CN113786860B - 一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- RSKGMYDENCAJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexadecyl(trimethoxy)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC RSKGMYDENCAJEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种脂肪酶‑金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法与应用,所述复合催化剂的制备方法为将聚多巴胺包覆在二氧化硅表面,得到SiO2@PDA;再利用包覆在二氧化硅表面的聚多巴胺还原钯前驱体,得到SiO2@PDA@Pd;然后对其进行疏水性修饰,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd;最后将脂肪酶吸附在其表面,即得。PDA使钯前驱体吸附到SiO2@PDA表面后通过含氮基团和酚羟基使其原位还原为金属钯纳米粒子,其中钯纳米粒子分布均匀且粒径均一;使用十八烷基三甲氧基硅烷与其余羟基连接改变载体的疏水性不仅有利于CALB的吸附,而且为催化剂提供的疏水性有利于催化剂在有机溶剂中的分散,进一步提高催化剂的催化能力。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米催化技术领域,具体涉及一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
广泛存在于动物、植物和微生物中的酶是一种生物大分子催化剂,可促进生命系统中生物和化学物质的转化。酶通过降低活化能而不改变反应平衡来提高反应效率。在温和条件下(例如室温,大气压和生理pH值),酶具有理想的催化活性,优异的选择性(立体,区域和化学选择性),水溶性和环境友好性。而金属催化剂具有催化效率高、底物宽泛、稳定性高、重复使用性能好等优点。但催化时需要有机溶剂,高温、高压等苛刻的条件且容易对环境造成污染。尽管酶催化剂和金属催化剂的催化活性都很高,但是因为它们的反应条件的不相匹配导致它们的协同使用不常见。近些年,随着生物技术、电子传感技术、纳米技术的快速发展,为酶与各种纳米结构材料的成功结合提供了大量的机会,酶-纳米金属复合催化剂的研究和开发也开始走进学者们的视野。酶-纳米金属级联催化的成功发展是因为它们将前者的高选择性与后者的多功能性结合在一起。
酶和金属催化条件的不同,可通过将酶进行固定化和改变金属的尺寸来改善。酶的固定化可分为吸附、包埋、共价、交联,金属的尺寸效应可通过吸附沉积或者原位还原进行。将酶和金属催化剂固定到固体材料上以制备用于级联反应的非均相杂化催化剂,从而缩减催化步骤,减少废物的产生,及时的利用不稳定或者有毒的中间体。具有易于与产物分离和简化催化剂重复使用的优点。不同的催化剂在同一载体上的固定化,可以减少中间体在活性位点的扩散,提高整体的催化效率。
光学活性胺和醇是有吸引力的合成目标,因为它们是制药,香料和调料品行业中非常重要的组成部分。由化学或生物催化剂催化的对映选择性反应已被证明是合成这些对映体的有力工具,这是由于它们具有宽反应性和高选择性的特性。将化学催化和生物催化结合在一锅反应中通过级联催化获取产物,可以缩减催化步骤,减少废物的产生,可及时的利用不稳定或者有毒的中间体。工业上获得对映体纯胺最常用的方法是酶进行动力学拆分(KR),但拆分的最大产率为50%。
发明内容
发明目的:本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对现有技术的不足,提供一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法。
本发明还提供了上述脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂的应用。
为了解决上述第一个技术问题,本发明公开了一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂的制备方法,(1)将聚多巴胺包覆在二氧化硅表面,得到SiO2@PDA;(2)再利用包覆在二氧化硅表面的聚多巴胺还原钯前驱体,得到SiO2@PDA@Pd;(3)然后对其进行疏水性修饰(硅烷偶联剂与聚多巴胺上的酚羟基连接),得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd;(4)最后将脂肪酶吸附在其表面,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB。
步骤(1)中,所述将聚多巴胺包覆在二氧化硅表面为将二氧化硅与盐酸多巴胺(DA-HCl)进行第一反应,得到SiO2@PDA。
