CN114088048B - Multipurpose geographical measuring instrument - Google Patents
Multipurpose geographical measuring instrument Download PDFInfo
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- CN114088048B CN114088048B CN202111354673.3A CN202111354673A CN114088048B CN 114088048 B CN114088048 B CN 114088048B CN 202111354673 A CN202111354673 A CN 202111354673A CN 114088048 B CN114088048 B CN 114088048B
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- 229920006351 engineering plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 14
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241001634830 Geometridae Species 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C1/00—Measuring angles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C1/00—Measuring angles
- G01C1/02—Theodolites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C17/00—Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes
- G01C17/02—Magnetic compasses
- G01C17/28—Electromagnetic compasses
- G01C17/30—Earth-inductor compasses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C5/00—Measuring height; Measuring distances transverse to line of sight; Levelling between separated points; Surveyors' levels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C9/00—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels
- G01C9/12—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels by using a single pendulum plumb lines G01C15/10
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
The geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is used for measuring azimuth, solar altitude, noon, direct solar point latitude and geomagnetic declination, and measuring longitude and latitude; the azimuth measuring unit is horizontal, the solar altitude measuring unit is vertical to the ground, the azimuth measuring unit and the solar altitude measuring unit are connected into a whole through 360-degree rotation of the connecting support sleeved in the connecting sleeve, and the observing support is 360-degree rotation of the observing support sleeved on the C part of the connecting support; the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude scale is arranged on the central line of the base, the azimuth scale and the azimuth pointer indicate azimuth and degrees, and the solar altitude pointer indicates solar altitude; mother-of-pearl, azimuth pointer, first, second, third and fourth nuts and plumb are metal parts, base, coupling sleeve, coupling bracket, observation bracket, sun altitude pointer, light shielding plate, light receiving plate and compass are metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastic parts, azimuth disc, sun altitude disc, clamping washer, plumb gasket, gasket and horizontal bubble are high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastic parts, and the surface is not reflective.
Description
Technical Field
The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is used for geographic teaching and geographic observation activities, and is mainly used for measuring latitude, sun altitude (including noon sun altitude), geographic azimuth (including north-south azimuth), noon time and geomagnetic declination, and measuring longitude and latitude.
Background
The geographical observation is an important content of the geographical education teaching of middle school, and comprises the latitude of experimental observation sun direct point, sun altitude (including noon sun altitude), geographical azimuth (including north-south azimuth), noon time, geomagnetic declination measurement, longitude and latitude measurement, further deepening and expanding. However, in the prior art of geographical education and teaching activities of middle school, no teaching instrument capable of observing the azimuth scientifically and the solar altitude is used. The national intellectual property office grants my utility model patent "a azimuth and sun altitude observer" on 12 months 11 days 2020, the patent number is ZL 202020581136.7, the grant notice number is CN 212133633U; 2021, 11 and 5, the national intellectual property agency grants my utility model patent, "teaching type geographical six-purpose observer", the patent number is ZL 202120406764.6, and the grant notice number is CN 214624206U (hereinafter "two utility models"). The utility model is initiated and scientific in observing azimuth and sun height, the structure and the technical scheme thereof lead in the field, but through teaching experiment practice, the structure and the technical scheme of the utility model have the following 10 defects: adopting 3 mother-of-pearl at the lower side of an adjusting base, simultaneously rotating a connecting bracket, observing that a plumb is opposite to a plumb projection track, and observing that a plumb is opposite to a plumb contrast line at the back of a supporting rod, thereby realizing the level of the base and an azimuth dial, and realizing that a solar height measuring unit is vertical to the ground; the back of the solar height dial is tightly attached to the front of the supporting rod and fixed by adopting a third screw and a fourth screw, so that the solar height dial is vertical to the ground, the 0-degree dividing line level and the 90-degree dividing line in the middle of the solar height dial are ensured to be vertical to the ground, the method and the process are complex, no error adjustment is caused, no correction method is caused, the operability is poor, the error is large, and the practicability is influenced; setting a fourth screw and a fourth nut to influence the vertical adjustment of the azimuth plate; the observation port is smaller, and the sun altitude reading indicated by the sun altitude pointer is inconvenient to observe; the shading plate is smaller, and the shading effect is poor; the light-emitting effect of the cross light-emitting point is poor, and the design of the cross has no practical value; the plumb bob contrast line is designed on the back of the supporting rod, so that the practical value is not realized; the plumb is designed behind the solar altitude plate, and the use value of the plumb is not fully utilized; the compass is inconvenient to prepare for measuring geomagnetic deflection angle; both utility models ignore the use and operation method of observing the latitude of the direct solar point. The defects cause poor operability, poor accuracy and poor practicability of the two utility models, and can not be widely applied to geography education and teaching and geography observation activities of middle school students and teenagers.
