CN114009284A - Method for preventing apple from being frosted - Google Patents
Method for preventing apple from being frosted Download PDFInfo
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- CN114009284A CN114009284A CN202111462661.2A CN202111462661A CN114009284A CN 114009284 A CN114009284 A CN 114009284A CN 202111462661 A CN202111462661 A CN 202111462661A CN 114009284 A CN114009284 A CN 114009284A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 239000002420 orchard Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 241000220225 Malus Species 0.000 claims description 42
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 22
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 244000134242 Malus prunifolia Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005087 Malus prunifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000141359 Malus pumila Species 0.000 description 2
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000693079 Maloideae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004789 Rosa xanthina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000220222 Rosaceae Species 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/06—Devices for generating heat, smoke or fog in gardens, orchards or forests, e.g. to prevent damage by frost
Abstract
According to the apple frost prevention method disclosed by the invention, a wind power device, a temperature sensor, a heat release device and a system control device are arranged in an orchard, when a user receives frost early warning information, a signal is generated by using the technology of the Internet of things and is pushed to terminal equipment, and a microprocessor controls to turn on the wind power device; when the temperature is continuously reduced to be lower than the preset temperature, the sensor transmits a signal to the microprocessor to generate a signal, the heat release device is controlled to be started, the PID controller outputs and adjusts the PWM wave duty ratio and the water pump driving conduction time, the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump are further adjusted, the heat release reaction process is accurate, and the orchard temperature is rapidly increased and stabilized near the preset temperature value. The method combines a physical method, a chemical method and an automatic control technology to be applied to frost prevention of the orchard, has the advantages of intelligence, safety, environmental protection, labor saving and the like, can recycle exothermic reaction products, follows a sustainable development concept, effectively reduces frost loss and simultaneously meets the intelligent orchard protection requirement.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of disaster protection, and relates to an apple frost prevention method.
Background
The apple is a plant of Malus of Maloideae of Rosaceae, and its tree is deciduous tree. China is a big apple producing country, and the yield accounts for 65 percent of the total apple yield all over the world. The main varieties include Shaanxi Luochuan Fuji, Shaanxi Yanchuan Fuji, Gansu Tianshuihua apple, Shandong Hongxing, Shanxi Wanrong, etc.
The Shanxi apple is a province with the largest cultivation area and the largest yield of Chinese apples. Yan' an is one of the main production places of Shanxi apples. Due to the fact that the soil layer in the Yanan area is deep, the altitude is 800-1100 m on average, the illumination is sufficient in the daytime, the temperature difference between day and night is large, and the advantages of being unique are achieved, and the Yanan area is beneficial to sugar accumulation and vigorous growth of fruits. Yanan is a very suitable growth zone for apples. Under the influence of various beneficial factors, the produced apples have the characteristics of large size, bright color, crisp skin and sweet taste. The whole-city planting area is 140 mu of a thousand, the annual output is about 10 hundred million kilograms, particularly, apples in Fuxian county are preferred, and the apple tree is called as 'village of Chinese apples'.
Although the geographical and climate resource advantages are obvious in northwest loess plateau areas, the meteorological disasters are frequent. In a plurality of meteorological disasters, frost disasters have great influence on the yield and the quality of apples. At the end of 4 months in 2020, the temperature suddenly drops, an extreme cold weather appears, and the temperature reduction range can reach more than 10 ℃. At the moment, the apples are in the flowering phase, and the normal growth of the apples is greatly influenced by apple flowers below 0 ℃, and if the temperature is below-2 ℃ for half an hour, the apples are frozen to be dead, so that the normal growth of the apples is greatly influenced by the temperature reduction. According to rough statistics, the frost damages the fruit growers in Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi and Shandong seriously, the primary estimation of the influence on the yield reduction of the apples in China is 22.14 percent, and the influence is about 186.9 ten thousand tons, wherein the damage to the Shanxi Yanan Fucounty and surrounding villages and towns is the most serious, and the average yield reduction is estimated to be nearly 70 percent[1]。
Through consulting documents and on-site visiting research, the orchard defenseThe frost is generally prepared by traditional smoking and cold-proof method, farmers dig frost-proof cellars on the flat ground of an orchard, and smoke the orchard by burning branches, sawing wood sticks, weeds, fruit bags and the like in the cellars, so that the average temperature near fruit trees is increased to be higher than the frost temperature of flowers for prevention[2]However, frost usually occurs in the late night, so it is difficult to monitor the temperature change of the orchard in time. The burning and smoke generation probably causes open fire, has great potential safety hazard, and has a plurality of problems such as untimely monitoring, manpower waste, environmental pollution and the like. Therefore, it is a necessary trend to develop new methods to replace the traditional smoke frost prevention method.
Reference to the literature
[1] The Wangzhilong, apple tree need to remedy symptom after late frost [ J ]. northwest garden (fruit tree), 2020(03): 4-5.
