CN114088048A - Multipurpose geographical measuring instrument - Google Patents
Multipurpose geographical measuring instrument Download PDFInfo
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- CN114088048A CN114088048A CN202111354673.3A CN202111354673A CN114088048A CN 114088048 A CN114088048 A CN 114088048A CN 202111354673 A CN202111354673 A CN 202111354673A CN 114088048 A CN114088048 A CN 114088048A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C1/00—Measuring angles
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C1/00—Measuring angles
- G01C1/02—Theodolites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C17/00—Compasses; Devices for ascertaining true or magnetic north for navigation or surveying purposes
- G01C17/02—Magnetic compasses
- G01C17/28—Electromagnetic compasses
- G01C17/30—Earth-inductor compasses
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C5/00—Measuring height; Measuring distances transverse to line of sight; Levelling between separated points; Surveyors' levels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01C—MEASURING DISTANCES, LEVELS OR BEARINGS; SURVEYING; NAVIGATION; GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS; PHOTOGRAMMETRY OR VIDEOGRAMMETRY
- G01C9/00—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels
- G01C9/12—Measuring inclination, e.g. by clinometers, by levels by using a single pendulum plumb lines G01C15/10
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Abstract
The geographical multipurpose measuring instrument is used for measuring azimuth, solar altitude, noon time, solar direct point latitude and geomagnetic declination, and measuring and calculating longitude and latitude; the azimuth measuring unit is horizontal, the solar altitude measuring unit is vertical to the ground, the two units are connected into a whole through the 360-degree rotation of the connecting support sleeve in the connecting sleeve, and the observation support sleeve rotates 360 degrees on the C part of the connecting support; the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar altitude disc is positioned on the central line of the base, the azimuth disc and the azimuth pointer indicate azimuth and degree, and the solar altitude pointer indicates solar altitude; the screw, the azimuth pointer, the first screw, the second screw, the third screw, the first nut, the second nut, the third nut, the fourth nut and the plumb are metal parts, the base, the connecting sleeve, the connecting support, the observation support, the sun height pointer, the light screen, the light receiving plate and the compass are metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastic parts, the azimuth disc, the sun height disc, the clamping gasket, the plumb tying gasket, the gasket and the horizontal bubble are high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastic parts, and the surfaces of the parts are not reflective.
Description
Technical Field
The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is used for geographic teaching and geographic observation activities, and mainly observes the latitude of a solar direct point, the solar altitude (including solar altitude at noon), the geographic orientation (including north-south orientation), the noon time, measures the geomagnetic declination, and measures and calculates the longitude and the latitude.
Background
The development of geographical observation is an important content of the middle school geographical education teaching, and comprises the experimental observation of the latitude of the solar direct point, the solar altitude (including the solar altitude at noon), the geographical azimuth (including the north-south azimuth), the noon time, the measurement of the geomagnetic declination, the measurement of the longitude and the latitude, and further deepening and expanding. However, in the current geography education and teaching activities of middle school, no teaching instrument which can observe the azimuth scientifically and the solar altitude is used. 11/12/2020, the national intellectual property office awards to my utility model patent "a direction and sun height viewer", patent number is ZL 202020581136.7, and the publication number is CN 212133633U; on the 5 th month 11 2021, the national intellectual property office awards my utility model patent "teaching type geography six-purpose observation instrument", patent number is ZL 202120406764.6, and the publication number is CN 214624206U (hereinafter referred to as "two utility models"). "two utility model" the position and the sun height are surveyd to the science simultaneously in the initiative, and its structure and technical scheme are leading in this field, nevertheless through teaching experiment practice, discover "two utility model" structure and technical scheme have following 10 defects: adjusting 3 mother-of-pearl inlay plates under the base, rotating the connecting support at the same time, observing that the plumb bob is opposite to the plumb bob projection track, and observing that the plumb bob is opposite to the plumb bob contrast line on the back of the supporting rod, thereby realizing the level of the base and the azimuth dial and realizing that the solar height measuring unit is vertical to the ground; the back of the solar altitude dial is tightly attached to the front of the supporting rod and fixed by adopting a third screw and a fourth screw, so that the solar altitude dial is perpendicular to the ground, the 0-degree scribed line in the middle of the solar altitude dial is horizontal, the 90-degree scribed line in the middle of the solar altitude dial is perpendicular to the ground, the method and the process are complicated, no error is adjusted, no correction method is adopted, the operability is poor, the error is large, and the practicability is influenced; a fourth screw and a fourth nut are arranged to influence the vertical adjustment of the azimuth plate; the observation port is small, and the reading of the sun height indicated by the sun height pointer is inconvenient to observe; the shading plate is small, and the shading effect is poor; the cross light receiving points have poor light-showing effect, and the design of the cross has no practical value; the design of the plumb bob contrast line on the back of the supporting rod has no practical value; the plumb is designed behind the solar altitude disc, so that the use value of the plumb is not fully utilized; it is inconvenient to prepare an additional compass for measuring the geomagnetic declination; the two utility models ignore the purpose and the operation method for observing the latitude of the direct solar radiation point. The defects result in poor operability, poor accuracy and poor practicability, and can not be widely applied to geography education and teaching and geography observation activities of middle school students and teenagers.
