for backfilling, and the compactness is more than 90 percent. The C25 spray concrete wall 13 is arranged around the backfill body and isolated from surrounding rocks. In order to enable the water collecting on the substrate to smoothly enter the pebble permeable layer 15 and not flow to the downstream, phi 150 water discharging holes 11 are reserved on the wall body on the side, close to the upstream, of the C25 sprayed concrete wall body 13, on the left side of the right line 3 of the positive tunnel and on the right side of the right line 4 of the positive tunnel, and the distance is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the pebble permeable layer is arranged in a quincuncial shape. Phi 150PVC pipes (14) for wrapping non-woven fabrics are arranged outside the wall body on the left side of the right line 3 of the positive tunnel and the right side of the right line 4 of the positive tunnel in a beating mode, 3 pipes are arranged in the circumferential direction, and the longitudinal distance is 1.0m.
(2) The zoned drainage system 1 is used for guiding water, and the water interception of the right line 3 of the positive tunnel and the water collection of the right line 4 of the positive tunnel in the transverse channel 2 is led into the water collection well 8 in the transverse channel.
a. The foundation of the transverse channel is expanded and dug, the foundation expansion and dug depth of the section inside the blocking wall of the transverse channel 2 is 0.5-1 m, the foundation expansion and dug height H of the section of the transverse channel 2 close to the outside of the blocking wall is determined according to the foundation expansion and dug height of the left line 3 or the right line 4 of the positive tunnel, and the foundation of the transverse channel 2 is ensured to be connected with the foundation of the left line 3 or the right line 4 of the positive tunnel in sequence. The expanded digging substrate is backfilled with the permeable pebble layer 15, and the compactness is more than 90%.
b. A water collecting well 8 is arranged outside the blocking gate of the transverse channel 2, and the depth H of the water collecting well 8 entering the lower part of the substrate of the transverse channel 2 is more than H. The periphery of the water collecting well is reserved with phi 150 water discharge holes 11, the spacing is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the water collecting well is arranged in a plum blossom shape.
(3) The partition drainage system 1 drains water, and catchments water in the water collecting well 8 and drains the water into the ditch 7.
a. A water pump 9 is arranged in the water collecting well 8, the water pump comprises a liquid level control system, when the water level in the water collecting well 8 reaches a certain height, the water pump 9 is started, and water collected in the water collecting well 8 is discharged into the ditch 7 of the transverse channel 8 through a water pipe 10.
b. The steel cat ladder 16 and the concrete step 17 are arranged in the water collecting well 8, so that later maintenance is facilitated.
c. The transverse channel ditch 7 is connected with the positive tunnel ditch 7 through a pre-buried phi 100PVC pipe 12.
The foregoing description is only illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, and all changes that may be made in the equivalent structures described in the specification and drawings of the present invention are intended to be included in the scope of the invention.
Claims (4)
1. The implementation method of the two single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in the expanded rock area is characterized by comprising the following steps of: arranging a water collecting well in the transverse passage by utilizing an upstream transverse passage of the expansion rock stratum, backfilling a permeable pebble layer by digging a positive hole foundation downwards, and introducing water collecting interception at the upstream of the positive hole tunnel into the water collecting well in the transverse passage; a water pump, a water pipe and a liquid level control system are arranged in the water collecting well, when the water level reaches a certain height, the water pump is started to introduce water collected in the water collecting well into a water ditch in the transverse channel, and the water is collected into a water ditch of the positive tunnel and discharged out of the tunnel; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) Intercepting water:
the arch wall and the basement of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel are outwards excavated, the excavation expansion range is backfilled by a pebble permeable layer (15), and C25 spraying concrete walls (13) are arranged around the backfill body and isolated from surrounding rocks; reserving a phi 150 drainage hole (11), and intercepting water collected on a positive hole substrate by a phi 150PVC pipe (14);
(2) And (3) water guide:
the substrate of the transverse channel (2) is excavated in an expanding mode, and the depth of the excavation needs to be ensured to be in sequential connection with the substrate of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel of the transverse channel (2); backfilling the permeable pebble layer (15) on the digging substrate; a water collecting well (8) is arranged in the transverse channel (2), and phi 150 water draining holes (11) are reserved around the water collecting well (8); the water interception of the positive hole is led into the water collecting well through the pebble permeable layer;
(3) And (3) draining:
set up water pump (9) in sump pit (8), this water pump contains liquid level control system, when the water level reached certain altitude in sump pit (8), water pump (9) were opened, and the ditch (7) of horizontal passageway (2) are got into through water pipe (10) to the catchment in sump pit (8), and the final catchment is got into positive hole ditch and is realized subregion drainage function, with the drainage of upstream basement catchment.
