CN113964376A - 一类新型低共熔剂的制备与应用 - Google Patents
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- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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Abstract
本发明揭示了一类新型低共熔溶剂,目的在于将其作为电解液应用于钠离子电池。本发明所述的低共熔溶剂通过将钠盐和室温下呈固体或液体的有机胺按照特定比例配置而成,在室温下具有粘度低、电导率高、稳定性好等优点。以此类低共熔剂为电解质的钠离子电池展示了优异的电化学性能。本发明所述的低共熔剂是一种非常有前景的新型钠离子电池电解质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一类新型低共熔溶剂的合成,并将其作为电解质应用于钠离子电池,本发明绿色能源化工领域。
背景技术
低共熔溶剂通常由一定化学计量比的氢键受体和氢键给体组合而成。常见的氢键受体包括但不局限于季铵盐(如氯化胆碱)、两性离子(如甜菜碱)、离子液体等;氢键供体包括但不局限于尿素、硫脲、羧酸(如苯乙酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸、丁二酸等)、多元醇(如乙二醇、甘油、丁二醇、木糖醇等)、氨基酸、糖类(葡萄糖、果糖)三氟乙酰胺等;除了上述典型组成以外,低共熔溶剂的组成还可以是糖+氨基酸、羧酸+多元醇、糖+糖等。大部分低共熔溶剂是由两元组分混合物或三元组分混合物构成。水分子也可作为某些低共熔溶剂的组分之一。
由于钠金属比较活泼,在水溶液体系中极不稳定。因此,通常使用非水、非质子的有机溶剂作为钠离子电池的电解质载体。钠盐电解质是提供钠离子的源泉,保证电池在充放电循环中有足够的钠离子在正负极往返,从而实现可逆循环。因此必须保证电极与电解液之间没有副反应的发生。为了满足以上要求就需要在电解液生产过程中控制溶剂和钠盐的纯度和水分的指标,以确保电解液在电池工作时充分,有效的发挥作用。在电池领域常见的作为电解质的有碳酸酯类,羧酸脂类,醚类,以及含硫的有机溶剂。
传统的环状碳酸酯类有机溶剂经常被研究用作商业的储能电解质,低共熔溶剂被广泛认为具有潜在电解质的优势,如较低的易燃性、较宽的液相范围和高的导电性等特点,发展低共熔溶剂在电解质中的应用具有重要意义和深远的潜力。Boisset等(Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys.2013,15,20054.)将低共熔溶剂作为电解质应用于锂离子电池,展现了优异的循环性能和充放电容量;Kim等(Angew.Chem.Int.Edit.2020,59,19924.)报道了一种包含氯化镁和氯化胆碱的具有亲水特性的深共熔溶剂,并将其用作双离子电池的电解质,取得了较好的可逆容量;Mamme等(J.Phys.Chem.Lett.2018,9,6296.)将低共熔电解质用于超级电容器;此外,在锌离子电池{Song等(Adv.Funct.Mater.2018,28,1802564.)}和锌离子电池{Wu等(ACS Appl.Mater.Interf.2020,12,27064.)}方面,学者们也做了相关的科学探究。深共熔电解质是未来的一个主要研究方向,但应用于钠离子电池的深共熔电解液的相关应用研究仍处于起步阶段,需要进一步深入探究。
本发明开发了一类新型的低共熔电解质。与传统由氢键供体和氢键受体形成的低共熔剂不同,本发明通过将常见的钠盐与有机胺按照特定比例在加热条件下配置而成,此类电解质在室温下为澄清透明的溶液。这类低共熔电解质在室温下具有粘度低、电导率高、稳定性好等优点。以此类低共熔剂为电解质的钠离子电池展示了优异的电化学性能。
发明内容
本发明开发了一类新型的低共熔溶剂,目的在于将其作为电解液应用于钠离子电池。该方法中使用的一系列低共熔溶剂的结构简单且合成简便,即通过一类固体电解质钠盐和另一类固体或液体的胺类化合物按照一定比例混合形成,最终在室温下呈现粘度较低的流动性较好的均相液体,液体澄清透明,略带黄色,在使用前需在70℃下真空干燥12h。固体钠盐的加入正好作为钠盐电解质中钠源,不需要额外的钠盐添加剂。在电化学性能方面,这类低共熔电解质有也较为优异的性能,是一种非常有前景的新型钠离子电池电解质。
发明的具体技术方案如下:
一类在电化学领域应用较为广泛的钠盐结构,所述包括但不局限于如下结构:
另一类固体的通式如(A),(B),(C)所示,其特征为一端或两端含有叔胺基团组成。