[2] King Jinzheng, Xue Xiao Ming Yi, Chenru, Chinese apple industry countermeasure [ N ], Shandong science and technology report, 2020-01-17 (002).
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an apple frost prevention method which has the characteristics of reducing frost loss and enhancing orchard protection.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the frost prevention method for the apples is implemented according to the following steps:
supporting rods are arranged around the orchard, temperature sensors are arranged on the sides of the supporting rods, the top ends of the supporting rods are connected with a driving mechanism, and the driving mechanism is connected with a fan;
digging a reaction cellar in the orchard, putting quicklime into the reaction cellar, and connecting the reaction cellar to a water pump through a water pipe;
a microprocessor used for receiving, processing and outputting signals is arranged in the orchard and is connected with a display and a relay, the output end of the relay is connected with a wind power device and a heat release device, a temperature sensor is connected with the microprocessor, and the microprocessor is connected with a power supply;
and 6, regulating the PWM wave duty ratio and the water pump driving conduction time by utilizing the output of a PID controller in the heat release device, further regulating the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump, and accurately controlling the heat release reaction process of the quicklime and the water, so that the temperature of the orchard is quickly raised and stabilized near a preset temperature value.
The present invention is also characterized in that,
the installation depression angle of the fan in the step 1 is 15 degrees.
In the step 1, the temperature sensors adopt a multi-point acquisition layout mode, one temperature sensor is respectively arranged around a single wind power device, and the minimum value of the temperature values in four points is used as an actual measurement value.
The model of the temperature sensor in the step 1 is DS18B 20.
And 2, adopting a layout mode of a layer-spread type infiltration method for quick lime.
The water pump drive model in step 2 is L298N.
In the step 3, the model of the microprocessor is STM32F103RCT6, and the model of the display is JLX128 12864G-086-PN.
In the step 6, the PID control algorithm principle formula is shown as the formula (1),
in the formula (1), u (t) is output as a PID controller, KpIs a proportionality coefficient, TiIs an integralTime constant, TdFor the differential time constant, e (t) is the deviation of the preset temperature value and the measured temperature value.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method combines a physical method, a chemical method and an automatic control technology and is applied to the field of orchard frost prevention. Compared with the traditional smoking method, the method has the advantages of intelligence, safety, environmental protection, labor saving and the like, the technical scheme meets the intelligent requirement of modern agricultural development, the exothermic reaction product can be recycled, the sustainable development concept is followed, and safer and more reliable guarantee can be provided for the frost weather of fruit trees.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the construction of an anti-frost device in the apple anti-frost method of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an anti-frost device in the apple anti-frost method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the control system of the present invention for preventing apple frost;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the structure of a single wind system in the apple frost prevention method of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of the process of the anti-frost method for apple of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the process of the exothermic reaction system in the anti-frost method for apple of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of the PID algorithm control principle in the apple frost prevention method of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph of the system performance test in the apple frost prevention method of the present invention.
In the figure, 1, a wind power device, 2, a heat release device, 3, a driving mechanism, 4, a support rod, 5, a fan, 6, a reaction cellar, 7, a water pump, 8, a water pipe, 9, a system control device, 10, a display, 11, a microprocessor, 12, a relay, 13, a power supply and 14, a temperature sensor are arranged.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention relates to an apple frost prevention method, which adopts a device structure as shown in figures 1 and 2 and is implemented according to the following steps:
supporting rods (4) are arranged around the orchard, temperature sensors (14) are arranged on the sides of the supporting rods (4), the top ends of the supporting rods (4) are connected with a driving mechanism (3), the driving mechanism (3) is connected with a fan (5), a temperature inversion layer above the ground is broken through convection operation of the fan, warm air above the temperature inversion layer moves downwards, and the temperature near the crown of a fruit tree on the ground is increased; the temperature sensor (14) adopts a multi-point acquisition layout mode;
digging a reaction cellar (6) in the orchard, putting quicklime in the reaction cellar, wherein the quicklime adopts a layout mode of a layer-spread type infiltration method, and the reaction cellar (6) is connected to a water pump (7) through a water pipe (8);
a microprocessor (11) for receiving, processing and outputting signals is arranged in the orchard, the microprocessor (11) is connected with a display (10) and a relay (12), the output end of the relay (12) is connected with a wind power device (1) and a heat release device (2), a temperature sensor (14) is connected with the microprocessor (11), and the microprocessor (11) is connected with a power supply (13);
and 6, as shown in fig. 6 and 7, regulating the duty ratio of the PWM wave and the driving conduction time of the water pump (7) by utilizing the output of the PID controller in the heat release device (2), further regulating the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump (7), and accurately controlling the heat release reaction process of the quicklime and the water, so that the temperature of the orchard is quickly raised and stabilized near a preset temperature value.