Disclosure of Invention
The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument absorbs the advantages of the two utility models, overcomes the defects and makes great improvements and innovations: the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit; the azimuth measuring unit includes: the base 1 is round, 3 through bases 1 are equidistantly arranged on the edge of the base 1 and can stretch up and down to adjust mother-of-pearl 2 on the base 1, a horizontal bubble 28 is embedded beside the mother-of-pearl 2 to observe whether the base 1 is horizontal, a hollow connecting sleeve 6 which penetrates through the base 1 is vertically arranged on the central line of the base 1, a round azimuth disk 3 and an azimuth pointer 5 which rotate around the connecting sleeve 6 are sleeved from bottom to top at the position close to the base 1, the edges of the azimuth disk 3 are carved with east, south, west, north azimuth and azimuth degrees, scales are thin and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, the discrimination is high, a round plumb projection track 4 is arranged in the middle, a compass 29 with azimuth and graduation is embedded in the middle section of the connecting line from the 'south' of the azimuth disk 3 to the center for measuring geomagnetic deflection angle; the solar altitude measurement unit includes: the connecting bracket 7 is cast into a whole by A, B, C parts, the part A is a cylindrical rotating shaft, the lower end of the connecting bracket is provided with a clamping fourth nut 18, the part B of the connecting bracket 7 is a cuboid supporting rod, the front surface of the connecting bracket is vertical to the central line of the part A, the central line of the part A is equal to the thickness of a solar altitude scale, the design position of the lower end of the central line of the front surface of the part B is provided with a third nut 22, the solar altitude scale 8 is fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 through a corresponding third screw 21, the rear section of the third screw 21 is arranged between the back surface of the solar altitude scale 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7, a gasket 23 is arranged for adjusting the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface thereof is vertical to the ground; the back of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut 16 is arranged, a first screw 17 is screwed into the first nut 16, the part C of the connecting bracket 7 is cylindrical, a second nut 15 is arranged in the front end, a second screw 13 is screwed into the connecting bracket, a plumb gasket 14, a clamping washer 12, an observation bracket 9 and a solar altitude plate 8 are clamped at the same time, and the observation bracket 9 and the solar altitude plate 8 are sleeved on the part C of the connecting bracket 7; a small hole for connecting a plumb line is arranged right below the plumb gasket 14, and a plumb 27 is arranged; the sun height scale 8 is a disc, a 0-degree horizontal line and a 90-degree vertical line passing through the center are arranged on the front surface, sun height degrees with the horizontal line being 0-degree and the vertical line being 90-degree are arranged on the front surface edge, the scales are thin and striking, the interval is 0.5-degree, and the distinguishing degree is high; the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude plate 8 is combined with the central line of the part 7A of the connecting support, two lines are combined, arc-shaped hole grooves 24 are formed at the two sides of the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude plate 8 and correspond to the positions of the third nuts 22 on the part B of the connecting support 7, and the solar altitude plate 8 is fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting support 7 through the corresponding third screws 21; the observation support 9 is in a strip shape, an observation support sleeve is arranged behind the center and sleeved on the C part of the connecting support 7, the rotation is 360 degrees, and the lubricant is coated on the rotation surface. An observation port 20 is formed in one end of the observation support 9, a sun height pointer 19 is arranged in the middle of the observation port 20, a light shielding plate 25 perpendicular to the observation support 9 is arranged at the end, a light inlet 10 is formed in the middle of the front end of the light shielding plate 25, a light receiving plate 26 perpendicular to the observation support 9 is arranged at the position opposite to the light shielding plate 25, a circular light receiving point 11 is arranged at the position opposite to the light inlet 10, and a light-displaying material is coated inside; the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is inserted into the connecting sleeve 6 through the rotating shaft A of the connecting bracket 7, rotates by 360 degrees, coats lubricant on the rotating surface, and screws the tail end into the