Disclosure of Invention
The multipurpose measuring instrument for geography has absorbed the advantages of 'two utility models', overcomes the defects, and makes great improvement and innovation:
the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit;
the azimuth measuring unit includes: the ground measuring instrument is characterized in that the base 1 is circular, 3 through bases 1 are arranged at the edge of the base 1 at equal intervals and can stretch up and down to adjust the mother-of-pearl inlay 2 of the base 1, horizontal bubbles 28 are embedded beside the mother-of-pearl inlay 2 to observe whether the base 1 is horizontal, a hollow connecting sleeve 6 penetrating through the base 1 is vertically arranged on the central line of the base 1, the connecting sleeve 6 is close to the base 1, a circular azimuth dial 3 and an azimuth pointer 5 rotating around the connecting sleeve 6 are sleeved from bottom to top on the edge of the azimuth dial 3, east, south, west, north and azimuth degrees are engraved on the edge of the azimuth dial 3, the scales are fine and striking, the intervals are 0.5 degrees, the division degree is high, a circular plumb projection track 4 is arranged in the middle, and a compass 29 with the azimuth and the scales is embedded in the middle position of the connecting line from the azimuth 'south' to the center of the azimuth dial 3 to measure the geomagnetic declination;
the solar height measuring unit includes: a, B, C parts of the connecting bracket 7 are cast into a whole, a part A is a cylindrical rotating shaft, the lower end of the part A is provided with a blocking fourth nut 18, a part B of the connecting bracket 7 is a cuboid supporting rod, the front side of the part A is perpendicular to the central line of the part A, the distance from the central line of the part A is equal to the thickness of the solar height disc, a third nut 22 is arranged at the design position of the lower end of the central line of the front side of the part B, the solar height disc 8 is fixed on the front side of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 through a corresponding third screw 21, and a gasket 23 is arranged between the back side of the solar height disc 8 and the front side of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 at the rear section of the third screw 21 to adjust the solar height disc 8 and the front side of the part B to be perpendicular to the ground; the back of the part B of the connecting support 7 is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut 16 is arranged, a first screw 17 is screwed into the first nut 16, the part C of the connecting support 7 is cylindrical, a second nut 15 is arranged in the front end of the connecting support 7, a second screw 13 is screwed into the connecting support, a plumb-tying gasket 14, a clamping washer 12, an observation support 9 and a solar height disc 8 are clamped at the same time, and the observation support 9 and the solar height disc 8 are sleeved on the part C of the connecting support 7; a plumb line fastening small hole is arranged right below the plumb line fastening gasket 14, and a plumb 27 is fastened; the solar altitude disc 8 is a disc, the front side of the solar altitude disc is provided with a 0-degree horizontal line and a 90-degree vertical line which pass through the center, the edge of the front side is provided with a solar altitude degree which takes the horizontal line as 0 degree and the vertical line as 90 degrees, the scale is fine and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, and the discrimination is high; two lines are integrated with the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 and the central line of the part A of the connecting support 7, arc-shaped hole grooves 24 are formed in the positions, corresponding to the third nuts 22 of the part B of the connecting support 7, on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8, and the solar height disc 8 is fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting support 7 through corresponding third screws 21; the observation support 9 is in a strip shape, an observation support sleeve is arranged behind the center of the observation support 9 and sleeved on the part C of the connecting support 7, the observation support rotates for 360 degrees, and the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant. One end of the observation bracket 9 is provided with an observation port 20, the middle of the observation port 20 is provided with a sun height pointer 19, the end is provided with a light screen 25 vertical to the observation bracket 9, the middle of the front end of the light screen 25 is provided with a light inlet hole 10, the other end of the observation bracket 9 is provided with a light receiving plate 26 vertical to the observation bracket 9 opposite to the light screen 25, the light receiving plate 26 is opposite to the light inlet hole 10 and is provided with a circular light receiving point 11, and a light display material is coated in the interior;
the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is inserted into the connecting sleeve 6 through the part A rotating shaft of the connecting bracket 7, rotates for 360 degrees, the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant, the tail end is screwed into the clamped fourth nut 18, and the solar height measuring unit and the azimuth measuring unit are connected into a whole;