2. The method for realizing the two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in the expansive rock area according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: step (1) comprises the steps of:
a. and (3) expanding and digging the substrate and the outer side of the positive tunnel at the transverse channel (2): the arch wall and the substrate of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel are outwards expanded and dug within the range of 1-2 m, the arch wall expansion and dug height is 2-3 m, and the expansion and dug paragraph length of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel is generally the width of the transverse channel (2);
b. backfilling the expansion and excavation range by using a pebble permeable layer (15), wherein the compactness is more than 90%; c25 spray concrete walls (13) are arranged around the backfill body and are isolated from surrounding rocks; a phi 150 water drainage hole (11) is reserved on a wall body of the C25 sprayed concrete wall body (13) close to the upstream side, the left side of a right line (3) of a positive tunnel and the right side of a right line (4) of the positive tunnel, and the distance is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the quincuncial arrangement is realized; simultaneously, phi 150PVC pipes (14) for wrapping non-woven fabrics are arranged outside the wall body on the left side of the right line (4) of the positive tunnel and on the left side of the left line (3) of the positive tunnel in a circumferential manner, and 3 pipes are arranged in a circumferential direction, wherein the longitudinal distance is 1.0m.
3. The method for realizing the two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in the expansive rock area according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: step (1) comprises the steps of:
a. the substrate enlarging and digging depth of the section inside the blocking wall of the transverse channel (2) is 0.5-1 m, and the section substrate enlarging and digging height H of the transverse channel (2) close to the outside of the blocking wall is determined according to the substrate enlarging and digging height of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel, so that the substrate of the transverse channel (2) is ensured to be connected with the substrate of the left line (3) or the right line (4) of the positive tunnel in sequence; backfilling the permeable pebble layer (15) on the expanding foundation, wherein the compactness is more than 90%;
b. a water collecting well (8) is arranged at the outer side of a blocking door of the transverse channel (2), and the depth H of the water collecting well (8) entering the lower part of the substrate of the transverse channel (2) is more than H; and phi 150 drainage holes (11) are reserved around the water collecting well, the spacing is 1.0 multiplied by 1.0m, and the water collecting well is arranged in a plum blossom shape.
4. The method for realizing the two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in the expansive rock area according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: step (3) comprises the following steps:
a. a water pump (9) is arranged in the water collecting well (8), the water pump comprises a liquid level control system, when the water level in the water collecting well (8) reaches a certain height, the water pump (9) is started, and water collected in the water collecting well (8) is discharged into a ditch (7) of the transverse channel (2) through a water pipe (10);
b. a steel ladder stand (16) and a concrete step (17) are arranged in the water collecting well (8);
c. the transverse channel ditch (7) is connected with the positive tunnel ditch (7) through a pre-buried phi 100PVC pipe (12).
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| CN202111430696.8A CN114109494B (en) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Implementation method of two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in expanded rock area |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202111430696.8A CN114109494B (en) | 2021-11-29 | 2021-11-29 | Implementation method of two-single-extra-long tunnel partition drainage system in expanded rock area |
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| CN114109494B true CN114109494B (en) | 2024-01-16 |
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Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0722038A1 (en) * | 1995-01-13 | 1996-07-17 | Bilfinger + Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft | Tunnel drainage system |
| CN108150219A (en) * | 2018-01-23 | 2018-06-12 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | The ground water drainage system and its construction method of a kind of separate type double-hole tunnel |
| CN111287794A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2020-06-16 | 中铁二院成都勘察设计研究院有限责任公司 | Karst tunnel underground water open type drainage structure and method |
| CN111350520A (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2020-06-30 | 北京建工土木工程有限公司 | Underground water drainage system for underground excavation tunnel in water-rich sandy gravel stratum and construction method thereof |
-
2021
- 2021-11-29 CN CN202111430696.8A patent/CN114109494B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0722038A1 (en) * | 1995-01-13 | 1996-07-17 | Bilfinger + Berger Bauaktiengesellschaft | Tunnel drainage system |
| CN108150219A (en) * | 2018-01-23 | 2018-06-12 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | The ground water drainage system and its construction method of a kind of separate type double-hole tunnel |
| CN111287794A (en) * | 2020-04-07 | 2020-06-16 | 中铁二院成都勘察设计研究院有限责任公司 | Karst tunnel underground water open type drainage structure and method |
| CN111350520A (en) * | 2020-05-08 | 2020-06-30 | 北京建工土木工程有限公司 | Underground water drainage system for underground excavation tunnel in water-rich sandy gravel stratum and construction method thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 乌鞘岭特长隧道排水系统设计;贾元霞;;隧道建设(04);第431-434页 * |
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