CN113894291A - Method for melting and forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail in selective laser area - Google Patents
Method for melting and forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail in selective laser area Download PDFInfo
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- CN113894291A CN113894291A CN202111114103.7A CN202111114103A CN113894291A CN 113894291 A CN113894291 A CN 113894291A CN 202111114103 A CN202111114103 A CN 202111114103A CN 113894291 A CN113894291 A CN 113894291A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
- B22F10/366—Scanning parameters, e.g. hatch distance or scanning strategy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for melting and forming bearing steel for high-speed rail in a selective laser area, which comprises the following steps: s1: carrying out drying pretreatment on bearing steel raw material powder; s2: and carrying out selective laser melting forming on the bearing steel raw material powder dried in the step S1, and printing the bearing steel for the high-speed rail layer by layer, wherein the laser power is 150-225W in the selective laser melting forming process, and the laser scanning speed is 200-800 mm/S. The invention successfully prints the bearing steel without obvious defects on the surface and inside, uniform tissue and excellent comprehensive performance by researching the method for melting and forming the bearing steel for high-speed rail by selecting the laser area and controlling the process parameters in the melting and forming process by selecting the laser area, thereby laying a foundation for the development of the melting and forming technology of the selecting laser area in the technical field of manufacturing bearing steel materials and bearing parts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of bearing manufacturing, in particular to a method for forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail by selective laser melting.
Background
The railway is a life line for national economy and social development, and the running speed of railway vehicles is an important mark for measuring the modernization degree of the national railway. The high-speed train in China only uses short and formal running 'harmony number' and 'renaissance number' train sets in succession in more than ten years from the introduction of foreign technologies, digestion and absorption to independent research, development and innovation, and the research, development and manufacture of the high-speed train in China generally reach the advanced level in the world. However, for a transmission system, especially a bearing, which is one of the key technologies of a high-speed train, the core technology of the transmission system is not completely mastered in China, and the technology is one of the 'neck technology' faced by people. The high-speed rail bearing is used as a key component of a train running part, the service environment is complex, the load impact is severe, and the safety of train running is seriously influenced if a fault occurs in the running process. At present, bearings of high-speed trains in China are imported from foreign countries, SKF bearings are used for CRH1 and CRH5, NTN and NSK bearings are used for CRH2 and CRH380A, and FAG bearings are used for CRH 3. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve a controllable manufacture of high performance high iron bearings.
At present, the high-speed rail bearing manufacturing mainly involves two aspects: the development of high-performance bearing steel and the processing and manufacturing of complex high-speed rail bearings. The steel grade widely used in high-speed rail bearings is GCr15 high-carbon chromium bearing steel. Generally, vacuum melting steel is mainly adopted in Europe and Japan, and electroslag remelting steel is used for railway bearings in China. In order to ensure the safe operation of the high-speed railway bearing, the bearing steel material of the high-speed railway bearing is required to have excellent performance such as compactness, and further the smelting process of the bearing steel for the high-speed railway needs to be strictly controlled, which is only the manufacturing aspect of steel. After the qualified steel grade is manufactured, a precise machining process is required to manufacture the complex high-speed rail bearing, machining defects are introduced in the machining process, the performance and the service life of bearing parts are affected, and the cost of the whole bearing manufacturing process is high. Therefore, a technology that can realize the integrated manufacturing of the complex bearing is urgently needed.
The rapid prototyping technology-Selective Laser Melting (SLM) has great advantages in the aspect of preparing metal parts with complex structures, has high precision, and can realize the controllable manufacture of three-dimensional entities, but crack defects are easy to occur in the process of printing metal parts by the SLM, so that the serviceability of the bearing can be reduced, and the development of the SLM technology in the technical field of manufacturing bearing steel materials and bearing parts is restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
The method for melting and forming the GCr15 bearing steel for the high-speed rail in the selective laser area is used for solving the technical problem that cracks are easy to appear in parts in the selective laser area melting and forming process in the prior art, manufacturing the bearing steel with excellent mechanical properties, and laying a foundation for the subsequent development of high-performance high-speed rail bearings.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
a method for forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rails by selective laser melting comprises the following steps:
s1: carrying out drying pretreatment on GCr15 bearing steel raw material powder;
s2: and carrying out selective laser melting forming on the bearing steel raw material powder dried in the step S1, and printing the bearing steel for the high-speed rail layer by layer, wherein the laser power is 150-225W in the selective laser melting forming process, and the laser scanning speed is 200-800 mm/S.
