CN113977306A - Clamp and method for processing eccentric crossed hole on common lathe - Google Patents
Clamp and method for processing eccentric crossed hole on common lathe Download PDFInfo
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- CN113977306A CN113977306A CN202111205084.9A CN202111205084A CN113977306A CN 113977306 A CN113977306 A CN 113977306A CN 202111205084 A CN202111205084 A CN 202111205084A CN 113977306 A CN113977306 A CN 113977306A
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- nozzle
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- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010066054 Dysmorphism Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009863 impact test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B1/00—Methods for turning or working essentially requiring the use of turning-machines; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23B—TURNING; BORING
- B23B5/00—Turning-machines or devices specially adapted for particular work; Accessories specially adapted therefor
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Gripping On Spindles (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a fixture and a method for processing an eccentric intersection hole by a common lathe, wherein the device comprises a clamping seat, a connecting sleeve, a locking piece and a bolt, and the fixture is characterized in that the clamping seat, the connecting sleeve and the locking piece are fixedly connected in pairs in sequence, wherein the central line of the locking piece is superposed with the central line of the connecting sleeve, and the superposed central line of the locking piece and the central line of the clamping seat form an alpha angle; the bolt is arranged on the bolt hole arranged on the locking piece in a penetrating mode. The beneficial effects are as follows: the device of the invention makes the central line of the eccentric intersection hole coincide with the central line of the three-jaw or four-jaw chuck of the common lathe by manufacturing a special fixture, realizes the purpose of processing the eccentric intersection hole by using the common lathe, can solve the problems of difficult processing of the eccentric intersection hole, high manufacturing cost and uneconomic efficiency, has simple structure and easy realization, and is particularly suitable for processing the eccentric intersection hole parts which are used for experiments or are single-piece and small-batch and can be finely adjusted and changed within a certain range of eccentric included angles.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tool fixtures, in particular to a fixture and a method for machining an eccentric crossed hole on a common lathe.
Background
The eccentric cross hole is a hole which has the center line of a hole to be processed on a part deviating from the center line of the part and forms a certain included angle with the center line of the part. The eccentric cross hole is commonly used in nozzle of nozzle tube in fluid dynamics technical field, and the shape of the hole is mostly straight hole, conical hole, straight and conical combined hole, i.e. horn-shaped laval hole, etc. and is mainly used to change the speed and direction of fluid ejection.
Taking a nozzle of a spray pipe (shown in fig. 8 and 9) for simulating the erosion wear performance of a fluid jet impact testing material in a university material laboratory as an example, a circular nozzle is provided with a straight hole or a laval hole at the center, and four standard laval holes with center lines forming an included angle of alpha =8 degrees +/-2 degrees with the center line of the nozzle, namely four eccentric intersection holes forming an included angle of alpha =8 degrees +/-2 degrees with the center line of the nozzle, are uniformly distributed on the end surface. Obviously, the eccentric cross hole can not be directly processed by a common lathe, and the mass production can consider to manufacture a special machine tool for processing, but the equipment investment is large and the manufacturing cost is high; the machining difficulty is high, the equipment investment is not small, the manufacturing cost is high and the machine is not economical when the current multipurpose high-precision numerical control milling machine is used for machining single parts and small batches.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art, and the technical problem solved by the invention is to provide the fixture and the method for processing the eccentric crossed hole by the common lathe.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a fixture for processing an eccentric intersection hole on a common lathe comprises a clamping seat, a connecting sleeve, a locking piece and a bolt, and is characterized in that the clamping seat, the connecting sleeve and the locking piece are fixedly connected in pairs in sequence, wherein the center line of the locking piece is superposed with the center line of the connecting sleeve, and the superposed center line of the locking piece and the center line of the clamping seat form an alpha angle; the bolt is arranged on the bolt hole arranged on the locking piece in a penetrating mode.
The clamping seat is a round table-shaped special-shaped piece with an eccentric boss and consists of a straight section, the eccentric boss and a central hole, wherein the length L of the straight section is = 50-120 mm.
The retaining member is the dysmorphism piece of opening boss is taken to the excircle, comprises interior tang section, interior straight section and opening boss triplex, and wherein the opening distance t of opening boss =7~10mm, and is equipped with the bolt hole that matches with the bolt on the opening boss.
