CN113767918A - 一种防治芋艿烂芋皮病的方法 - Google Patents
一种防治芋艿烂芋皮病的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN113767918A CN113767918A CN202110500675.2A CN202110500675A CN113767918A CN 113767918 A CN113767918 A CN 113767918A CN 202110500675 A CN202110500675 A CN 202110500675A CN 113767918 A CN113767918 A CN 113767918A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种全新的防治芋艿烂芋皮病的方法，主要采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，进行土壤消毒、种芋处理和药液灌根，减少芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的虫口密度，从而实现对芋艿烂芋皮病的防治。本发明所述方法能更高效、用量更低、更环保地防治芋艿上粪棘跳虫的危害，降低芋艿烂芋皮病的发生，保障了农民的利益，经济社会生态效益显著。另外，本发明还公开了42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物的混合物用与制作芋艿等农作物的粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途。
Description
本申请要求主张中国在先申请，申请号：202010519522.8，申请日2020年6月9日的优先权；其所有的内容作为本发明的一部分。
技术领域
本发明属于植物病虫害防治领域，具体而言，涉及一种防治芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的方法。
背景技术
芋艿(Colocasia esculenta(L.)Schoot)简称“芋”，俗称“芋头”。原产我国和印度、马来西亚等热带地区；单子叶植物，天南星科，多年生草本。叶卵形，叶柄长而肥大，花黄绿色；地下有肉质球茎，富含淀粉，可供食用，营养丰富。其块茎含蛋白质1.75～2.3％、淀粉69.6～73.7％、灰分1.17～1.68％、脂类0.47～0.68％、钙0.059～0.169％、磷0.113～0.274％、铁0.0042～0.0050％，富含维生素B、B2(即核黄素)。《滇南本草》记载芋主宽肠胃，吞之开胃，通肠闭，滑中；久服补肝肾，添精益髓的功效。
跳虫为弹尾目(Collembola)六足动物，终生无翅，体深灰色，有弹尾，体表油质，不怕水，积水时可浮在水面。跳虫以腐败的动植物残骸、腐殖质、细菌和真菌为主要食物, 可参与土壤物质循环，提高土壤肥力、改善土壤理化特性、维护土壤生物群落。跳虫种类很多，据报道可危害经济作物的跳虫有绿圆跳(Sminthurus viridis)、黄星圆跳(Bourletiellapruinosa)、紫跳(Hypogastrura comunis)、和棘跳(Onychiurus sp.)等。粪棘跳虫(Onychiurus fimeitayius)属喜湿喜腐，凡阴暗潮湿、有腐殖质存在的地方都可发现，可危害百合、天麻、芋艿等经济作物地下块茎部分，过去仅在湖南绥宁发现粪棘跳虫危害芋艿。2017年8月，在浙江省永康市也发现该危害跳虫，对芋艿地下球茎有严重危害，经调查，该危害可达到 40％以上，储藏期仍持续危害球茎，严重影响芋头的产量及价值。粪棘跳虫危害的芋艿在生长初期无明显危害症状，待芋艿生长中期危害植株可出现植株偏黄、矮小的症状，高温高湿的环境下，芋艿受害状较明显，茎干萎蔫抗病性下降，使芋田中疫病和炭疽病的更易于侵染植株，并促使芋艿植株整株腐烂，地下球茎部分全部腐烂。粪棘跳虫主要危害芋艿的地下球茎部分，成虫啃食球茎表面，形成洞槽，严重时芋头腐烂，被啃食镂空，无食用部分，完全失去生长能力，芋农称这种严重的病害为“烂芋皮”，“烂芋皮”病扩展迅速，日益严重。“烂芋皮”不仅影响产量，而且严重影响芋的外观和品质。
《芋田棘跳虫的发生特点及防治技术》(中国植保导刊，2005(8):19-20页)提到可以采用辛硫磷和高效氯氰菊酯来防治芋艿的粪棘跳虫危害，辛硫磷和高效氯氰菊酯作为广谱杀虫剂，毒性较高，对环境危害大，且容易使作物害虫产生抗药性。因此迫切需要寻找一种更高效、用量更低、更环保的防治芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的方法。
42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂(露娜森)是一种高效杀菌剂，为氟吡菌酰胺和肟菌酯的复配剂，可抑制真菌孢子萌发、芽管伸长、菌丝生长和产孢，与其他杀菌剂甚至与同类作用机理的杀菌剂也没有交互抗性。42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜靶斑病、番茄叶霉病、西瓜蔓枯病、辣椒炭疽病等多种病害有突出的防治效果。
41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂(路富达)是一种杀线虫剂，具有高效、低毒、低用量的特征，能有效解决线虫给农户带来的困扰，帮助农户生产出更高品质、更高产量的果蔬产品。
除虫菊为菊属多年生草本植物，花序含除虫菊素、箭色素(jaceeidin)、芹菜素、木犀草素、芪菜素-7-半乳粮醛酸甲茎醚、芹菜素-7-葡萄糖醛酸、倍半萜内酯：[塔里定A(tatridinA)、塔里定B(taridinB)、(llR)-ll，13二氢塔里定A(llR)-11，13-dihydrotatridin-A]等，除虫菊 (Chryaanthemumcinerariaefotiumvis)全草入药制粉，可用于人体外治疥癣，也用作切花、花境供观赏，花晒干磨粉，可作杀虫药。
目前还没有关于使用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，用于驱赶芋艿上的粪棘跳虫和防治芋艿烂芋皮病的相关报道。
发明内容
为解决上述问题，本发明提供一种更高效、用量更低、更环保的防治芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的方法，降低芋艿烂芋皮病的发生，所述方法包括以下步骤：