Further, in S2, the laser scanning speed is 600-800 mm/S at 200-225W during the selective laser melting and forming process.
Further, in S2, the laser power during the selective laser melting and forming process is 225W, and the laser scanning speed is 600 mm/S.
Further, in S2, the laser energy density during the selective laser melting forming process is 70-250J/mm3The laser scanning pitch is 40-80 μm.
Further, in S2, the selective laser melting forming process is performed in an inert atmosphere.
Further, the inert atmosphere is Ar gas protective atmosphere.
Further, in S1, the spheroidization ratio of the bearing steel raw material powder is 90-100%, the average grain size is 20-80 μm, and the Hall flow rate is 10-20S/g.
Further, in S1, the drying temperature is 100-120 ℃, and the drying time is 12-24 hours.
Further, in S2, a bearing steel sheet having the same composition as that of the bearing steel to be prepared is selected as the working substrate.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the invention, through researching the method for melting and forming the GCr15 bearing steel for the high-speed rail by selective laser, the bearing steel with no crack defects on the surface and the inside, uniform structure and excellent mechanical properties is successfully printed by controlling the process parameters in the selective laser melting and forming process, and a foundation is laid for the development of the selective laser melting and forming technology in the technical field of manufacturing bearing steel materials and bearing parts.
(2) The selective laser melting and forming method provided by the invention has no post-treatment or additive introduction, and can ensure that the prepared GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail has the advantages of high density, excellent mechanical properties and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a photograph of the structure of GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, which is prepared in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a photograph of the structure of GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, prepared in example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a photograph of the structure of GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, prepared in example 3 of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to example 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a photograph of the structure of GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, prepared in example 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to example 5 of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a metallographic photograph of GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to comparative example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a printed single pass photograph of the bearing steel obtained in comparative example 2 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to facilitate an understanding of the invention, the invention will be described more fully and in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments, but the scope of the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments below.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms of art used hereinafter have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the three-dimensional forming is realized by the three-dimensional forming methodIn the laser, the laser power is 150W, the laser scanning speed is 400mm/s, the laser scanning interval is 60 μm, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
Fig. 1 is a metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present example, and fig. 2 is a structure photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, and it can be seen from the structure photograph that no crack defect is observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared by the present invention, only a few micro pores exist, and the metallographic structure is plate-shaped martensite and retained austenite.
Example 2:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 150W, the laser scanning speed is 600mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
Fig. 3 is a metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present example, and fig. 4 is a structure photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, and it can be seen from the structure photograph that no crack defect is observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present invention, only a few micro pores exist, and the metallographic structure is plate-shaped martensite and retained austenite.
Example 3:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 175W, the laser scanning speed is 600mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm-3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
Fig. 5 is a metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present example, and fig. 6 is a structure photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, from which it can be seen that no crack defect is observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present invention, only a few micro pores exist, and the metallographic structure is plate-shaped martensite and retained austenite.
Example 4:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 200W, the laser scanning speed is 800mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density isIs 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
Fig. 7 is a metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present example, and fig. 8 is a structure photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel after corrosion, from which it can be seen that no crack defects are observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the present invention, only a very small amount of micro-pores are present, and the metallographic structure is plate-like martensite and retained austenite.
Example 5:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 225W, the laser scanning speed is 600mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
FIG. 9 is a metallographic photograph of a GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to the present example, and it can be seen from FIG. 9 that no crack defects were observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to the present invention, and only a very small amount of micro pores were present.
Example 6:
the invention relates to a method for selective laser melting forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail, which comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 215W, the laser scanning speed is 700mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
The metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel of this example was similar to that of example 5, and therefore, the number of cases was not increased.
Comparative example 1:
the method for selectively melting and forming the GCr15 bearing steel for the high-speed rail by the laser comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 125W, the laser scanning speed is 800mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
After printing was completed, the printed bearing steel part was cut from the substrate, subjected to ultrasonic surface desmutting treatment using a mixed solution of alcohol and acetone, and subjected to density testing as shown in table 1.