the four lines of a 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of a solar height disc 8, the central line of the part A of the connecting support 7, the central line of the connecting sleeve 6 and the central line of the base 1 of the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument are integrated, the straight line is perpendicular to the front surface of the part B of the connecting support 7, and the solar height disc 8 is tightly attached to the front surface of the part B of the connecting support 7;
the adjusting and correcting structure of the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is as follows: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar height disc 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar height disc 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is not vertical to the ground, the solar height disc 8 is rotated slightly, so that the line of the plumb bob 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8; if the sun height is observed, the line tied to the plumb bob 27 and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the sun height disc 8 have an offset angle, the offset angle is added or subtracted, the sun height and the offset angle are subtracted on the same side of the 90-degree vertical line, and the sun height and the offset angle are added on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line, so that the sun height is corrected;
multipurpose measuring apparatu in geography, its characterized in that: the nut 2, the azimuth pointer 5, the second screw 13, the second nut 15, the first nut 16, the first screw 17, the fourth nut 18, the third screw 21, the third nut 22 and the plumb bob 27 are all made of metal; the device comprises a base 1, a connecting sleeve 6, a connecting bracket 7, an observation bracket 9, a solar altitude pointer 19, a light screen 25, a light receiving plate 26 and a compass 29, wherein the components are all made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; the azimuth plate 3, the solar height plate 8, the blocking washer 12, the plumb bob pad 14, the pad 23 and the horizontal bubble 28 are all made of high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics, and the surfaces of the components are not reflective;
compared with the 'two utility models', the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument has the following 11 major improvements and innovations: the base 1 and the azimuth disc 3 are more easily leveled by adjusting the 3 mother-of-pearl inlay 2 at the edge of the base 1 and observing the horizontal bubble 28; the connecting support 7 is rotated, the observation plumb 27 is opposite to the plumb projection track 4 of the base, the line of the plumb 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8, and the solar height measuring unit comprising the solar height disc 8, the front surface of the solar height disc and the 90-degree vertical line is easier to be made, and the plane where the observation support 9 is located is vertical to the ground; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar height disc 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar height disc 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is not vertical to the ground, the solar height disc 8 is rotated slightly, so that the line of the plumb bob 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8; if the sun height is observed, the line tied to the plumb bob 27 and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the sun height disc 8 have an offset angle, the offset angle is added or subtracted, the sun height and the offset angle are subtracted on the same side of the 90-degree vertical line, and the sun height and the offset angle are added on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line, so that the sun height is corrected; the areas of the light shielding plate 25 and the light receiving plate 26 are increased, and the circular light receiving point 11 is coated with a light-showing material, so that sunlight can be observed more easily; the observation port is enlarged, and the reading of the solar altitude indicated by the solar altitude pointer is more convenient to observe; a compass 29 with azimuth and scale is embedded in the middle position of a connecting line from the azimuth 'south' to the center of the azimuth disc 3, so that the geomagnetic declination can be measured more conveniently; the part B of the connecting bracket 7 is cut above the part C and comprises a fourth screw and a fourth nut; the back of the part B of the connecting bracket 7 is not provided with a plumb comparison line; increasing the application and the operation method for observing the latitude of the solar direct-irradiating point. Through above major improvement and innovation, the aforementioned defect of "two utility model" has been overcome to geographical multipurpose measuring apparatu, has improved the precision of surveing, and the operability is stronger, observes more simple and conveniently, has more the practicality, more is favorable to using in geography education teaching and middle school student, teenagers geography observation activity.