其中,所述二氧化硅与盐酸多巴胺的质量比为0.5:(0.25-1)。
其中,将二氧化硅分散于溶剂中,再与盐酸多巴胺进行第一反应。
其中,所述溶剂为缓冲液,优选为Tric-HCl缓冲液,进一步优选为Tric-HCl缓冲液(pH8.5,10mM)。
其中,所述二氧化硅与溶剂的用量比为0.5g:(20-80)mL,优选为0.5g:(40-60)mL,进一步优选为0.5g:50mL。
其中,所述第一反应的温度为20-50℃,优选为30℃。
其中,所述第一反应的时间为8h以上,优选为8-24h,进一步优选为16h。
步骤(2)中,所述利用包覆在二氧化硅表面的聚多巴胺还原钯前驱体为将SiO2@PDA与钯前驱体在pH2-8的条件下进行第二反应,得到SiO2@PDA@Pd。
其中,所述pH2-8的条件为不同pH的溶液,如HCl、CH3COOH、NaOH和氨水任意一种或几种组合的水溶液,优选为HCl和NaOH;优选地,当pH范围为2-7时用到的HCl的浓度为10mM,再进一步稀释成相应的pH;当pH范围为8时用到的NaOH的浓度为10mM,再进一步稀释成相应的pH。
优选地,所述pH为3.5-4.5,进一步优选为4。
其中,所述钯前驱体为Na2PdCl4、Pd(OAc)2和H2PdCl4中的任意一种或几种组合。
其中,所述SiO2@PDA与钯前驱体的质量比为0.05:(0.01-0.05),优选为0.05:0.02。
其中,所述第二反应的温度为20-30℃,优选为室温。
其中,所述第二反应的时间为2h以上,优选为2-12h,进一步优选为7h。
步骤(3)中,所述对其进行疏水性修饰为将SiO2@PDA@Pd与疏水剂进行第三反应,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd;
其中,所述疏水剂为硅烷类偶联剂,包括但不限于十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷、十六烷基三甲氧基硅烷、十八烷基三甲氧基硅烷。
其中,所述SiO2@PDA@Pd与疏水剂的用量比为0.1g:(0.2-2)mL。
其中,将SiO2@PDA@Pd分散于溶剂中,再与疏水剂进行第三反应。
其中,所述溶剂包括但不限于甲苯。
其中,所述第三反应的温度为70-100℃,优选为90℃。
其中,所述第三反应的时间为8h以上,优选为12-18h。
其中,所述第三反应结束后,用甲苯洗涤离心去除未连接的疏水剂,再用无水乙醇洗涤离心,干燥即得。
步骤(4)中,所述脂肪酶吸附在其表面为将mSiO2@PDA@Pd分散在无水乙醇中,再加入磷酸盐缓冲液分散均匀,最后加入脂肪酶进行第四反应。
其中,所述无水乙醇与mSiO2@PDA@Pd的用量比为0.1mL:(30-60mg)。
其中,所述磷酸盐缓冲液为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.4,100mM)。
其中,加入磷酸盐缓冲液超声分散均匀,所述超声的时间为5-20min。
其中,所述mSiO2@PDA@Pd与脂肪酶的用量比为0.05g:(0.2-0.8)mL。
其中,所述脂肪酶包括但不限于诺维信公司的CALB。
其中,所述反应的温度为20-40℃,优选为30℃。
其中,所述反应的时间为2h以上,优选为4-8h。
上述方法制备得到的脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂也在本发明的保护范围之内。
为了解决上述第二个技术问题,本发明公开了一种催化手性胺的动态动力学拆分的方法。
其中,所述方法以α-苯乙胺为底物,在催化剂作用下,与甲氧基乙酸乙酯催化手性胺的动态动力学拆分,制得R-2-甲氧基-N-(1-苯乙基)乙酰胺。
其中,所述方法以上述方法制备的脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB催化反应,或以上述方法制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd为催化剂催化反应。
其中,所述催化剂SiO2@PDA@Pd与α-苯乙胺的用量比为30mg:(30-80)μL,优选为30mg:(40-70)μL;所述催化剂mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB与α-苯乙胺的用量比为40mg:(30-80)μL,优选为40mg:(40-70)μL。
其中,当所述催化剂为SiO2@PDA@Pd时,所述SiO2@PDA@Pd与诺维信酶级联催化手性胺;其中,所述SiO2@PDA@Pd与诺维信酶的质量比为30:(10-40),优选为30:(20-30);其中,所述诺维信酶为Novozym 435。
其中,所述反应的溶剂包括但不限于甲苯。
其中,所述催化的温度为50-90℃。