Fig. 10 is a metallographic photograph of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to the comparative example, and it can be seen from fig. 10 that a large number of unmelted particles were observed on the surface of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared according to the comparative example.
Comparative example 2:
the method for selectively melting and forming the GCr15 bearing steel for the high-speed rail by the laser comprises the following steps:
s1: drying the spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder with the sphericization rate of 95%, the average grain size of 50 mu m and the Hall flow rate of 10s/g, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃ and the drying time is 12 h;
s2: selecting GCr15 bearing steel plates with the same components as a working substrate, carrying out laser selective melting forming on S1 dried spherical GCr15 bearing steel powder, and printing layer by layer to realize three-dimensional forming of the bearing steel, wherein the laser power is 250W, the laser scanning speed is 1000mm/S, the laser scanning interval is 60 mu m, and the laser energy density is 208J/mm3And carrying out selective laser melting forming in an Ar gas protective atmosphere.
Fig. 11 is a photograph of a printed single pass of the bearing steel obtained in the present comparative example, and a discontinuity in the single pass was observed, which parameter is not suitable for printing.
As shown in Table 1, the test method is a section measurement method for the compactness of each GCr15 bearing steel prepared in examples 1 to 5 and comparative examples 1 to 2 of the present invention.
TABLE 1 compactness of GCr15 bearing steel prepared in each example and comparative example
As can be seen from the metallographic images and the compactness results of the GCr15 bearing steel prepared in the examples and the comparative examples, the compactness of the bearing steel obtained in the examples 1-5 is more than 99%, wherein the bearing steel obtained by the processes of the examples 4, 5 and 6 has the least defects and the highest compactness which is more than 99.90%, and the method is the optimal technical scheme of the invention. While the selective laser melting and forming conditions of the comparative examples 1 and 2 are beyond the range value of the invention, discontinuity of unmelted particles and single printing passes respectively occurs, the density of the comparative example 1 is lower, only 97.91%, and the comparative example 2 is not suitable for printing, so the density is not tested. Therefore, the selection of the selective laser melting forming conditions is a key factor for ensuring whether the invention can successfully print high-quality GCr15 bearing steel. The invention selects and controls the technological conditions of selective laser melting and forming, and can successfully print the GCr15 bearing steel for the high-speed rail bearing with no obvious cracks on the forming surface and inside and high density.
Claims (9)
1. A method for melting and forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rails in a selective laser area is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: carrying out drying pretreatment on GCr15 bearing steel raw material powder;
s2: and carrying out selective laser melting forming on the bearing steel raw material powder dried in the step S1, and printing the bearing steel for the high-speed rail layer by layer, wherein the laser power is 150-225W in the selective laser melting forming process, and the laser scanning speed is 200-800 mm/S.
2. The method for selective laser melting forming of GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the laser power is 200-225W and the laser scanning speed is 600-800 mm/S during selective laser melting forming.
3. The method for selective laser melting forming of GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail according to claim 1, wherein in S2, the laser power during selective laser melting forming is 225W, and the laser scanning speed is 600 mm/S.
4. The method of selectively laser melting and forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail according to claim 1, wherein the laser energy density during selective laser melting and forming is 70-250J/mm in S23Laser scanning interval of40～80μm。
5. The method for selectively laser melting and forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the selective laser melting and forming process is performed in an inert atmosphere in S2.
6. The method for selective laser melting forming of GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail according to claim 5, wherein the inert atmosphere is Ar gas atmosphere.
7. The method for forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail by selective laser melting according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein in S1, the spheroidization ratio of the bearing steel raw material powder is 90 to 100%, the average grain size is 20 to 80 μm, and the Hall flow rate is 10 to 20S/g.
8. The method for forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail by selective laser melting according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the drying temperature is 100-120 ℃ and the drying time is 12-24 h in S1.
9. The method for forming GCr15 bearing steel for high-speed rail by selective laser melting according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein in S2, a bearing steel plate having the same composition as that of the bearing steel to be prepared is selected as the working substrate.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115478271A (en) * | 2022-08-30 | 2022-12-16 | 西安建筑科技大学 | Preparation method of bearing steel composite material containing WC-Co cermet |
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