The principle formula of the PID control algorithm is shown as a formula (1), and the chemical formula of the exothermic reaction of the quicklime and the water is shown as a formula (2);
CaO+H2O＝Ca(OH)2(2)
in the formula (1), u (t) is output as a PID controller, KpIs a proportionality coefficient, TiTo integrate the time constant, TdFor the differential time constant, e (t) is the deviation of the preset temperature value and the measured temperature value.
The frost prevention method for the apples comprises the following steps: in the step 1, the wind power device 1 is used for initially increasing the temperature of the orchard after the user receives frost early warning information. Adopts a physical frost prevention method, and the principle is as follows: the temperature inversion layer above the ground is broken through the convection operation of the fans 5 around, so that the warm air above moves downwards to improve the temperature near the crown of the fruit tree on the ground. The advantages are that: the inverse temperature characteristic in the vertical space is fully utilized.
In the apple frost prevention method of the present invention, in step 1, the temperature sensors 14 adopt a multipoint collection layout mode, one temperature sensor 14 is respectively placed around a single wind power device, and the minimum value of the temperature values in four points is used as an actual measurement value, so as to avoid the influence of environmental factors such as terrain, wind direction, etc., and ensure that the temperature of each point in the area can reach the preset temperature requirement. The scientific rationality of the system design is improved.
In the apple frost prevention method of the present invention, the step 6 serves to rapidly raise the temperature of the orchard by maximizing heat release when the temperature is less than a preset temperature. Adopt chemical frost prevention method, its principle is through quick lime and water take place the chemical exothermic reaction, releases a large amount of heats and promotes orchard temperature rapidly, compares traditional smoking method, and this method is safe environmental protection more.
In the application process of the apple frost prevention method, the wind power device 1 is firstly started, and the heat release system is started when the temperature is lower than the preset temperature, so that the system belongs to outdoor operation, the frost disaster loss is reduced to the maximum extent under the condition that the power consumption of the system is reduced as much as possible, and the frost is effectively prevented.
The working states of the wind power device 1 and the heat releasing device 2 are determined by the system control device 9 by using an automatic control principle, the working states of driving motors of the wind power device 1 and the heat releasing device 2 are controlled by the microprocessor 11, and the output of the controller is utilized to adjust the duty ratio and the driving conduction time of the PWM wave by combining a PID intelligent control algorithm in the heat releasing device 2, so that the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump 7 are adjusted, the heat releasing process is accurately controlled, and the temperature of an orchard is improved. By combining a physical method, a chemical method and an automatic control principle, the frost prevention automation is realized, the labor is saved, and the method is safer and more environment-friendly.
The process of the present invention is further illustrated by reference to specific examples.
Examples
the orchard is provided with support rods (4) at the periphery, a temperature sensor (14) is arranged on the side of each support rod (4), the top ends of the support rods (4) are connected with a driving mechanism (3), the driving mechanism (3) is connected with a fan (5), the fan (5) is FD-80A in type, 2m in diameter and 15 degrees in installation depression angle; the height of the supporting rod (4) is 8 meters, the diameter is 0.5 meter, the structure is cylindrical, and the material is aluminum alloy; the driving mechanism (3) is a single-phase motor with the model number of YL100L2-4 and the power of 3 kw; the model of the temperature sensor (14) is DS18B20, and a multi-point acquisition layout mode is adopted;
digging a reaction cellar (6) with the length of 1.5 meters, the width of 1.5 meters and the depth of 1 meter in the orchard, and putting quicklime which adopts a layout mode of a layer-spread type infiltration method; the reaction cellar (6) is connected to a water pump (7) through a water pipe (8); the water pump (7) is driven by the model number L298N; the water pipe (8) is a water pipe with the inner diameter of 25mm and cold resistance;
a microprocessor (11) for receiving, processing and outputting signals is arranged in the orchard, the microprocessor (11) is connected with a display (10) and a relay (12), the output end of the relay (12) is connected with a wind power device (1) and a heat release device (2), a temperature sensor (14) is connected with the microprocessor (11), and the microprocessor (11) is connected with a power supply (13); the model of the microprocessor (11) is STM32F103RCT6, and the model of the display (10) is JLX128 12864G-086-PN;
and 6, regulating the duty ratio of the PWM wave and the driving conduction time of the water pump (7) by utilizing the output of a PID controller in the heat release device (2), further regulating the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump (7), and accurately controlling the heat release reaction process of quicklime and water, so that the temperature of the orchard is quickly raised and stabilized near a preset temperature value.
The principle formula of the PID control algorithm is shown as a formula (1), and the chemical formula of the exothermic reaction of the quicklime and the water is shown as a formula (2);
CaO+H2O＝Ca(OH)2(2)
in the formula (1), u (t) is output as a PID controller, KpIs a proportionality coefficient, TiTo integrate the time constant, TdFor the differential time constant, e (t) is the deviation of the preset temperature value and the measured temperature value.