And a gap which is less than or equal to one third of the circumference of the connecting sleeve is arranged on the connecting sleeve at the position corresponding to the opening boss at the connecting end of the locking part.
The α angle =8 ° ± 2 °.
A method for machining an eccentric crossed hole by a common lathe comprises the following steps:
1) manufacturing a clamp: manufacturing a clamping seat, a connecting sleeve and a locking piece according to the eccentric angle alpha =8 degrees of the eccentric crossed hole, welding and assembling the clamping seat, so that the center line of the locking piece is superposed with the center line of the connecting sleeve, and the superposed center line of the locking piece and the center line of the connecting sleeve form an angle alpha =8 degrees;
2) and (3) nozzle scribing: drawing an excircle contour line of an eccentric cross hole to be processed on the end face of the nozzle;
3) and (3) mounting and debugging the clamp:
when alpha =8 degrees, a three-jaw chuck of a common lathe is used for clamping a straight section of a clamping seat, so that the end surface of the three-jaw chuck is aligned with the end surface of an eccentric boss of the clamping seat, three movable clamping jaws of the three-jaw chuck are screwed, a nozzle is arranged in a clamp and is positioned through a locking piece, the nozzle is rotated to enable a drill bit on a tailstock of the common lathe to be aligned with the central point of an eccentric crossed hole on the end surface of the nozzle, and a bolt is screwed to enable the opening distance t of the opening boss of the locking piece to be reduced until the nozzle is clamped and fixed by the locking piece;
when alpha is not equal to 8 degrees, namely the alpha angle is adjusted by +/-2 degrees, a four-jaw chuck of a common lathe is used for clamping a straight section of a clamping seat but not locking the straight section, a reserved gap s = 1-2 mm is reserved between the end surface of the four-jaw chuck and the end surface of an eccentric boss of the clamping seat, a nozzle is arranged in a clamp and is positioned through a locking piece, a bolt is screwed to reduce the opening distance t of the opening boss of the locking piece until the nozzle is clamped and fixed by the locking piece, a drawing needle which is located on a guide rail of the common lathe is tightly attached to the end surface of the nozzle and points to the excircle contour line of a pre-drawn eccentric crossed hole, the excircle of the locking piece is knocked while four movable clamping jaws of the four-jaw chuck are adjusted by a hand, the drawing needle is always tightly attached to the end surface of the nozzle without gaps, and the drawing needle is circled around the excircle contour line of the eccentric crossed hole of the end surface of the nozzle, and then the four-jaw chuck is locked;
4) processing an eccentric crossed hole: and (3) processing the first eccentric crossed hole according to a conventional method, then loosening the bolt to rotate the nozzle, aligning a drill bit on the tailstock of the common lathe with the central point of the second eccentric crossed hole, locking the bolt, then starting to process the second eccentric crossed hole, and so on until all the eccentric crossed holes are processed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) by manufacturing a special fixture, the center line of the eccentric crossed hole is superposed with the center line of a three-jaw or four-jaw chuck of a common lathe, the purpose of processing the eccentric crossed hole by using the common lathe can be realized, and the problems of difficult processing of the eccentric crossed hole, high manufacturing cost and uneconomic performance are solved;
2) the installation, debugging and processing are simple and convenient, the processing of the eccentric intersection hole with the eccentric angle within the range of alpha =8 +/-2 degrees can be realized by proper adjustment, the first eccentric intersection hole is processed according to a conventional method, then the bolt is loosened to rotate the nozzle, a drill bit on the tailstock of the common lathe is aligned with the central point of the second eccentric intersection hole, the second eccentric intersection hole can be processed after the bolt is locked, the adjustment is convenient and flexible, and the working efficiency is high;
3) the eccentric cross hole component machining tool is simple in overall structure, convenient to operate, easy to achieve, low in manufacturing cost and particularly suitable for machining of eccentric cross hole components which are used for experiments or are single-piece or small-batch, and the eccentric included angles can be changed in a fine adjustment mode within a certain range.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structural principle of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic front view of the structure of the card holder of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic left side view of the structural principle of the cartridge of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a right side view schematically illustrating the structure of the connecting sleeve of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic front view of the connecting sleeve according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic front view of the locking member of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic left side view of the locking member of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic right side view of the nozzle to be processed according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic front view of the nozzle to be processed according to the principle of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-clamping seat 11-eccentric boss 12-straight section 13-center hole 2-connecting sleeve 21-opening 3-locking piece 31-inner opening section 32-inner straight section 33-opening boss 34-bolt hole 4-bolt 5-nozzle 51-eccentric cross hole 6-drawing needle 7-three-jaw chuck/four-jaw chuck.