fourth nut 18 of the clamping position to connect the solar height measuring unit and the azimuth measuring unit into a whole; the four lines are combined into a whole, wherein the straight line is perpendicular to the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7, and the solar altitude plate 8 is closely attached to the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; the adjusting and correcting structure of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is as follows: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude scale 8 is slightly rotated so that the line tied with the plumb 27 is opposite to the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8, wherein the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8 is not vertical to the ground; if the line of the plumb 27 has an offset angle with the 90 DEG vertical line on the front side of the solar altitude scale 8 when observing the solar altitude, the offset angle is increased or decreased, the solar altitude and the offset angle are decreased on the same side of the 90 DEG vertical line, and the solar altitude and the offset angle are increased on both sides of the 90 DEG vertical line, thereby correcting the solar altitude; geographic multipurpose measuring apparatu, its characterized in that: the mother-of-pearl 2, the azimuth pointer 5, the second screw 13, the second nut 15, the first nut 16, the first screw 17, the fourth nut 18, the third screw 21, the third nut 22 and the plumb 27 are all made of metal; the solar energy system comprises a base 1, a connecting sleeve 6, a connecting bracket 7, an observation bracket 9, a solar altitude pointer 19, a light shielding plate 25, a light receiving plate 26 and a compass 29, wherein the above components are all made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; the azimuth disc 3, the solar altitude disc 8, the clamping washer 12, the plumb gasket 14, the gasket 23 and the horizontal bubble 28 are all made of high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics, and the surfaces of the azimuth disc, the solar altitude disc and the clamping washer are not reflective; compared with the two utility models, the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument has the following 11 significant improvements and innovations: 3 mother-of-pearl 2 which are used for adjusting the edge of the base 1 are adopted, and meanwhile, the horizontal bubble 28 is observed, so that the base 1 and the azimuth plate 3 can be more easily horizontal; the connecting bracket 7 is rotated to observe that the plumb 27 is opposite to the base plumb projection track 4, and the line tied with the plumb 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8, so that the solar altitude measurement unit comprises the solar altitude scale 8, the front surface and the 90-degree vertical line thereof, and the plane where the observing bracket 9 is positioned is vertical to the ground; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude scale 8 is slightly rotated so that the line tied with the plumb 27 is opposite to the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8, wherein the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8 is not vertical to the ground; if the line of the plumb 27 has an offset angle with the 90 DEG vertical line on the front side of the solar altitude scale 8 when observing the solar altitude, the offset angle is increased or decreased, the solar altitude and the offset angle are decreased on the same side of the 90 DEG vertical line, and the solar altitude and the offset angle are increased on both sides of the 90 DEG vertical line, thereby correcting the solar altitude; the areas of the light shielding plate 25 and the light receiving plate 26 are increased, the circular light receiving points 11 are coated with light-displaying materials, and sunlight is easier to observe; the observation port is increased, and the sun height indicated by the sun height pointer is more convenient to observe; the compass 29 with azimuth and graduation is embedded in the middle section of the connecting line from the 'south' of the azimuth disk 3 to the center, so that geomagnetic deflection angle can be measured more conveniently; the part B of the connecting bracket 7 is cut off more than the part C and comprises a fourth screw and a fourth nut; the plumb contrast line is not designed on the back of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; use and method of operation to increase the latitude of the point of direct sunlight of observation. Through the great improvement and innovation, the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument overcomes the defects of the two utility models, improves the accuracy of observation, has stronger operability, is simpler and more convenient to observe, has higher practicability, and is more beneficial to application in geographic education and teaching and the geographic observation activities of middle school students and teenagers.