The effect of the method of the present invention will be further described below by referring to specific tests.
Receiving frost early warning time: 2021-04-1617:22:07.
When the mobile phone receives the frost early warning information, the frost prevention system is started immediately, the wind power system can be started normally, and the specific process of the heat release system is as follows:
parameter setting in the heat release system is the core design content of the system control device, firstly, the optimal control parameter is determined through experiments, the freezing damage critical temperature of mountain fruit trees in the flowering period is-2 ℃, therefore, the performance test of the heat release system is carried out when the temperature of an orchard falls to 0 ℃, a square area of 4 m multiplied by 4 m is used as the maximum range which can be radiated by heat of a single heat release device, and the preset temperature is set to be 4 ℃. The PID parameter adjustment control effect is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1 PID parameter Regulation control Effect
As can be seen from table 1: in the experiment, parameters are debugged one by using a control variable method, the finally-set optimal parameters are Kp (Kp is 20), Ki (Ki) is 1 and Kd (Kd) is 1, and at the moment, the system is only slightly overshot, can quickly meet the preset temperature requirement and keeps a stable state. After parameter setting is completed, system performance is also tested, temperature data is read every 2min, and the test result is shown in fig. 8.
As can be seen in fig. 8: the experimental result shows that the time required by the system to reach the steady state is about 36min, the error of the steady state is only 0.11 ℃, the maximum relative error is 14.5 percent, and the design requirement of the system can be basically met.
The conventional smoking method raises the temperature by 1-2 ℃ and 3 ℃ at most, and the temperature of the method of the invention raises by about 4 ℃ in a unit action area and is raised more rapidly.
Claims (9)
1. The frost prevention method for the apples is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, arranging a wind power device (1) and a temperature sensor (14),
supporting rods (4) are arranged on the periphery of the orchard, temperature sensors (14) are arranged on the sides of the supporting rods (4), the top ends of the supporting rods (4) are connected with a driving mechanism (3), and the driving mechanism (3) is connected with a fan (5);
step 2, arranging a heat release device (2),
digging a reaction cellar (6) in the orchard, putting quicklime into the reaction cellar, and connecting the reaction cellar (6) to a water pump (7) through a water pipe (8);
step 3, setting a system control device (9),
a microprocessor (11) for receiving, processing and outputting signals is arranged in the orchard, the microprocessor (11) is connected with a display (10) and a relay (12), the output end of the relay (12) is connected with a wind power device (1) and a heat release device (2), a temperature sensor (14) is connected with the microprocessor (11), and the microprocessor (11) is connected with a power supply (13);
step 4, after the user receives the frost early warning information, a first signal is generated by using the internet of things technology and pushed to the terminal control equipment, and the microprocessor (11) triggers the relay (12) to turn on the primary switch wind power device (1);
step 5, collecting environmental information temperature by using a temperature sensor (14) in the orchard, transmitting a signal to a microprocessor (11) by using the temperature sensor (14) when the temperature is continuously reduced to be lower than a preset temperature, generating a second signal by using the microprocessor (11), triggering a relay (12) to close a primary switch wind power device (1), and starting a secondary switch heat release device (2) at the same time;
and 6, regulating the duty ratio of the PWM wave and the driving conduction time of the water pump (7) by utilizing the output of a PID controller in the heat release device (2), further regulating the rotating speed and the flow of the water pump (7), and accurately controlling the heat release reaction process of quicklime and water, so that the temperature of the orchard is quickly raised and stabilized near a preset temperature value.
2. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein a mounting depression angle of the fan (5) in step 1 is 15 degrees.
3. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the driving mechanism (3) in step 1 is a single-phase motor with model number YL100L2-4 and power of 3 kw; the type of the fan (5) is FD-80A.
4. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensors (14) in step 1 are arranged in a multi-point collection manner, and one temperature sensor (14) is respectively arranged around a single wind power device (1), and the minimum value of the temperature values in four points is used as the actual measurement value.
5. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature sensor (14) in step 1 is model DS18B 20.
6. The method for preventing the frost of the apple according to claim 1, wherein the quicklime in the step 2 is distributed by a layer-spread type infiltration method.
7. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein said water pump (7) in step 2 is driven as type L298N.
8. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the microprocessor (11) model number in step 3 is STM32F103RCT6, and the display (10) model number is JLX 1283564-086-PN.
9. The apple frost prevention method according to claim 1, wherein the PID control algorithm in step 6 has a formula as shown in formula (1),
in the formula (1), u (t) is output as a PID controller, KpIs a proportionality coefficient, TiTo integrate the time constant, TdFor the differential time constant, e (t) is the deviation of the preset temperature value and the measured temperature value.
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2021
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Application publication date: 20220208 |