Detailed Description
The following further describes embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings:
as shown in fig. 1-9, the fixture for processing the eccentric intersection hole on the common lathe comprises a clamping seat 1, a connecting sleeve 2, a locking member 3 and a bolt 4, wherein the clamping seat 1, the connecting sleeve 2 and the locking member 3 are fixedly connected pairwise in sequence, the center line of the locking member 3 is superposed with the center line of the connecting sleeve 2, and the superposed center line of the two forms an angle α with the center line of the clamping seat 1, so that the purpose of processing the eccentric intersection hole by using the common lathe can be realized even if the center line of the eccentric intersection hole 51 is superposed with the center line of a three-jaw or four-jaw chuck 7 of the common lathe; the bolt 4 is inserted into a bolt hole 34 formed in the locking member 3 to fix the nozzle 5 and the locking member 3 together.
The clamping seat 1 is a circular truncated cone-shaped special-shaped piece with an eccentric boss and consists of a straight section 12, an eccentric boss 11 and a central hole 13, wherein the length L = 50-120 mm of the straight section 12, and the clamping seat is used for clamping a three-jaw chuck or a four-jaw chuck 7 of a common lathe and adjusting an alpha angle of a clamp, namely an eccentric crossed hole 51.
Retaining member 3 is the dysmorphism piece of excircle area opening boss, by interior tang section 31, interior straight section 32 (the internal diameter of interior tang section 31 matches with nozzle 4 external diameter, nozzle 4 passes interior straight section 32 its outer circle terminal surface and hugs closely interior tang section 31, the tang bench between interior straight section 32 is fixed a position, make things convenient for nozzle 4 location installation) and opening boss 33 triplex, wherein opening distance t =7~10mm of opening boss 33, and be equipped with the bolt hole 34 with bolt 4 matching on the opening boss 33, screw up or loosen bolt 4 and can make opening distance t on the opening boss 33 reduce or the answer the normal position, with the tight nozzle 4 that presss from both sides or unclamps.
The opening boss 33 corresponding position with retaining member 3 link on the adapter sleeve 2 is equipped with the opening 21 of a less than or equal to adapter sleeve 2 third circumference, reduces the connection contact between adapter sleeve 2 and the retaining member 3 and reduces the welding point promptly, gives the flexible volume of opening boss 33 outflow of retaining member 2 (increase elasticity promptly, reduce the resistance), the tight nozzle 4 of clamp of being convenient for, also has in addition to alleviate fixture weight and the effect of being convenient for observe.
The α angle =8 ° ± 2 °.
A method for machining an eccentric crossed hole by a common lathe comprises the following steps:
1) manufacturing a clamp: manufacturing the clamping seat 1, the connecting sleeve 2 and the locking piece 3 according to the eccentric angle alpha =8 degrees of the eccentric crossed hole 51, welding and assembling the clamping seat into a clamp, enabling the central line of the locking piece 3 to be superposed with the central line of the connecting sleeve 2, and enabling the superposed central line of the two to form an angle alpha =8 degrees with the central line of the clamping seat 1;
2) scribing by the nozzle 5: drawing the excircle contour line of the eccentric intersection hole 51 to be processed on the end face of the nozzle 5;
3) and (3) mounting and debugging the clamp:
when the angle alpha =8 degrees, the straight section 12 of the clamping seat 1 is clamped by the three-jaw chuck 7 of the common lathe, the end face of the three-jaw chuck 7 is aligned with the end face of the eccentric boss 11 of the clamping seat 1, the three movable jaws of the three-jaw chuck 7 are screwed, the fixture is installed (by utilizing the automatic centering principle of the three-jaw chuck), the nozzle 5 is arranged in the fixture and is positioned by the locking piece 3, the nozzle 5 is rotated to enable a drill bit on the tailstock of the common lathe to be aligned with the central point of the eccentric crossed hole 51 on the end face of the nozzle 5, and the bolt 4 is screwed to enable the opening distance t of the opening boss 33 of the locking piece 3 to be reduced until the nozzle 5 is clamped and fixed by the locking piece 3;