The geographic multipurpose measuring instrument has the advantages that:
The method comprises the steps of firstly utilizing solar noon sun altitude science to measure the geographic north-south azimuth, measuring the azimuth of the sun when the solar altitude reaches the maximum in one day, namely the solar noon sun altitude, namely the azimuth of the sun facing the sun in the plane of the front face of a solar altitude scale 8 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument, namely the direct south or direct north of the earth, namely the direct solar spot in the north area, the direct solar spot in the south area, the direct solar spot in the direct north, and the latitude of the direct solar spot in the noon every half of the year in summer, wherein the average value of the azimuth and the degrees of the sun deviating from the direct east and the direct solar spot measured by an azimuth pointer 5 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is adopted at 6 points and 18 points in the local area; the latitude of the solar direct point in noon every half winter or every year can be referred to astronomical data, at this time, the azimuth "south" or "north" of the azimuth plate 3 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument, namely the azimuth "south" of the azimuth plate 3 in the north region of the solar direct point, the azimuth "north" of the azimuth plate 3 in the south region of the solar direct point is aligned and fixed with the azimuth of the sun at this time, namely the azimuth of the plane of the front face of the solar altitude plate 8 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument, and the error can be reduced by averaging through multi-day measurement. Particularly, the geomagnetic north-south azimuth indicated by a compass is avoided from being adopted as the geographic north-south azimuth by a common azimuth instrument, and the error of geomagnetic declination is avoided scientifically. The method is characterized by firstly and scientifically observing the sun altitude, the geographic azimuth, the noon time, the sun direct point latitude, measuring and calculating the local longitude and latitude and measuring the local geomagnetic deflection angle at the moment;
2. the method has the advantages that the method strictly follows the principle of geography science, realizes the multipurpose geography observation, is provided with an adjusting and correcting structure, is more exquisite and reasonable in design, simple in manufacture, simple in process, more convenient to operate, visual in observation and higher in precision;
3. The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument has seven and nine purposes and is suitable for world geographic education and teaching and student and teenager geographic observation activities. At present, in the geography teaching activities of middle school in China, a teaching instrument capable of scientifically observing azimuth and measuring sun height is not available, and the geography multipurpose measuring instrument fills the blank in the field; the seven-grade upper book of junior middle school (star map press) is provided with a teaching material of geography, the first chapter activity class is provided with 'the influence of direct sunlight and oblique incidence on the ground' which requires students to observe and summarize 'the relationship between the solar altitude and the ground heat during one day' and 'the influence of the solar altitude on the temperature in different seasons during one year'; the teaching material of high school (geography (1)), the first chapter, the third section and the movement of the earth, wherein 'the movement of the direct sun point', 'the alternation and the time difference between day and night', 'the change of the length of day and the height of noon', are all important points and difficulties in the geography education and teaching of middle school. In the geographic education teaching and experimental observation activities, the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument can be used for conveniently, intuitively and quantitatively observing and recording the sun height in real time, further measuring the solar noon sun height, geographic orientations such as noon, north-south orientation and the like, the latitude of the direct sun point and geomagnetic deflection angle, measuring and calculating the longitude and the latitude, and if students observe and generalize for a long time, the device can be summarized and verified: the change rule of solar altitude in one day and solar altitude in noon in one year; local latitude = 90 ° -difference between local solar noon solar altitude on the current day and solar direct point latitude on the current day; the azimuth and the degree of the sun deviating from the east and west are measured by the azimuth pointer 5 at 6 points or 18 points in the half-year place in summer, namely the latitude of the direct solar point at the moment, and the average value of the azimuth and the degree is the latitude of the direct solar point in the noon of the day. Students can easily understand, master and use the geographical important and difficult knowledge of middle schools such as solar altitude, longitude, latitude, earth rotation, revolution, time zone, local time and the like, and further expand and deepen. The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument can be used for students and teenagers to perform geographic observation activities, is beneficial to stimulating the interests of geographic observation and learning of geographic science, is beneficial to improving the practical operation capabilities of geographic science literacy, manual brain and the like, and is beneficial to culturing the spirit of scientific exploration.