The multipurpose geographic measuring instrument has the following advantages:
1. firstly, scientifically measuring the geographical north-south directions by utilizing the solar altitude at noon, when the solar altitude reaches the maximum in one day, namely the solar altitude at noon, measuring the azimuth of the sun at the moment, namely the azimuth of the plane of the front face of the solar altitude disc 8 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument facing the sun, namely the true south or the true north of the place, namely the solar direct-irradiation point is in the true south with the sun in the north area, the solar direct-irradiation point is in the true north with the sun in the south area, the latitude of the solar direct-irradiation point at noon every half year in summer is adopted at 6 and 18 points in the place, and the azimuth and the average value of the degree of the sun which are deviated from the true east and the true west are measured by the azimuth pointer 5 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument; the latitude of the solar direct-emitting point in the noon of a half winter or all year can be consulted for astronomical data. At the moment, the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument is aligned and fixed, namely the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 is 'south' or 'north' in the area with north from the direct sun point, and the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 is 'north' in the area with south from the direct sun point and the azimuth of the sun at the moment, namely the azimuth of the plane on which the front face of the solar height disc 8 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument faces the sun, and errors can be reduced by measuring and averaging for multiple days. Particularly, the common azimuth instrument is prevented from adopting the geomagnetic north-south azimuth indicated by the compass as the geographic north-south azimuth, and the error of the geomagnetic declination is scientifically avoided. Firstly, scientifically observing the solar altitude, the geographic azimuth, the noon time and the solar direct-radiation point latitude, calculating the local longitude and latitude and measuring the local geomagnetic declination at that time;
2. the multipurpose geographic observation is realized strictly according to the geographic science principle, the adjusting and correcting structure is arranged, the design is more exquisite and reasonable, the manufacture is simple and easy, the process is simple, the operation is more convenient, the observation is visual, and the precision is higher;
3. the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument has seven purposes and is suitable for geographic education and teaching and geographic observation activities of students and teenagers all over the world. At present, in the middle school geography teaching activities in China, no teaching instrument capable of simultaneously and scientifically observing directions and measuring the height of the sun exists, and the multipurpose geography measuring instrument fills the blank of the field;
seven grades of junior middle school are registered with geographical teaching materials (planet map publishing company), the first activity course of ' influence of direct and oblique sunlight on the ground ' requires students to observe and summarize ' relationship between the height of the sun and the heat of the ground in one day ' and ' influence of the height of the sun in the noon on the temperature in different seasons ' in one year '; the high school teaching material geography (1) must be revised (human education version), chapter i, section iii, the movement of the earth, wherein the knowledge points are the key points and the difficulties of the education and teaching of the geography (1) in middle school. In the geography education teaching and experiment observation activities, the geography multipurpose measuring instrument can be used for observing and recording the sun height very simply, conveniently, intuitively and quantitatively, further measuring the geography directions such as solar noon, solar noon time, north-south directions and the like, the latitude of a direct sun point, the geomagnetic declination, measuring and calculating the longitude and the latitude, and if students observe and conclude for a long time, the geography teaching and experiment observation activities can be summarized and verified: the change rule of the solar altitude in the middle of a day and the solar altitude at noon in a year; the local latitude =90 ° -the difference between the altitude of the solar noon sun on the local day and the latitude of the solar direct point on the local day; at 6 o 'clock or 18 o' clock in the local summer, the azimuth and the degree of the sun deviating from the east and west are measured by the azimuth pointer 5, namely the latitude of the sun direct-irradiating point at the moment, and the average value of the azimuth and the degree is the latitude of the sun direct-irradiating point at the noon of the day. Students can more easily understand, master and use the key points and difficult knowledge of middle school geography such as solar altitude, longitude, latitude, earth rotation, revolution, time zone, local time and the like, and further expand and deepen the knowledge. The local multipurpose geographic measuring instrument can also be used for geographic observation activities of students and teenagers, is favorable for exciting the interest of the geographic observation and the geographic science learning of the students and the teenagers, is favorable for improving the practical operation capabilities of the geographic science literacy, the manual brain and the like of the students and the teenagers, and is favorable for cultivating the spirit of scientific exploration of the students and the teenagers.