其中,所述的底物完全催化的反应时间为12h以上,优选为16-24h。
有益效果:与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优势:
(1)本发明在原位还原金属钯纳米粒子时,通过调节PDA还原钯前驱体时溶液的pH可使SiO2@PDA微球带上电荷,金属钯前驱体经正负电荷吸引分散在其表面,利用PDA将其还原为Pd(0)负载在SiO2@PDA表面,这样可以使金属钯纳米粒子均匀分布在其表面。
(2)通过对SiO2@PDA@Pd的疏水性修饰使其疏水性增加从而有利于CALB的吸附,又可使催化剂很好的分散在有机溶剂中,有利于催化反应的进行。
(3)本发明所用的亲水性的SiO2,粒径为25-30nm,可以在缓冲液中均匀分散,有利于聚多巴胺的包覆,利用聚多巴胺的酚羟基和含氮基团将金属钯的前驱体还原,不需要其他的还原剂。
附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明做更进一步的具体说明,本发明的上述和/或其他方面的优点将会变得更加清楚。
图1是本发明实施例所述的SiO2@PDA@Pd催化剂的制备流程图。
图2是本发明实施例所述的mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB催化剂的制备流程图。
图3是本发明实施例所述的SiO2的透射电镜图。
图4是本发明实施例所述的SiO2@PDA的透射电镜图。
图5是本发明实施例所述的SiO2@PDA@Pd的透射电镜图。
图6是本发明实施例所述的证明载体疏水性修饰的红外光谱图。
图7是本发明实施例所述的级联催化剂在甲苯中的分散效果。
具体实施方式
下述实施例中所述实验方法,如无特殊说明,均为常规方法;所述试剂和材料,如无特殊说明,均可从商业途径获得。
实施例1:SiO2@PDA@Pd催化剂的合成,如图1所示
(1)SiO2@PDA的制备:称取0.5g的SiO2于烧杯中,加入50mL的Tric-HCl(pH8.5,10mM)缓冲液中,为了使其分散均匀,超声10min,随后加入0.5gDA-HCl,在30℃,2000rpm的摇床上震荡16h;8000rpm离心5min收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤离心2遍,将得到的黑色沉淀分散在100mL的去离子水中,超声10min使其分散均匀,然后将其平分成10份,每份吸取10mL于离心管中,将每份离心去除上清液备用;将其中一份冷冻干燥,其重量为50.2mg。
(2)SiO2@PDA@Pd的制备:
取上述制备的SiO2@PDA六份使其分别超声分散在10mLpH分别为8、6、7、5、4、3溶液中(当pH范围为3-7时用到的HCl的浓度为10mM,再进一步稀释成相应的pH;当pH范围为8时用到的NaOH的浓度为20mM,再进一步稀释成相应的pH),各加入1mL的10mg/mLNa2PdCl4(溶剂为上述SiO2@PDA分散溶液相对应的不同pH的水),在室温下搅拌7h;8000rpm离心5min收集黑色沉淀,然后用去离子水洗涤离心3遍,冷冻干燥后得到SiO2@PDA@PdpH。
将按制备方法(1)制备的SiO2@PDA取5份,分别加入10mg/mLNa2PdCl4(溶剂为pH=4的水)的体积为1、2、3、4、5mL,每份溶液都保持10mL且每份溶液都为最佳的pH(pH为4),在室温下搅拌7h;8000rpm离心5min收集沉淀,然后用去离子水洗涤离心3遍,冷冻干燥后得到SiO2@PDA@Pd1/2/3/4/5。
图3是实施例1中使用的SiO2的透射电镜图(TEM),从图中可以看出SiO2是一些规则的球形。
图4是实施例1中的SiO2@PDA的透射电镜图(TEM),PDA包覆的SiO2呈现规则的球形。
图5是实施例1中的SiO2@PDA@Pd的透射电镜图(TEM),在图中可以清晰的观察到金属钯纳米粒子的存在,且钯元素在载体上均匀的分布,没有明显的聚集。
实施例2:mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB复合催化剂的制备,如图2所示
(1)mSiO2@PDA@Pd的制备:称取按上述最佳条件制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd100mg于25mL的圆底烧瓶中,加入9mL的甲苯,超声10min使其分散均匀,随后加入1mL的十八烷基三甲氧基硅烷(TMODS),在90℃下冷凝回流15h;8000rpm离心5min收集沉淀,用甲苯洗涤离心2遍后再用无水乙醇洗涤离心3遍,然后将其在50℃下真空干燥,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd。