Working principle:
Placing the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument on an observation platform, adjusting 3 mother-of-pearl 2 below the base 1 up and down, and observing the horizontal bubble 28 to enable the base 1 to reach the horizontal level; the connecting bracket 7 is rotated, and the plumb 27 is observed to be opposite to the plumb projection track 4, so that the solar height measuring unit comprises a solar height disc 8, the front surface of the solar height disc, a vertical line with 90 degrees and a plane where the observing bracket 9 is positioned are vertical to the ground; if the front of the solar altitude plate 8 is not vertical to the ground because the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back of the solar altitude plate 8 and the front of the part B of the connecting bracket 9; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8 is not vertical to the ground, the solar altitude scale 8 is slightly rotated, so that the line of the plumb bob 27 is opposite to the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8; the connecting bracket 7 and the observing bracket 9 are rotated to enable sunlight to enter from the light inlet 10 and to be projected to the center of the circular light receiving point 11, and the degree of the solar altitude dial 8 indicated by the solar altitude pointer 19 at the moment is read out from the observing port 20, namely the solar altitude at the moment; if the line of the plumb 27 has an offset angle with the 90 DEG vertical line on the front side of the solar altitude scale 8 when observing the solar altitude, the offset angle is increased or decreased, namely, the solar altitude and the offset angle are reduced on the same side of the 90 DEG vertical line, and the solar altitude and the offset angle are increased on two sides of the 90 DEG vertical line, so that the solar altitude is corrected; measuring the maximum value reached by the solar altitude near noon, namely the noon solar altitude of the day; measuring the moment when the sun height reaches the maximum value, namely the noon moment; meanwhile, the azimuth of the sun at the moment is measured, namely the azimuth of the plane of the front face of the solar altitude disc 8 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument facing the sun is the right south or the right north of the place, namely the sun in the right south of the north region of the direct solar radiation point, the sun in the right north region of the direct solar radiation point, and the latitude of the direct solar radiation point in noon every half a year in summer is measured, wherein the average value of the azimuth and the degree of the sun deviating from the right east and the right west measured by the azimuth pointer 5 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is adopted at 6 points and 18 points in places; the latitude of the direct solar point in noon every day in the winter half year or the whole year can be used for referring to astronomical data. At the moment, the azimuth 'south' or 'north' of the azimuth disc 3 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument, namely the azimuth 'south' of the azimuth disc 3 in the north region of the direct solar radiation point, namely the azimuth 'north' of the azimuth disc 3 in the south region of the direct solar radiation point, is aligned and fixed with the azimuth of the sun at the moment, namely the azimuth of the plane of the front face of the solar altitude disc 8 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument facing the sun, and the error can be reduced by averaging through measurement for a plurality of days; in special cases, if the sun height is just 90 degrees, the ground is the direct solar radiation point of the same day, the sunrise azimuth is east, and the sunset azimuth is west, so that the east, south, west and north positions of the observation platform are measured; observing a compass 29 embedded in the azimuth disc, wherein the compass indicates the north-south azimuth and the azimuth deviation angle of the north-south azimuth measured by the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is the geomagnetic deviation angle at the local time; the azimuth pointer 5 is rotated to enable one end of the azimuth pointer 5 to point to the geographical object to be measured, and the azimuth and the degree of the azimuth pointer 5 on the azimuth disc 3 at the moment are the azimuth and the degree of the geographical object to be measured relative to the observation platform; the longitude of the place can be calculated by using the measured difference between the noon time of the place and the noon time of the place time zone and the degree of the central meridian of the place time zone; algorithm: longitude here = degrees of central meridian of this local time zone + time difference of noon time of this local time zone from noon time here x 15 °; the latitude of the position can be calculated by using the measured noon solar altitude of the position and the observed or consulted latitude of the noon solar direct point of the position; algorithm: here latitude=90 ° -here difference between the midday solar altitude of the day and the midday solar direct point latitude of the day; the azimuth pointer 5 is used for observing the azimuth and the degrees of the sun deviating from the east and west at 6 points and 18 points in the half-year place in summer, namely the latitude of the direct solar point at the moment, and the average value of the azimuth and the degrees is the latitude of the direct solar point in noon of the day.