The working principle is as follows:
placing the local multipurpose measuring instrument on an observation platform, adjusting 3 mother-of-pearl inlay 2 on the lower edge of the base 1 up and down, and observing the horizontal bubble 28 to enable the base 1 to be horizontal; the connecting support 7 is rotated, the observation plumb 27 is opposite to the plumb projection track 4, so that the solar height measuring unit comprises a solar height disc 8, the front surface of the solar height disc, a 90-degree vertical line of the solar height disc and the plane where the observation support 9 is located are vertical to the ground; if the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is not vertical to the ground because the manufacturing precision does not reach the design requirement, a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar height disc 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 9; if the manufacturing precision does not reach the design requirement, the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is not vertical to the ground, the solar height disc 8 is rotated slightly, and the line of the plumb bob 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8;
the connecting bracket 7 and the observation bracket 9 are rotated to enable sunlight to be emitted from the light inlet hole 10 and projected to the center of the circular spotlight 11, and the degree on the solar altitude dial 8, which is indicated by the solar altitude pointer 19 at the moment, is read from the observation port 20, namely the solar altitude at the moment; if the sun height is observed, the line tied to the plumb bob 27 and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the sun height disc 8 have an offset angle, the offset angle is added or subtracted, namely the sun height and the offset angle are reduced on the same side of the 90-degree vertical line, and the sun height and the offset angle are added on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line, so that the sun height is corrected;
measuring the maximum value of the solar altitude near noon, namely the solar altitude at noon of the day;
measuring the moment when the solar altitude reaches the maximum value, namely the midday moment;
simultaneously, the direction of the sun is measured, namely the direction of the plane of the front surface of the solar height disc 8 of the local multipurpose measuring instrument facing the sun is the true south or the true north of the place, namely the direct sun point is in the true south with the sun of the north area, the direct sun point is in the true north with the sun of the south area, the latitude of the direct sun point at noon every summer and half year is measured by adopting the directions of 6 o 'clock and 18 o' clock at the local time and using the direction pointer 5 of the local multipurpose measuring instrument to measure the direction and the average value of the degrees of the sun deviating from the true east and the true west; the latitude of the solar direct-emitting point in the noon of a half winter or all year can be consulted for astronomical data. At the moment, the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument is aligned and fixed, namely the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 is 'south' or 'north' in the area with north of the direct sun point, and the azimuth of the azimuth disc 3 is 'north' in the area with south of the direct sun point and the azimuth of the sun at the moment, namely the azimuth of the plane on which the front surface of the solar height disc 8 of the local multi-purpose measuring instrument faces the sun, and errors can be reduced by measuring and averaging for multiple days; in a special case, if the sun is just 90 degrees, the position is the sun direct-irradiating point of the day, the sunrise direction is east, the sunset direction is west, and thus, the east, south, west and north positions of the observation platform are determined;
observing a compass 29 embedded in an azimuth dial, wherein the declination between the north and south directions indicated by the compass and the north and south directions measured by the local multi-purpose measuring instrument is the current geomagnetic declination of the local place;
rotating the azimuth pointer 5 to enable one end of the azimuth pointer to point to the geographical object to be measured, wherein the azimuth and the degree of the azimuth pointer 5 on the azimuth disc 3 are the azimuth and the degree of the geographical object to be measured relative to the observation platform;
calculating the longitude by using the difference between the measured noon time and the noon time of the local time zone and the degree of the central meridian of the local time zone; the algorithm is as follows: longitude here = the number of degrees of the central meridian of the local time zone + the time difference between the midday time of the local time zone and the midday time here × 15 °;
the latitude at the position can be calculated by utilizing the measured solar altitude at noon of the current day and the observed or consulted latitude of the solar direct-emitting point at noon of the current day; the algorithm is as follows: latitude =90 ° -difference between the solar altitude at noon of the day and the solar direct point latitude at noon of the day;
at 6 o 'clock and 18 o' clock in the local summer, the azimuth and the degree of the sun deviating from the east and west are observed by the azimuth pointer 5, namely the latitude of the direct sun-irradiating point at the moment, and the average value of the latitude and the direction of the direct sun-irradiating point at the noon of the day is the latitude of the direct sun-irradiating point at the noon of the day.
Description of the drawings:
figure 1 is a front view of a multipurpose geographical measuring instrument. Figure 2 is a side view of a multipurpose geographical measuring instrument. FIG. 3 is a side view of the connecting bracket
The component names in the figure are:
(1) an azimuth measuring unit, (2) a solar altitude measuring unit;