when alpha is not equal to 8 degrees, namely the alpha angle is adjusted by +/-2 degrees, a four-jaw chuck 7 of a common lathe is used for clamping a straight section 12 of a clamping seat 1 but not locking, so that a clearance s = 1-2 mm is reserved between the end surface of the four-jaw chuck 7 and the end surface of an eccentric boss 11 of the clamping seat 1 (the clamping seat is convenient to incline to slightly adjust the alpha angle), a nozzle 5 is arranged in the clamping seat and is positioned by a locking piece 3, a bolt 4 is screwed to reduce the opening distance t of an opening boss 33 of the locking piece 3 until the nozzle 5 is fixed with the locking piece 3, a drawing needle 6 which is positioned on a guide rail of the common lathe is tightly attached to the end surface of the nozzle 5 and points to the excircle contour line of an eccentric cross hole 51 drawn in advance, the excircle of the locking piece 3 is knocked while four movable jaws of the four-jaw chuck 7 are adjusted by hands, so that the drawing needle 6 and the end surface of the nozzle 5 are always tightly attached without clearance, and the drawing needle 6 is always drawn around the excircle contour of the eccentric cross hole 51 of the end surface of the nozzle 5, locking the four-jaw chuck 7, namely adjusting to slightly incline the fixture to ensure that the end surface of the nozzle 5 is vertical to the center line of the common lathe (keeping 90 degrees), and the end surface of the nozzle 5 forms 90 degrees with the center line of the eccentric intersection hole 51;
4) machining the eccentric crossed hole 51: the first eccentric crossed hole 51 is processed according to a conventional method, then the bolt 4 is loosened, the nozzle 5 is rotated, a drill bit on a tailstock of a common lathe is aligned with the center point of the second eccentric crossed hole 51, the second eccentric crossed hole 51 can be processed after the bolt 4 is locked, and the like until all the eccentric crossed holes 51 are processed.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A fixture for processing an eccentric intersection hole on a common lathe comprises a clamping seat, a connecting sleeve, a locking piece and a bolt, and is characterized in that the clamping seat, the connecting sleeve and the locking piece are fixedly connected in pairs in sequence, wherein the center line of the locking piece is superposed with the center line of the connecting sleeve, and the superposed center line of the locking piece and the center line of the clamping seat form an alpha angle; the bolt is arranged on the locking piece in a penetrating mode.
2. The fixture for machining the eccentric crossed hole on the plain lathe according to claim 1, wherein the clamping seat is a truncated cone-shaped special-shaped piece with an eccentric boss and consists of a straight section, the eccentric boss and a central hole, and the length L of the straight section is 50-120 mm.
3. The fixture for machining the eccentric crossed hole on the plain lathe according to claim 1, wherein the locking member is a special-shaped member with an opening boss on the outer circle, and consists of an inner spigot section, an inner straight section and the opening boss, wherein the opening distance t of the opening boss is 7-10 mm, and the opening boss is provided with a bolt hole matched with a bolt.
4. The clamp for machining the eccentric crossed hole on the plain lathe according to claim 1, wherein a notch which is less than or equal to one third of the circumference of the connecting sleeve is formed in the position, corresponding to the opening boss of the connecting end of the locking piece, of the connecting sleeve.