Description of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a front view of a multipurpose geographic measuring instrument. Fig. 2 is a side view of the multipurpose geometer. Fig. 3 is a side view of a connection bracket, with the following part designations: (1) An azimuth measurement unit, (2) a solar altitude measurement unit; the device comprises a base, 2 mother-of-pearl, 3 azimuth plates, 4 plumb projection tracks, 5 azimuth pointers, 6 connecting sleeves, 7 connecting brackets, 8 sun height plates, 9 observation brackets, 10 light inlets, 11 round light receiving points, 12 clamping washers, 13 second screws, 14 plumb gaskets, 15 second nuts, 16 first nuts, 17 first screws, 18 fourth nuts, 19 sun height pointers, 20 observation holes, 21 third screws, 22 third nuts, 23 gaskets, 24 hole grooves, 25 light shielding plates, 26 light receiving plates, 27 plumbs, 28 horizontal bubbles and 29 compass.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit: the technical proposal of the azimuth measuring unit is shown in figure 1, the base 1 is round, the radius is 30cm, the thickness is 2cm, 3 through bases 1 are equidistantly arranged at the edge, mother-of-pearl 2 which can be adjusted in an up-down telescopic way, the radius is 0.5cm, the height is 5cm, a horizontal bubble 28 is embedded beside the mother-of-pearl 2 for observing whether the base 1 is horizontal, the center of the base 1 is vertically provided with a through base 1, a hollow connecting sleeve 6, the height is 6cm, the outer radius is 2cm, the inner radius is 1.5cm, the connecting sleeve 6 is near the base 1, a round azimuth disc 3 which rotates around the connecting sleeve 6 and an azimuth pointer 5 with the radius of 27.5cm are sleeved from bottom to top, the thickness of the azimuth disc 3 is 0.4cm, the radius is 28cm, the azimuth and azimuth degrees of east, south, west and north are carved on the edge, the scale is thin and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, the discrimination is high, and the middle is provided with a circular plumb projection track 4 with the radius of 3.6 cm; the compass 29 with azimuth and scales is embedded in the middle section of the connecting line from the 'south' of the azimuth disk 3 to the center, the radius of the compass 29 is 3cm, and the thickness is equal to the thickness of the azimuth disk 3 and is 0.4cm, so that geomagnetic deflection angles can be measured more conveniently; the technical scheme of the solar altitude measurement unit is as follows: as shown in the accompanying drawings 1, 2 and 3, the connecting bracket 7 is cast into a whole by A, B, C parts, the A part is a cylindrical rotating shaft, the radius is 1.5cm, the height is 13cm, the lower end is provided with a clamping fourth nut 18, the B part is a cuboid supporting rod, the thickness is 1.6cm, the width is 4cm, the length is 36cm, the B part coincides with the A part by 3cm, the front surface of the B part is vertical to the central line of the A part, the distance from the central line of the A part is 0.4cm and is just equal to the thickness of a solar altitude plate, the central line of the front surface of the B part is 23 cm away from the central line of the C part, a third nut 22 is arranged, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 0.6cm, a third screw 21 is correspondingly arranged, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 1cm, the rear section of the third screw 21 is provided with a plurality of gaskets 23, the thickness is 0.1cm, and the third screw 21 fixes the solar altitude plate 8 on the front face of the part B; the back of the part B is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut 16 is arranged, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 1.5cm, a first screw 17 is arranged, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 10cm, and the first screw is screwed into the first nut 16; the C part of the connecting bracket 7 is cylindrical, the radius is 1cm, the length is 3cm, the front end is internally provided with a second nut 15, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 1.5cm, a second screw 13 is screwed in, the radius is 0.2cm, the wire mouth length is 1.2cm, the nut length is 0.3 cm, the second screw 13 simultaneously clamps the plumb gasket 14, the clamping washer 12, the observation bracket 9 and the solar altitude plate 8, and the observation bracket 9 and the solar altitude plate 8 are sleeved on the C part of the connecting bracket 7; a circular plumb pad 14 with a radius of 1.5cm and a thickness of 0.2cm and a center hole with a radius of 0.2cm, and a small hole plumb 27 arranged at the right lower end; a circular clamping washer 12 with a radius of 2cm, a thickness of 0.4cm and a center hole radius of 0.2cm; the solar altitude scale 8 is round, has the thickness of 0.4cm and the radius of 28cm, is provided with a horizontal line passing through the center and a vertical line of 90 degrees on the front side, and is provided with solar altitude degrees with the horizontal line of 0 degree and the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front side edge, and has thin and striking scales, 0.5 degree interval and high distinguishing degree; the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude plate 8 is combined with the central line of the part A of the connecting bracket 7, an arc-shaped hole groove 24 is formed in the position corresponding to the third nut 22 on the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude plate 8, the length is 2cm, the width is 0.5cm, and the solar altitude plate 8 is fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 through a third screw 21; the observation support 9 is strip-shaped, has the length of 60cm, the width of 3cm and the thickness of 0.4cm, a circular sleeve is arranged behind the center, the inner radius of the sleeve is 1cm, the length of the sleeve is 2.6cm, the