the technical scheme includes that 1 base, 2 mother-of-pearl feet, 3 azimuth disks, 4 plumb projection tracks, 5 azimuth pointers, 6 connecting sleeves, 7 connecting supports, 8 sun height disks, 9 observation supports, 10 light inlet holes, 11 circular light receiving points, 12 clamping gaskets, 13 second screws, 14 plumb gaskets, 15 second nuts, 16 first nuts, 17 first screws, 18 fourth nuts, 19 sun height pointers, 20 observation ports, 21 third screws, 22 third nuts, 23 gaskets, 24 hole grooves, 25 light shielding plates, 26 light receiving plates, 27 plumbs, 28 horizontal bulbs and 29 compasses are adopted.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit:
the technical scheme of the azimuth measuring unit is shown in the attached drawing 1, wherein a base 1 is circular, the radius of the base is 30cm, the thickness of the base is 2cm, 3 through bases 1 are arranged at equal intervals along the edge, a mother-of-pear 2 capable of being adjusted in an up-and-down telescopic mode is arranged at equal intervals, the radius of the mother-of-pear 2 is 0.5cm, the height of the mother-of-pear 2 is 5cm, a horizontal bubble 28 is embedded beside the mother-of-pear 2 for observing whether the base 1 is horizontal, the center of the base 1 is vertically provided with the through bases 1, a hollow connecting sleeve 6, the height of the connecting sleeve 6 is 6cm, the outer radius of the connecting sleeve is 2cm, the inner radius of the connecting sleeve is 1, a circular azimuth disc 3 and an azimuth pointer 5 with the radius of 27.5cm are sleeved on the connecting sleeve 6 from bottom to top, the azimuth disc 3 is 0.4cm in thickness, the radius of 28cm, the azimuth and the azimuth degree of the east, the south, the west and north of the edge, the azimuth degree of the azimuth disc 3 are fine and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, and the degree of the division is high, and a circular plumb projection track 4 with the radius of the middle is arranged in the middle; a compass 29 with azimuth and scale is embedded in the middle position of a connecting line from the azimuth 'south' of the azimuth dial 3 to the center, the radius of the compass 29 is 3cm, the thickness of the compass is equal to that of the azimuth dial 3, and the thickness of the compass is 0.4cm, so that the geomagnetic declination can be measured more conveniently;
the technical scheme of the solar height measuring unit is as follows: as shown in fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3, the connecting bracket 7 is a whole cast from A, B, C three parts, part a is a cylindrical rotating shaft with a radius of 1.5cm and a height of 13cm, a fourth nut 18 with a clamp position is arranged at the lower end, part B is a rectangular supporting rod with a thickness of 1.6cm, a width of 4cm and a length of 36cm, 3cm coincident with the part A, the front surface of the part B is vertical to the central line of the part A, the distance from the central line of the part A is 0.4cm, and the distance is just equal to the thickness of the solar altitude disc, a third nut 22 with the radius of 0.2cm and the length of 0.6cm is arranged at the position of the central line of the front surface of the part B and the lower end of the central line of the part C at a distance of 23 cm, correspondingly arranging a third screw 21 with the radius of 0.2cm and the length of 1cm, arranging a plurality of gaskets 23 at the rear section of the third screw 21, wherein the thicknesses of the gaskets are 0.1cm, and fixing the solar height disc 8 on the front surface of the part B by the third screw 21; the back of the part B is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut 16 with the radius of 0.2cm and the length of 1.5cm and a first screw 17 with the radius of 0.2cm and the length of 10cm are arranged and screwed into the first nut 16; the part C of the connecting support 7 is cylindrical, the radius is 1cm, the length is 3cm, a second nut 15 is arranged at the front end, the radius is 0.2cm, the length is 1.5cm, a second screw 13 is screwed in, the radius is 0.2cm, the length of a screw opening is 1.2cm, the length of a screw cap is 0.3 cm, the second screw 13 simultaneously clamps a plumb tying gasket 14, a clamping gasket 12, an observation support 9 and a solar height disc 8, and the observation support 9 and the solar height disc 8 are sleeved on the part C of the connecting support 7; a round plumb-tying pad 14 with the radius of 1.5cm, the thickness of 0.2cm and the central hole radius of 0.2cm, and a small-hole plumb-tying 27 is arranged at the right lower end; the radius of the round clamping washer 12 is 2cm, the thickness is 0.4cm, and the radius of the central hole is 0.2 cm; the solar height disc 8 is round, the thickness is 0.4cm, the radius is 28cm, a 0-degree horizontal line and a 90-degree vertical line which pass through the center are arranged on the front surface, the solar height degree which takes the horizontal line as 0 degree and the vertical line as 90 degrees is arranged on the edge of the front surface, the scale is fine and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, and the discrimination is high; a 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is integrated with a central line of a part A of the connecting support 7 in two lines, an arc-shaped hole groove 24 is formed in the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 corresponding to the position of a third nut 22, the length of the arc-shaped hole groove is 2cm, and the width of the arc-shaped hole groove is 0.5cm, so that the solar height disc 8 can be fixed on the front surface of the part B of the connecting support 7 through a third screw 21; the observation bracket 9 is in a long strip shape, the length is 60cm, the width is 3cm, the thickness is 0.4cm, a circular sleeve is arranged behind the center, the inner radius is 1cm, the length is 2.6cm, the observation bracket is sleeved on the part C of the connecting bracket 7, the observation bracket rotates at 360 degrees, and the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant; an