CN114000002B - 一种自润滑镍基合金及其成形方法 - Google Patents
一种自润滑镍基合金及其成形方法 Download PDFInfo
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 136
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910000943 NiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007733 ion plating Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910003310 Ni-Al Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Ni] VNNRSPGTAMTISX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001120 nichrome Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019589 Cr—Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001050 lubricating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种自润滑镍基合金及其成形方法，该合金包括镍基合金基体，镍基合金基体上分布有镀铝层的石墨/La2O3，将球磨后的石墨/纳米La2O3镀铝层后，再与镍基合金球磨形成复合粉末，采用高能激光束对复合粉末进行扫描熔化与凝固，促使在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，提高了石墨与镍基合金的界面润湿性能，同时因石墨的低摩、La2O3与Al4C3增强相的减磨功能，实现了镍基合金摩擦系数与磨损率的双重降低。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及基合金及其制备方法，特别地涉及一种自润滑镍基合金及其制备方法。
背景技术
镍基合金因具有良好的力学性能及耐腐蚀性能等优点，在海水热交换、火力发电废水处理装备、能源、石油化工等领域得到广泛应用，如发动机涡轮部件、连铸机辊子、挤压模具等。而在高温、高载荷、交变应变等复杂的工况条件下，镍基合金易发生摩擦磨损现象，同时润滑油、润滑脂在此复杂的工况下因老化、难以成膜而极易失效。石墨因自身独特的层状结构而作为传统润滑剂具有很好的减摩效果，且化学性质稳定，具有耐高温、抗腐蚀性能，但石墨与镍基合金的界面润湿性差，且易团聚，导致其在基体中分布不均、孔隙较多，使材料力学性能降低。石墨在高温摩擦过程中易发生氧化，降低其减摩功能；另一方面，对于激光加工过程中，石墨的高激光系数率极易致使其气化，降低了镍基合金基体上石墨的含量，进而减弱其减摩功能。目前多采用在石墨表面沉积金属镀层(如，Ni)以提高其与镍基合金的界面润湿性能，并改善其在基体中的分散性，一定程度上提高材料的力学性能。但金属镀层与石墨间无相互作用，致使镀层与石墨间的界面润湿性不足，同时仍无法解决石墨在高温摩擦过程中易发生氧化，难以有效提高镍基合金的摩擦性能，限制了镍基合金的广泛应用。
发明内容
发明目的：本发明的目的是提供一种摩擦系数低、磨损率低、具有自润滑性能的镍基合金。
本发明的另一目的是提供该镍基合金的制备方法。
技术方案：本发明所述的自润滑镍基合金，包括镍基合金基体，所述镍基合金基体上分布有镀铝层的石墨/La2O3。
进一步地，镀铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相是通过高能激光束作用形成的。
所述的自润滑镍基合金的成形方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将石墨与纳米La2O3粉末在氩气环境中进行球磨混合；
(2)采用电弧离子镀工艺，在石墨与纳米La2O3混合粉末沉积铝薄膜层；
(3)将上述步骤中镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、镍基合金粉末在氩气环境中进行球磨混合，获得混合均匀的镍基合金复合材料粉末；
(4)利用高能激光束对所述镍基合金复合材料粉末进行扫描熔化，在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，获得自润滑镍基合金。
进一步地，镍基合金为Ni-Cr合金、Ni-Cr-Mo、Ni-Cr-Fe、Ni-Cr-Fe-Al-B-Si合金中的一种；步骤(1)中石墨与纳米La2O3粉末的质量比为1∶1～5∶1；步骤(2)中沉积铝薄膜层厚度为10～100μm；步骤(3)中镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、镍基合金粉末的质量比为1∶40～1∶100；步骤(4)中高能激光束的扫描功率为180～350W，扫描加工时采用高纯氩气为保护气氛。
发明原理：本发明依据镍基合金在服役过程中摩擦学性能需求，基于石墨优异的低摩特性，将石墨与纳米La2O3粉末球磨混合后，根据铝对激光的高反射率特征，在混合粉末表面镀铝层以避免激光成形过程中石墨气化，再与镍基合金球磨形成复合粉末；其次，基于高能激光束下C-Al间、Ni-Al间的冶金特性，在氩气保护下，借助高能激光束在上述球磨的复合粉末进行扫描熔化与凝固成形具有在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，镀铝层内外侧发生的原位反应进一步增强了石墨/镍基合金间的界面润湿性，同时，石墨表面的镀铝层避免了石墨在摩擦过程中的氧化而保持较低的摩擦系数，且形成的增强相能提高镍基合金的耐磨性；另一方面，纳米La2O3粉末的热稳定高，在摩擦过程中能提高镍基合金摩擦层的抗氧化性，以进一步提高镍基合金的耐磨性。
有益效果：本发明与现有技术相比，其显著优点是：