sleeve is sleeved on the C part of the connecting support 7, the sleeve rotates at 360 degrees, and the lubricant is coated on the rotating surface; one end of the observation support 9 is provided with an observation port 20, the length is 8cm, the width is 2cm, a sun height pointer 19 is arranged in the middle, the length is 3.5cm, the end is provided with a light shielding plate 25 which is perpendicular to the observation support 9, the front end is 8cm wide, the rear end is 2cm wide, the length is 16cm, the thickness is 0.4cm, the front end of the light shielding plate 25 is 1.2cm away from the observation port, a circular light inlet 10 with the radius of 0.1cm is arranged at the middle position, the other end of the observation support 9 is provided with a light receiving plate 26 which is perpendicular to the observation support 9 and is opposite to the light shielding plate 25, the length is 16cm, the width is 10cm, the thickness is 0.4cm, the light receiving plate 26 is opposite to the light inlet 10, setting a circular contact point 11; internal coating with a light-emitting material; the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is sleeved in the connecting sleeve 6 through the rotating shaft A of the connecting bracket 7, rotates by 360 degrees, coats lubricant on the rotating surface, screws a fourth nut 18 at the clamping position on the tail end, and connects the solar height measuring unit and the azimuth measuring unit into a whole; the front 90 DEG vertical line of the solar altitude plate 8 of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument, the central line of the rotating shaft of the part A of the connecting bracket 7, the central line of the connecting sleeve 6 and the base 1 are combined into a whole, the straight line is perpendicular to the front of the part B of the connecting bracket 7, and the solar altitude plate 8 is tightly attached to the front of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; the adjusting and correcting structure of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is as follows: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar altitude plate 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude scale 8 is slightly rotated so that the line tied with the plumb 27 is opposite to the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8, wherein the 90 DEG vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude scale 8 is not vertical to the ground; if the line of the plumb 27 has an offset angle with the 90 DEG vertical line on the front side of the solar altitude scale 8 when observing the solar altitude, the offset angle is increased or decreased, the solar altitude and the offset angle are decreased on the same side of the 90 DEG vertical line, and the solar altitude and the offset angle are increased on both sides of the 90 DEG vertical line, thereby correcting the solar altitude; the manufacturing materials of the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument are as follows: the mother-of-pearl 2, the azimuth pointer 5, the second screw 13, the second nut 15, the first nut 16, the first screw 17, the fourth nut 18, the third screw 21, the third nut 22 and the plumb 27 are all made of metal; the device comprises a base 1, a connecting sleeve 6, a connecting bracket 7, an observation bracket 9, a solar height pointer 19, a light shielding plate 25, a light receiving plate 26 and a compass 29, wherein the above components are made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; the azimuth disc 3, the solar altitude disc 8, the clamping washer 12, the plumb bob washer 14, the washer 23 and the horizontal bubble 28 are all made of high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics, and the surfaces of the azimuth disc, the solar altitude disc and the clamping washer are not reflective.
Claims (3)
1. Geographic multipurpose measuring apparatu, its characterized in that: comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit; the azimuth measuring unit includes: the base (1) is round, three through bases (1) are arranged at the edge of the base (1) at equal intervals and can stretch up and down to adjust mother-of-pearl (2) at the level of the base (1), a horizontal bubble (28) is embedded beside the mother-of-pearl (2) to observe whether the base (1) is horizontal, a hollow connecting sleeve (6) penetrating through the base (1) is vertically arranged on the central line of the base (1), a round azimuth disc (3) and an azimuth pointer (5) which rotate around the connecting sleeve (6) are sleeved from bottom to top at the position of the connecting sleeve (6), the edge of the azimuth disc (3) is carved with east, south, west, north azimuth and azimuth degrees, the scales are thin and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, the discrimination is high, a round plumb projection track (4) is arranged in the middle, and a compass (29) with azimuth and scales is embedded in the middle section of a connecting line from the 'south' of the azimuth disk (3) to the center for measuring geomagnetic deflection angle; the solar altitude measurement unit includes: the connecting support (7) is cast into a whole by A, B, C parts, the part A is a cylindrical rotating shaft, the lower end of the connecting support is provided with a clamping fourth nut (18), the part B of the connecting support (7) is a cuboid supporting rod, the front surface of the connecting support is perpendicular to the central line of the part A, the central line of the part A is equal to the thickness of the solar altitude plate, the design position of the lower end of the central line of the front surface of the part B is provided with a third nut (22), and the solar altitude plate (8) is fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting support (7) through a corresponding third screw (21); a gasket (23) is arranged between