observation port 20 is arranged at one end of the observation support 9, the observation support is 8cm in length and 2cm in width, a sun height pointer 19 is arranged in the middle of the observation support and 3.5cm in length, a light screen 25 perpendicular to the observation support 9 is arranged at the end, the front end of the observation support is 8cm in width, the rear end of the observation support is 2cm in width, the length of the light screen is 16cm, the thickness of the light screen is 0.4cm, a circular light inlet hole 10 with the radius of 0.1cm is arranged at the middle position of the front end of the light screen 25, a light receiving plate 26 perpendicular to the observation support 9 is arranged opposite to the light screen 25 at the other end of the observation support 9, the length of the light screen is 16cm, the width of the light screen is 10cm, the thickness of the light receiving plate 26 is 0.4cm, and a circular light receiving point 11 is arranged at the position, which is opposite to the light inlet hole 10; coating a light-sensitive material inside;
the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is sleeved in the connecting sleeve 6 through a part A rotating shaft of the connecting support 7, rotates for 360 degrees, the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant, the tail end is screwed with a clamped fourth nut 18, and the solar height measuring unit and the azimuth measuring unit are connected into a whole;
the front 90-degree vertical line of a solar height disc 8 of the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument, the central line of a part of rotating shaft of a connecting support 7A, the central line of a connecting sleeve 6 and the central line of a base 1 are integrated into a whole, the straight line is perpendicular to the front of a part B of the connecting support 7, and the solar height disc 8 is tightly attached to the front of the part B of the connecting support 7;
the adjusting and correcting structure of the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is as follows: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar height disc 8 and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket 23 is added or reduced on the rear section of the third screw 21 between the back surface of the solar height disc 8 and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket 7; if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8 is not vertical to the ground, the solar height disc 8 is rotated slightly, so that the line of the plumb bob 27 is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc 8; if the sun height is observed, the line tied to the plumb bob 27 and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the sun height disc 8 have an offset angle, the offset angle is added or subtracted, the sun height and the offset angle are subtracted on the same side of the 90-degree vertical line, and the sun height and the offset angle are added on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line, so that the sun height is corrected;
the geodetic multipurpose measuring instrument is made of the following materials: the nut 2, the azimuth pointer 5, the second screw 13, the second nut 15, the first nut 16, the first screw 17, the fourth nut 18, the third screw 21, the third nut 22 and the plumb bob 27 are all made of metal; the device comprises a base 1, a connecting sleeve 6, a connecting bracket 7, an observation bracket 9, a sun height pointer 19, a light screen 25, a light receiving plate 26 and a compass 29, wherein the components are made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; the azimuth plate 3, the solar height plate 8, the blocking washer 12, the plumb bob pad 14, the pad 23 and the horizontal bulb 28 are all made of high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics, and the surfaces of the components are not reflective.
Claims (3)
1. Multipurpose measuring apparatu in geography, its characterized in that: comprises an azimuth measuring unit and a solar altitude measuring unit; the azimuth measuring unit includes: the base (1) is circular, three through bases (1) are arranged at equal intervals on the edge of the base (1) and can stretch up and down to adjust the horizontal mother-of-pear (2) of the base (1), a horizontal bubble (28) is embedded beside the mother-of-pear (2) to observe whether the base (1) is horizontal, a hollow connecting sleeve (6) penetrating the base (1) is vertically arranged on the central line of the base (1), the connecting sleeve (6) is close to the base (1), a circular azimuth disc (3) and an azimuth pointer (5) which rotate around the connecting sleeve (6) are sleeved from bottom to top, east, south, west and north azimuths and azimuth degrees are engraved on the edge of the azimuth disc (3), the scales are fine and striking, the intervals are 0.5 degrees, the division degree is high, a circular plumb projection track (4) is arranged in the middle, a compass (29) with the azimuth and scales is embedded in the middle section position of a connecting line from the south of the azimuth disc (3) to the center, for measuring the geomagnetic declination; the solar height measuring unit includes: the connecting support (7) is cast into a whole by A, B, C, part A is a cylindrical rotating shaft, the lower end of the connecting support is provided with a clamping fourth nut (18), part B of the connecting support (7) is a cuboid supporting rod, the front side of the connecting support is perpendicular to the central line of part A, the distance from the central line of part A to the central line of part A is equal to the thickness of the solar height disc, a third nut (22) is arranged at the designed position of the lower end of the central line of the front side of part B, and the solar height disc (8) is fixed on the front side of part B of the connecting support (7) through a corresponding third screw (21); a gasket (23) is arranged between the back surface of the solar height disc (8) and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket (7) at the rear