1、本发明基于氩气保护下高能激光束约束下C-Al间、Ni-Al间的冶金特性及反应机理，高能激光束对球磨的复合粉末进行扫描熔化与凝固成形具有在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，促使镀铝层内、外侧分别与石墨与镍基合金发生的界面反应，显著增强了石墨/镍基合金间的界面润湿性；另一方面，反应过程中所形成的增强相能有效提高镍基合金的耐磨性；
2、本发明依据铝对激光束的高反射特性，在经球磨的石墨与纳米La2O3混合粉末表面沉积铝层，避免石墨直接吸收激光能量而发生气化，将石墨仍保留在镍基合金基体中，在摩擦过程中保持较低的摩擦系数；同时，在摩擦过程中铝镀层能先与氧结合发生氧化，避免石墨的氧化，进一步发挥石墨的低摩特性，降低镍基合金的摩擦系数；
3、基于La2O3的高熔点、高化学稳定性等优异特性，在摩擦过程中纳米La2O3能提高镍基合金摩擦层的抗氧化性，以促进镍基合金耐磨性的提高。
附图说明
图1是实施例1制得的自润滑镍基合金的物相谱图；
图2是实施例3制得的自润滑镍基合金的摩擦系数；
图3是实施例1-4制得的自润滑镍基合金的磨损率。
具体实施方式
实施例1
(1)将质量比为1∶1的石墨与纳米La2O3粉末在氩气环境中进行球磨混合；
(2)采用电弧离子镀工艺，在上述步骤中所述石墨与纳米La2O3混合粉末沉积厚度为10μm的铝薄膜层；
(3)将上述步骤中所述镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、Ni-Cr合金粉末按照质量分数为1∶40进行称量后，放置于球磨罐中，在氩气环境中进行球磨混合，获得混合均匀的镍基合金复合材料粉末；
(4)利用扫描功率为180W高能激光束对上述步骤中所述镍基合金复合材料粉末进行扫描熔化在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，获得自润滑镍基合金。
从图1可发现，复合材料的物相谱图中除镍基合金衍射峰外，还发现了镀铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，说明本发明提供自润滑镍基合金及成形方法能增强石墨与镍基合金的界面的润湿性能。
实施例2
本实施例与实施例1的区别是：步骤1中石墨与纳米La2O3粉末设定为3∶1，；步骤4中高能激光束扫描功率为250W。
实施例3
本实施例与实施例2的区别是：步骤3中镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、Ni-Cr合金粉末的质量分数为1∶70；步骤4中高能激光束扫描功率为350W。
实施例4
本实施例与实施例3的区别是：步骤2中石墨与纳米La2O3混合粉末沉积厚度为100μm铝薄膜层；步骤3中镍基合金为Ni-Cr-Mo。
图2中自润滑镍基合金的摩擦系数稳定值约为0.23，低于粉末冶金制备的镀Ni石墨增强NiCr合金的最优摩擦系数(约0.31)。另一方面，从图3中可发现实施例1-4的自润滑镍基合金的在2.81～1.92×10-5mm3/N·m范围，低于粉末冶金制备的镀Ni石墨增强NiCr合金的最低磨损率3.2×10-5mm3/N·m，这是因为铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相在摩擦过程中的强化作用，同时，纳米La2O3粉末增加了镍基合金摩擦层的抗氧化性，致使镍基合金的磨损率较低，进一步说明本发明提供的自润滑镍基合金的成形方法能有效提高镍基合金的摩擦性能。
Claims (4)
1.一种自润滑镍基合金，其特征在于，包括镍基合金基体，镍基合金基体上分布有镀铝层的石墨/La2O3，
制备方法如下：
(1)将石墨与纳米La2O3粉末在氩气环境中进行球磨混合；
(2)采用电弧离子镀工艺，在石墨与纳米La2O3混合粉末沉积铝薄膜层；
(3)将上述步骤中镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、镍基合金粉末在氩气环境中进行球磨混合，获得混合均匀的镍基合金复合材料粉末；
(4)利用高能激光束对所述镍基合金复合材料粉末进行扫描熔化，在铝层内侧与石墨反应生成Al4C3增强相、铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相，获得自润滑镍基合金，
所述步骤(1)中石墨与纳米La2O3粉末的质量比为1∶1～5∶1，
所述步骤(2)中沉积铝薄膜层厚度为10～100μm，
所述步骤(3)中镀铝的石墨/纳米La2O3混合粉末、镍基合金粉末的质量比为1∶40～1∶100。
2.根据权利要求1所述的自润滑镍基合金，其特征在于，铝层外侧与镍形成NiAl相是通过高能激光束作用形成的。
3.根据权利要求1所述的自润滑镍基合金的成形方法，其特征在于，所述镍基合金为Ni-Cr合金、Ni-Cr-Mo、Ni-Cr-Fe、Ni-Cr-Fe-Al-B-Si合金中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的自润滑镍基合金的成形方法，其特征在于，所述步骤(4)中高能激光束的扫描功率为180～350W，扫描加工时采用高纯氩气为保护气氛。
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Application publication date: 20220201 Assignee: Jiangsu Huichuang science and Education Development Co.,Ltd. Assignor: HUAIYIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Contract record no.: X2022320000370 Denomination of invention: A Self lubricating Nickel Base Alloy and Its Forming Method Granted publication date: 20221118 License type: Common License Record date: 20221213 |