the back of the solar altitude plate (8) and the front of the part B of the connecting bracket (7) at the rear section of the third screw (21) and is used for adjusting the solar altitude plate (8) and the front of the solar altitude plate to be vertical to the ground; the back of the part B of the connecting bracket (7) is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut (16) is arranged, and a first screw (17) is screwed into the first nut (16); the C part of the connecting bracket (7) is cylindrical, a second nut (15) is arranged in the front end of the connecting bracket, a second screw (13) is screwed in, a plumb gasket (14), a clamping washer (12), an observation bracket (9) and a solar altitude plate (8) are clamped at the same time, and the observation bracket (9) and the solar altitude plate (8) are sleeved on the C part of the connecting bracket (7); a small hole for tying a plumb line is arranged right below the plumb line tying gasket (14), and a plumb line tying (27) is arranged right below the plumb line tying gasket; the sun height scale (8) is a disc, a 0-degree horizontal line and a 90-degree vertical line passing through the center are arranged on the front surface, sun height degrees with the horizontal line being 0-degree and the vertical line being 90-degree are arranged on the front surface edge, the scales are thin and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, and the distinguishing degree is high; the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude plate (8) is combined with the central line of the A part of the connecting bracket (7), an arc-shaped hole groove (24) is formed in the position corresponding to the third nut (22) of the B part of the connecting bracket (7) on the vertical line of 90 degrees, and the solar altitude plate (8) is fixed on the front surface of the B part of the connecting bracket (7) through a third screw (21); the observation support (9) is in a strip shape, an observation support sleeve is arranged behind the center and sleeved on the C part of the connecting support (7), the rotation of the observation support is 360 DEG, and a lubricant is coated on the rotation surface; one end of the observation support (9) is provided with an observation port (20), a sun height pointer (19) is arranged in the middle of the observation port (20), a light shielding plate (25) perpendicular to the observation support (9) is arranged at the end, a light inlet (10) is arranged in the middle of the front end of the light shielding plate (25), a light receiving plate (26) perpendicular to the observation support (9) is arranged at the other end of the observation support (9) opposite to the light shielding plate (25), a circular light receiving point (11) is arranged at the position, opposite to the light inlet (10), of the light receiving plate (26), and a light-displaying material is internally coated; the geographic multipurpose measuring instrument is inserted into a connecting sleeve (6) through an A part rotating shaft of a connecting bracket (7), rotates at 360 degrees, coats lubricant on the rotating surface, screws a fourth nut (18) at a clamping position at the tail end, and connects a solar height measuring unit and an azimuth measuring unit into a whole; the straight line of 90 degrees on the front of the solar altitude disc (8), the central line of the A part of the connecting support (7), the central line of the connecting sleeve (6) and the central line of the base 1 are integrated into a whole, the straight line is perpendicular to the front of the B part of the connecting support (7), and the solar altitude disc (8) is tightly attached to the front of the B part of the connecting support (7).
2. The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument of claim 1, wherein the adjustment and correction structure is: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude plate (8) and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket (23) is added or reduced on the rear section of a third screw (21) between the back surface of the solar altitude plate (8) and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket (7); if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar altitude scale (8) is slightly rotated if the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude scale (8) is not vertical to the ground, so that the line tied with the plumb bob (27) is opposite to the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar altitude scale (8); if the solar elevation is observed, the offset angle is increased or decreased by the line of the plumb (27) and the vertical line of 90 degrees on the front surface of the solar elevation plate (8), the solar elevation and the offset angle are decreased on the same side of the vertical line of 90 degrees, and the solar elevation and the offset angle are increased on two sides of the vertical line of 90 degrees, so that the solar elevation is corrected.
3. The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mother-of-screw (2), the azimuth pointer (5), the second screw (13), the second nut (15), the first nut (16), the first screw (17), the fourth nut (18), the third screw (21), the third nut (22) and the plumb (27) are all made of metal; the solar energy sun-shading device comprises a base (1), a connecting sleeve (6), a connecting bracket (7), an observation bracket (9), a sun altitude pointer (19), a light shielding plate (25), a light receiving plate (26) and a compass (29), wherein the above components are all made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; azimuth plate (3), sun altitude plate (8), clamping washer (12), plumb bob washer (14), washer (23), the horizontal bubble (28) adopts high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics for the parts, and the surfaces of the parts are not reflective.
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