1)种植前采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，喷洒在地面进行土壤消毒；
2)采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，浸种芋，沥干药水后播种；
3)芋艿出苗或生长期，用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，灌根。
关于种植土壤的选择，应选择无虫源田块栽培芋头，并采用腐熟的有机肥，控制虫源进入田间，并降低田间湿度，造成不利棘跳虫生活的环境，做好田间开沟排水。
关于种芋的选择，应挑选未发生过粪棘跳虫地块的芋头球茎做种芋，尽量种植早芋品种，错过跳虫重发生期；冬季挖回的种用芋头球茎在太阳下晒，经霜冻和太阳晒使粪棘跳虫若虫死亡，然后再收藏保管，最好不让种用芋头球茎在地里过冬。
所述方法还可采用芋艿和水稻进行轮作。合理轮作，可减少田间虫源基数，有效防治粪棘跳虫。
进一步地，所述的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂稀释浓度为2000倍。
进一步地，所述的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂稀释浓度为5000倍。
进一步地，所述的除虫菊提取物稀释倍数为1000倍。
进一步地，步骤3)所述的药液灌根，所用的药液量为每亩450公斤或每株200ml。
进一步地，步骤3)所述的药液灌根时间为每年两次，第一次为种芋出苗期，第二次为芋艿4-5叶期(芋艿封行前)。
进一步地，所述的药液灌根时间第一次为4月中旬，第二次为6月初。7月中旬后不建议继续使用药剂。
另一方面，本发明还提供了一种混合物作为农作物上粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途，所述混合物包括42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂2000倍液和除虫菊提取物1000倍液。
由于42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物对粪棘跳虫的防治作用，42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物也可用于多种农作物上的粪棘跳虫的防治，如百合、天麻、芋艿等具有地下块茎部分的经济作物。
进一步地，所述的农作物为芋艿。
再一方面，本发明还提供了一种混合物作为农作物上粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途，所述混合物包括41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5000倍液和除虫菊提取物1000倍液。
由于41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂对粪棘跳虫的防治作用，41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂同样也可用于多种农作物上的粪棘跳虫的防治，如百合、天麻、芋艿等具有地下块茎部分的经济作物。
进一步地，所述的农作物为芋艿。
本发明提供了一种全新的防治芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的方法，主要采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，进行土壤消毒、种芋处理和药液灌根，并可通过芋艿和水稻进行合理轮作，减少田间虫源基数，从而实现对芋艿烂芋皮病的防治。本发明所述方法能更高效、用量更低、更环保地防治芋艿上粪棘跳虫的危害，降低芋艿烂芋皮病的发生，保障了农民的利益，经济社会生态效益显著。另外，本发明还公开了42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物的混合物用与制作芋艿等农作物的粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述，需要指出的是，以下所述实施例旨在便于对本发明的理解，而对其不起任何限定作用。
实施例1 42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂的稀释倍数的选择
本实施例采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂(露娜森，拜耳作物科技有限公司)，或不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍液作为芋艿的粪棘跳虫防治剂，42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂的稀释倍数分别为500倍、1000倍、1500倍、2000倍、2500 倍、3000倍，并采用清水作为对照；试验场地为浙江永康市曾受粪棘跳虫危害的土壤。
除虫菊提取物的制备方法为：取除虫菊花瓣，粉碎，称取1g，加入6ml 100％正己烷- 乙醇溶液，于40℃减压回流提取，过滤，得提取液，其中压强为70kPa。
种植前分别采用不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂，或不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍液喷洒在地面进行土壤消毒；分别采用不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂，或不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍液浸种芋，沥干药水后播种；芋艿出苗或生长期，分别采用不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂，或不同稀释倍数的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍液灌根，亩用水量约450公斤，每株用水量约200ml，在4月中旬种芋出苗期第一次灌根，驱赶粪棘跳虫，在6月初4-5叶期(芋艿封行前)进行第二次灌根，8月初对芋艿地下球茎进行病虫害调查。试验过程全部采用清水作为对照。试验结果如表1所示。