(2)mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB复合催化剂的制备:称取50mg的mSiO2@PDA@Pd用0.1mL的无水乙醇分散后,加入9.4mL的磷酸盐(pH7.4,100mM)缓冲液,超声10min使其分散均匀,加入0.5mL的酶液体(诺维信公司的CALB,标称活力5000LU/g),在30℃,200rpm的摇床上震荡4h;8000rpm离心5min收集固体,然后用去离子水洗涤固体3遍,冷冻干燥后得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB。
图6是实施例2中的SiO2@PDA@Pd、mSiO2@PDA@Pd和mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB的红外光谱图。在2925cm-1和2852cm-1处的吸收峰代表-CH2-基团的伸缩振动,表明疏水性烷烃链对SiO2@PDA@Pd的成功修饰。
实施例3:SiO2@PDA@Pd催化剂的应用,制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd与Novozym 435(商业脂肪酶)动态动力学拆分α-苯乙胺
称取实施例1制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd与Novozym 435各30mg,20mg的分子筛,50mg无水碳酸钠于施兰克瓶中,向其加入2mL的甲苯,以及底物α-苯乙胺0.06mL,甲氧基乙酸乙酯0.1mL;抽真空后充入H2-Ar混合气(H2占5%),并维持压力0.1Mpa;在70℃下催化18h。反应通过气相色谱仪检测。
表1
Entry | 催化剂 | 转化率/% | eep/% |
1 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH8 | 61.3 | 95.3 |
2 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH7 | 67.9 | 95.5 |
3 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH6 | 61.5 | 94.6 |
4 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH5 | 66.9 | 93.6 |
5 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH4 | 74.2 | 95.1 |
6 | SiO2@PDA@PdpH3 | 63.7 | 93.7 |
表1是实施例3中在不同的pH下制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd催化剂与Novozym 435(商业脂肪酶)动态动力学拆分α-苯乙胺的数据,通过对其产率和eep值的对比,可以得到在pH为4时制备的SiO2@PDA@PdpH4催化效果最好,产率74%,eep95%。
表2
Entry | 催化剂 | 转化率/% | eep/% |
1 | SiO2@PDA@Pd1 | 71.9 | 93.8 |
2 | SiO2@PDA@Pd2 | 89.7 | 96.2 |
3 | SiO2@PDA@Pd3 | 65.4 | 97.1 |
4 | SiO2@PDA@Pd4 | 58.4 | 97.9 |
5 | SiO2@PDA@Pd5 | 77.0 | 95.6 |
表2是实施例3中在制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd催化剂时加入金属钯前驱体量的不同与Novozym 435(商业脂肪酶)动态动力学拆分α-苯乙胺的数据,通过对其产率和eep值的对比,可以得到在加入10mg/mL的Na2PdCl42mL时制备的SiO2@PDA@Pd2催化效果最好,产率89%,eep96%。
实施例4:mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB复合催化剂的应用,mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB动态动力学拆分α-苯乙胺
称取mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB 40mg,20mg的分子筛,50mg无水碳酸钠于施兰克瓶中,向其加入2mL的甲苯,以及底物α-苯乙胺0.06mL,甲氧基乙酸乙酯0.1mL;抽真空后充入H2-Ar混合气(H2占5%),并维持压力0.1Mpa;在70℃下催化18h。反应通过气相色谱仪检测。