其中基团X中的中心原子可以为C,N,O如:[-CH2-],[-O-],[-N(CH3)-]等;下标a,b表示碳原子数,符合1≤a+b≤6;R1,R2,R3,R4可以为烷基(0≤n≤6)或甲氧基或芳基。
以通式(A)为例,包括但不局限于如下结构:
也可衍生出吗啉类、三嗪类化合物:
以通式(B)为例,包括但不局限于如下结构:
以通式(C)为例,包括但不局限于如下结构:
附图说明
图1描绘了所使用的低共熔电解液的电化学窗口;
图2描绘了所使用的正极材料SEM图谱;
图3描绘了所使用的正极材料XRD图谱;
图4描绘了所使用的正极材料Raman光谱;
图5描绘了所组装的钠电池的充电曲线和放电曲线图;
图6描绘了所组装的钠电池的长循环稳定性,图6可作为说明书摘要配图。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图和实施例对本发明的技术方案做进一步的描述。
一种新型的钠离子电池的低共熔电解质,是由一种电解质盐和另一种固体或液体的胺类化合物按照摩尔比进行混合得到。正极材料是由预制备的活性物质,导电剂SuperP和粘结剂羧甲基纤维素钠以及水作为溶剂按照8∶1∶1进行混合,搅匀后用100μm的刮刀将其涂抹在铜箔表面,待溶剂挥发完毕后置于真空烘箱干燥12h后,切成圆片可以得到待用的正极片,其中附图1,图2,图3分别为正极材料中活性物质的SEM,XRD,Raman光谱图。另一端的负极则为钠金属,在保持表面光洁的同时,将其擀成薄的圆片备用。
实施例1:
分别称取2,2′-二硫二吡啶(DSDP)2.8g与双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到待用的低共熔电解质。测得电导率为0.81mS·cm-1。
实施例2:
分别称取双二甲氨基乙基醚(BDMAEE)3.2g与双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到待用的低共熔电解质。测得电导率为0.56mS·cm-1。
实施例3:
分别称取2,2-二吗啉基二乙基醚(DMDEE)4.8g与双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到待用的低共熔电解质。测得电导率为0.09mS·cm-1。
实施例4:
分别称取1,2-二甲基咪唑(DMIM)2.8g与双氟磺酰亚胺钠(NaFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到处理好的低共熔电解质。采用三电极体系对其进行线性扫描伏安的电化学测试,如附图4所示。
实施例5:
分别称取2,2′-二硫二吡啶(DSDP)7.7g与四氟硼酸钠(NaBF4)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到处理好的低共熔电解质。将准备好的电解液浸润在玻璃纤维膜上,置于正极片和金属钠片的之间,将他们一起组装成CR2032纽扣电池进行电化学测试。如附图5所示,电流密度为0.05A·g-1时放电比容量在310mAh·g-1左右。
实施例6:
分别称取1,2-二甲基咪唑(DMIM)3.2g与双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到处理好的低共熔电解质。将准备好的电解液浸润在玻璃纤维膜上,置于正极片和金属钠片的之间,将他们一起组装成CR2032纽扣电池进行电化学测试。如附图6所示,在长循环稳定性方面表现优异,在循环五百圈后的库伦效率保持在90%。
实施例7:
分别称取1,2-二甲基咪唑(DMIM)17.5g与四氟硼酸钠(NaBF4)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到处理好的低共熔电解质。对其进行密度和粘度的测试,在298.2K下分别为1.09g·cm-3和4.51cP。
实施例8:
分别称取2,2′-二硫二吡啶(DSDP)5.6g与双三氟甲基磺酰亚胺钠(NaTFSI)2.0g,在60℃下搅拌0.5h,可以得到澄清液体。将其置于60℃的真空条件下干燥12h可以得到待用的低共熔电解质。对其进行密度和粘度的测试,在313.2K下分别为1.15g·cm-3和7.81cP。
Claims (5)
1.本发明揭示了一类新型的低共熔电解质,其特征在于:此低共熔电解质由固体钠盐和固体或液体有机胺按照一定比例混合而成,在室温下呈现粘度低、流动性好的均相液体,最终将制好的低共熔溶剂作为电解质用于钠离子电池的组装与性能测试。
4.根据权利要求1中所述的按照一定比例相混合,其特征在于:钠盐的摩尔分数为1%~80%。
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