表1 42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂的不同稀释倍数的影响
由表1可见，采用稀释倍数为2000倍以下的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂与除虫菊提取物 1000倍液混合配伍时，都可以100％防治粪棘跳虫对芋艿地下块茎的危害；而当单独采用 42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂时，即使稀释倍数仅为500倍时，仍然无法实现100％防治粪棘跳虫对芋艿地下块茎的危害；从环保和成本方面考虑，优选42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂的稀释倍数为2000倍时，和除虫菊提取物1000倍混和复配，作为芋艿的粪棘跳虫防治剂。
实施例2 41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂的稀释倍数的选择
本实施例采用41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂(路富达，拜耳作物科学公司)，或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍作为芋艿的粪棘跳虫防治剂，41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂的稀释倍数分别为3000倍、3500倍、4000倍、4500倍、5000倍、5500倍、6000倍，并采用清水作为对照；试验场地为浙江永康市曾受粪棘跳虫危害的土壤。
除虫菊提取物的制备方法为：取除虫菊花瓣，粉碎，称取1g，加入6ml 100％正己烷- 乙醇溶液，于40℃减压回流提取，过滤，得提取液，其中压强为70kPa。
种植前分别采用不同稀释倍数的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍喷洒在地面进行土壤消毒；分别采用不同稀释倍数的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍浸种芋，沥干药水后播种；芋艿出苗或生长期，分别采用不同稀释倍数的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物1000倍灌根，亩用水量约450公斤，每株用水量约200ml，在4月中旬种芋出苗期第一次灌根，驱赶粪棘跳虫，在6月初4-5叶期(芋艿封行前)进行第二次灌根，8月初对芋艿地下球茎进行病虫害调查。试验过程全部采用清水作为对照。试验结果如表2所示。
表2.41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂的不同稀释倍数的影响
由表1可见，采用稀释倍数为5000倍以下的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，都可以100％防止粪棘跳虫对芋艿的危害，降低芋艿烂芋皮病的发生；；而当单独采用41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂时，即使稀释倍数仅为3000倍时，仍然无法实现100％防治粪棘跳虫对芋艿地下块茎的危害；从环保和成本方面考虑，优选41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂的稀释倍数为5000倍时，和除虫菊提取物1000倍混和复配，作为芋艿的粪棘跳虫防治剂。
实施例3不同药剂防治效果的比较
本实施例分别按照表3所示配置芋艿的粪棘跳虫防治剂，并采用清水作为对照；试验场地为浙江永康市曾受粪棘跳虫危害的土壤。供试药剂主要有：41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂(路富达)、42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂、15％茚虫威悬浮剂(彪本)、25克/升联苯菊酯乳油 (天王星)、10％虫螨腈悬浮剂(卡马特)、3.2％阿维菌素乳油(野田清快)、4.5％辛硫磷(克灵丰)、40％乐果(乐戈)、20％高效氯氰菊酯(百农思达)、20％氰戊菊酯(辉胜)。
试验方法与实施例1一致，试验结果如表3所示。
表3不同药剂防治效果的比较
根据表3可以看出，比较实验组1、2和3，单独施加42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂2000倍液，没有除虫菊提取物时，发病率仍有8.4％；单独施加除虫菊提取物1000倍液时，发病率仍有 55.6％；而施加42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂与除虫菊提取物的混合物后，可以100％防治粪棘跳虫对芋艿的危害，可见42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物产生了明显协同增效作用，可以大大提高防治效果。
比较实验组2、4和5，同样可以看出，单独施以41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5000倍液，没有除虫菊提取物时，发病率仍有7.2％；单独施加除虫菊提取物1000倍液时，发病率仍有55.6％；而施加41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物后，可以100％防治粪棘跳虫对芋艿的危害，可见41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂和除虫菊提取物产生了明显协同增效作用，可以大大提高防治效果。
比较实验组6-21可见，其防治效果明显不如1、3、4、5组。而且分别采用15％茚虫威悬浮剂、25克/升联苯菊酯乳油、10％虫螨腈悬浮剂、3.2％阿维菌素乳油、4.5％辛硫磷、40％乐果、20％高效氯氰菊酯、20％氰戊菊酯与除虫菊提取物混合施加，均没有发现明显增效作用，芋艿烂芋皮病的发病率仍然较高。