图7是实施例4中催化时各催化剂在溶剂甲苯中的分散状态;标记1中催化剂为SiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB1是通过SiO2@PDA@Pd直接吸附来固定脂肪酶CALB;标记2-5中催化剂为mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB在疏水化修饰时分别加入SiO2@PDA@Pd:TMODS为50mg:(0.1、0.3、0.5、1)mL;标记6中的催化剂为SiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB2是SiO2@PDA@Pd通过戊二醛共价交联CALB制备的;从分散状态可以看出经过疏水化修饰之后的级联催化剂可以在甲苯中很好的分散,而未经过疏水化修饰的则很容易沉在底端。
表3
Entry | 催化剂 | 转化率/% | eep/% |
1 | SiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB1 | 50.2 | 89.9 |
2 | mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB50mg:0.1mL | 95.5 | 98.6 |
3 | mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB50mg:0.3mL | 98.9 | 98.9 |
4 | mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB50mg:0.5mL | 99.2 | 99.6 |
5 | mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB50mg:1mL | 98.1 | 99.2 |
6 | SiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB2 | 67.4 | 97.5 |
表3是实施例4中不同方法制备的级联催化剂的转化率和eep值;其中吸附和戊二醛交联固定的脂肪酶的转化率都低于70%;疏水化修饰后的级联催化剂转化率都在90%以上。
本发明提供了一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂及其制备方法与应用的思路及方法,具体实现该技术方案的方法和途径很多,以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式,应当指出,对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明原理的前提下,还可以做出若干改进和润饰,这些改进和润饰也应视为本发明的保护范围。本实施例中未明确的各组成部分均可用现有技术加以实现。
Claims (6)
1.一种脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,将聚多巴胺包覆在二氧化硅表面,得到SiO2@PDA;再利用包覆在二氧化硅表面的聚多巴胺还原钯前驱体,得到SiO2@PDA@Pd;然后通过硅烷偶联剂对其进行疏水性修饰,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd;最后将脂肪酶吸附在其表面,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd@CALB;
所述利用包覆在二氧化硅表面的聚多巴胺还原钯前驱体为将SiO2@PDA与钯前驱体在pH2-8的条件下进行第二反应,得到SiO2@PDA@Pd;所述SiO2@PDA与钯前驱体的质量比为0.05:(0.01-0.05);所述mSiO2@PDA@Pd与脂肪酶的用量比为0.05g:(0.2-0.8)mL。
2.根据权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,所述将聚多巴胺包覆在二氧化硅表面为将二氧化硅与盐酸多巴胺进行第一反应,得到SiO2@PDA;
其中,所述二氧化硅与盐酸多巴胺的质量比为0.5:(0.25-1)。
3.根据权利要求1所述制备方法,其特征在于,所述对其进行疏水性修饰为将SiO2@PDA@Pd与疏水剂进行第三反应,得到mSiO2@PDA@Pd;
其中,所述SiO2@PDA@Pd与疏水剂的用量比为0.1g:(0.2-2)mL。
4.一种催化手性胺动态动力学拆分的方法,其特征在于,以权利要求1-3中任意一项所述方法制备的脂肪酶-金属钯纳米粒子复合催化剂催化反应。
5.根据权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,所述催化手性胺动态动力学拆分的底物为α-苯乙胺,所述催化剂与α-苯乙胺的用量比为30mg:(30-80)μL。
6.根据权利要求4所述方法,其特征在于,所述催化的温度为50-90℃。
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