5. The jig for an eccentric cross hole on a plain lathe according to claim 1, wherein the α angle is 8 ° ± 2 °.
6. The method for realizing the eccentric cross hole machined by the engine lathe in the claim 1 is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) manufacturing the clamping seat, the connecting sleeve and the locking piece according to the eccentric angle alpha of the eccentric intersection hole being 8 degrees, welding and assembling the clamping seat into a clamp, enabling the central line of the locking piece to be overlapped with the central line of the connecting sleeve, and enabling the central line of the overlapped locking piece and the central line of the clamping seat to form an angle alpha being 8 degrees;
2) drawing an excircle contour line of an eccentric cross hole to be machined on the end face of the nozzle to be machined;
3) installing and debugging:
when alpha is 8 degrees, a three-jaw chuck of a common lathe is used for clamping a straight section of a clamping seat, so that the end surface of the three-jaw chuck is aligned with the end surface of an eccentric boss of the clamping seat, three movable clamping jaws of the three-jaw chuck are screwed, a nozzle is arranged in a clamp and is positioned through a locking piece, the nozzle is rotated to enable a drill bit on a tailstock of the common lathe to be aligned with the central point of an eccentric cross hole of the end surface of the nozzle, and a bolt is screwed to enable the opening distance t of an opening boss of the locking piece to be reduced until the nozzle is clamped and fixed by the locking piece;
when alpha is not equal to 8 degrees, namely the alpha angle is adjusted by +/-2 degrees, a four-jaw chuck of a common lathe is used for clamping a straight section of a clamping seat but not locking the straight section, a reserved gap s between the end surface of the four-jaw chuck and the end surface of an eccentric boss of the clamping seat is 1-2 mm, a nozzle is arranged in a clamp and is positioned through a locking piece, a bolt is screwed to reduce the opening distance t of the opening boss of the locking piece until the nozzle is clamped and fixed by the locking piece, a drawing needle located on a guide rail of the common lathe is tightly attached to the end surface of the nozzle and points to the excircle contour line of a pre-drawn eccentric crossed hole, the excircle of the locking piece is knocked while four movable jaws of the four-jaw chuck are adjusted by a hand disc, the drawing needle and the end surface of the nozzle are always tightly attached without gaps, and the drawing needle always circles around the excircle contour line of the eccentric crossed hole of the end surface of the nozzle, and then the four-jaw chuck is locked;
4) processing: and (3) processing the first eccentric crossed hole according to a conventional method, then loosening the bolt to rotate the nozzle, aligning a drill bit on the tailstock of the common lathe with the central point of the second eccentric crossed hole, locking the bolt, then starting to process the second eccentric crossed hole, and so on until all the eccentric crossed holes are processed.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111205084.9A CN113977306A (en) | 2021-10-15 | 2021-10-15 | Clamp and method for processing eccentric crossed hole on common lathe |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111205084.9A CN113977306A (en) | 2021-10-15 | 2021-10-15 | Clamp and method for processing eccentric crossed hole on common lathe |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN113977306A true CN113977306A (en) | 2022-01-28 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202111205084.9A Pending CN113977306A (en) | 2021-10-15 | 2021-10-15 | Clamp and method for processing eccentric crossed hole on common lathe |
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| CN (1) | CN113977306A (en) |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2406769Y (en) * | 1999-12-16 | 2000-11-22 | 攀枝花钢铁(集团)公司机械制造公司 | Special chuck for machining oxygen lances of converter |
| JP2002331402A (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2002-11-19 | Nakamura Tome Precision Ind Co Ltd | Turning machining method of plural places on same circumference |
| CN2936554Y (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2007-08-22 | 华中科技大学 | Process clamp of processing inclined bend shaft |
| CN204430093U (en) * | 2015-01-30 | 2015-07-01 | 江苏翔能科技发展有限公司 | For the special tooling locking device of Asymmetric special-section ring rolling |
| CN206519748U (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2017-09-26 | 赵法钦 | A kind of engine lathe beveled aperture Special Fixture for Machining |
| CN111975403A (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2020-11-24 | 江西福事特液压有限公司 | Machining clamp for drilling inclined hole |
-
2021
- 2021-10-15 CN CN202111205084.9A patent/CN113977306A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN2406769Y (en) * | 1999-12-16 | 2000-11-22 | 攀枝花钢铁(集团)公司机械制造公司 | Special chuck for machining oxygen lances of converter |
| JP2002331402A (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2002-11-19 | Nakamura Tome Precision Ind Co Ltd | Turning machining method of plural places on same circumference |
| CN2936554Y (en) * | 2006-07-07 | 2007-08-22 | 华中科技大学 | Process clamp of processing inclined bend shaft |
| CN204430093U (en) * | 2015-01-30 | 2015-07-01 | 江苏翔能科技发展有限公司 | For the special tooling locking device of Asymmetric special-section ring rolling |
| CN206519748U (en) * | 2017-01-10 | 2017-09-26 | 赵法钦 | A kind of engine lathe beveled aperture Special Fixture for Machining |
| CN111975403A (en) * | 2020-08-25 | 2020-11-24 | 江西福事特液压有限公司 | Machining clamp for drilling inclined hole |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| 任小中，于华: "《机械制造装备设计第二版》", 30 September 2016 * |
| 化工部化工设备设计专业技术中心站: "《高压容器设计手册》", 30 April 1969 * |
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Application publication date: 20220128 |
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