因此，采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂2000倍液或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5000倍液，并添加除虫菊提取物1000倍液配制的试剂，为最高效的芋艿粪棘跳虫防治剂。
实施例4本发明处理技术对芋艿农药残留量的影响
同实施例3中的处理编号3或5对芋艿的处理，待芋艿成熟后，选取芋形正常，大小基本均匀，无明显裂痕、腐烂的芋艿进行农药残留检测。氟吡菌酰胺、肟菌酯和阿维菌素农药残留量检测按GB/T20769-2008规定的方法进行测定，联苯菊酯农药残留量检测按GB23200.9-2016规定的方法进行测定。
表4不同杀菌剂对芋艿地下块茎农药残留量的影响(mg/kg)
由表4中的结果可以看出，本发明的芋艿处理技术不仅可以有效地降低芋艿田块中的虫源基数，降低芋艿烂芋皮病的发生，而且芋艿收获期的地下块茎中并未检测到所使用的氟吡菌酰胺、肟菌酯等农药，符合中华人民共和国国家标准-水果和蔬菜中450种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定GB/T20769-2008和中华人民共和国国家标准-食品安全国家标准粮谷中475种农药及相关化学品残留量的测定GB/T20769-2008。
实施例5本发明处理技术对芋艿安全性的影响
采用同实施例3中的处理编号3或5对芋艿的处理，待芋艿成熟后，选取芋形正常，大小基本均匀，无明显裂痕、腐烂的芋艿进行安全性检测。检测方法：食品中铅的测定根据GB/T 5009.12规定的方法进行检测，食品中镉的测定根据GB/T 5009.15规定的方法进行检测，食品中有机磷农药残留量的测定根据GB/T 5009.20规定的方法进行检测，植物性食品中辛硫磷农药残留量的测定根据GB/T 5009.102规定的方法进行检测，植物性食品中氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯残留量的测定根据GB/T 5009.110规定的方法进行检测，植物性食品中三唑酮残留量的测定根据GB/T 5009.162规定的方法进行检测，蔬菜、水果中甲基托布津、多菌灵的测定根据GB/T 5009.188规定的方法进行检测。
表5本发明处理技术对芋艿安全性检测结果
由表5中的结果可以看出，本发明的处理技术在芋艿田块实施中有较好的安全性，在处理的芋艿中均未检出铅和镉等重金属，也未检测到乐果、敌百虫、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯、三唑酮和多菌灵等高毒农药，符合中华人民共和国农业行业标准无公害食品芋头NY 5251-2004，其安全性较高，可以直接食用。
由上所述，本申请公开了芋艿生长过程中的处理方法，该处理方法对芋艿烂芋皮病具有良好得抑制作用，通过对芋艿田块中粪棘跳虫虫源基数的抑制，能够显著减少芋艿烂芋皮病的发生，从源头上改善了芋艿品质，减少了由于害虫啃食而引起病害的机会，具有安全性高，无农药残留的优点，不仅保证了芋艿的食用安全性，而且为芋艿的无公害生产提供了技术支持。
虽然本发明披露如上，但本发明并非限定于此。任何本领域技术人员，在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内，均可作各种更动与修改，因此本发明的保护范围应当以权利要求所限定的范围为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种防治芋艿烂芋皮病的方法，减少芋艿上的粪棘跳虫的虫口密度，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
1)种植前采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，喷洒在地面进行土壤消毒；
2)采用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，浸种芋，沥干药水后播种；
3)芋艿出苗或生长期，用42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂或41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂，并添加除虫菊提取物，灌根。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂稀释倍数为2000倍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂稀释倍数为5000倍。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的除虫菊提取物稀释倍数为1000倍。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤3)所述的药液灌根，所用的药液量为每亩450公斤或每株200ml。
6.根据权利要求1-5任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤3)所述的药液灌根时间为每年两次，第一次为种芋出苗期，第二次为芋艿4-5叶期。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述的药液灌根时间第一次为4月中旬，第二次为6月初。
8.一种混合物作为农作物上粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途，其特征在于，所述混合物包括42.8％氟菌·肟菌酯悬浮剂2000倍液和除虫菊提取物1000倍液。
9.一种混合物作为农作物上粪棘跳虫防治剂的用途，其特征在于，所述混合物包括41.7％氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂5000倍液和除虫菊提取物1000倍液。
10.根据权利要求8或9所述的用途，其特征在于，所述的农作物为芋艿。
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| 杜秀菊: "菇房跳虫的发生与防治", 《现代农村科技》 * |
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