section of the third screw (21) and is used for adjusting the solar height disc (8) and the front surface thereof to be vertical to the ground; the back of the part B of the connecting support (7) is opposite to the rear end of the part C, a first nut (16) is arranged, and a first screw (17) is screwed into the first nut (16); the C part of the connecting support (7) is cylindrical, a second nut (15) is arranged in the front end of the connecting support, a second screw (13) is screwed in, a plumb bob gasket (14), a clamping washer (12), an observation support (9) and a solar height disc (8) are clamped at the same time, and the observation support (9) and the solar height disc (8) are sleeved on the C part of the connecting support (7); a small hole for tying a plumb line is arranged right below the plumb tying gasket (14) and ties a plumb (27); the solar height disc (8) is a disc, the front side of the solar height disc is provided with a 0-degree horizontal line and a 90-degree vertical line which pass through the center, the edge of the front side is provided with a solar height degree which takes the horizontal line as 0 degree and the vertical line as 90 degrees, the scale is fine and striking, the interval is 0.5 degrees, and the discrimination is high; a 90-degree vertical line on the front face of the solar height disc (8) is integrated with a central line of a part A of the connecting support (7), and an arc-shaped hole groove (24) is formed in the 90-degree vertical line corresponding to the position of a third nut (22) of a part B of the connecting support (7) so that the solar height disc (8) can be fixed on the front face of the part B of the connecting support (7) through a third screw (21); the observation support (9) is in a long strip shape, an observation support sleeve is arranged behind the center of the observation support and sleeved on the part C of the connecting support (7), the observation support rotates for 360 degrees, and the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant; one end of the observation support (9) is provided with an observation port (20), a sun height pointer (19) is arranged in the middle of the observation port (20), the end is provided with a light screen (25) vertical to the observation support (9), the middle of the front end of the light screen (25) is provided with a light inlet hole (10), the other end of the observation support (9) is provided with a light receiving plate (26) vertical to the observation support (9) opposite to the light screen (25), the light receiving plate (26) is provided with a circular light receiving point (11) opposite to the light inlet hole (10), and a light display material is coated in the interior; the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is inserted into the connecting sleeve (6) through the part A rotating shaft of the connecting support (7), rotates for 360 degrees, the rotating surface is coated with a lubricant, the tail end of the multipurpose geographic measuring instrument is screwed with a clamped fourth nut (18), and the solar height measuring unit and the azimuth measuring unit are connected into a whole; the four lines of a 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc (8), the central line of the A part of the connecting support (7), the central line of the connecting sleeve (6) and the central line of the base (1) are integrated, the straight line is perpendicular to the front surface of the B part of the connecting support (7), and the solar height disc (8) is tightly attached to the front surface of the B part of the connecting support (7).
2. The multipurpose geographical measuring instrument of claim 1, wherein the adjusting and correcting structure is: if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, the solar height disc (8) and the front surface thereof are not vertical to the ground, and a gasket (23) is added or reduced on the rear section of a third screw (21) between the back surface of the solar height disc (8) and the front surface of the part B of the connecting bracket (7); if the manufacturing precision does not meet the design requirement, and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc (8) is not vertical to the ground, the solar height disc (8) is rotated slightly, so that the line of the plumb bob (27) is opposite to the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the solar height disc (8); if the sun height is observed, the line tied with the plumb bob (27) and the 90-degree vertical line on the front surface of the sun height disc (8) have an offset angle, the offset angle is added or subtracted, the sun height and the offset angle are subtracted on the same side of the 90-degree vertical line, and the sun height and the offset angle are added on two sides of the 90-degree vertical line, so that the sun height is corrected.
3. A geomulti-purpose measuring instrument according to claim 1, characterized by mother-of-pearl inlay (2), an azimuth pointer (5), a second screw (13), a second nut (15), a first nut (16), a first screw (17), a fourth nut (18), a third screw (21), a third nut (22), a plumb bob (27), all of which are made of metal; the device comprises a base (1), a connecting sleeve (6), a connecting support (7), an observation support (9), a sun height pointer (19), a shading plate (25), a light receiving plate (26) and a compass (29), wherein the base, the connecting sleeve (6), the connecting support (7), the observation support (9), the sun height pointer and the compass are all made of metal or high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics; the solar energy water heater comprises an azimuth disc (3), a solar height disc (8), a clamping washer (12), a plumb bob gasket (14), a gasket (23) and a horizontal bubble (28), wherein the azimuth disc, the solar height disc, the clamping washer and the horizontal bubble are all made of high-strength wear-resistant engineering plastics, and the surfaces of the azimuth disc, the solar height disc and the horizontal bubble are not reflective.
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