CN113701449B - 基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置 - Google Patents

基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置 Download PDF

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CN113701449B
CN113701449B CN202110757585.1A CN202110757585A CN113701449B CN 113701449 B CN113701449 B CN 113701449B CN 202110757585 A CN202110757585 A CN 202110757585A CN 113701449 B CN113701449 B CN 113701449B
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曾钰培
罗二仓
王晓涛
董学强
陈燕燕
公茂琼
朱顺敏
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Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry of CAS
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Abstract

本发明提供一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置，系统包括至少一个第一换热器和第二换热器、氮流通管路、氦流通管路以及氢液化管路；氮流通管路流经第一换热器进行预冷；氦流通管路，设有氦压缩机和第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，氦流通管路流经氦压缩机，并在第一换热器与氮流通管路换热后流至第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧流经第二换热器并经第一换热器流至压缩机的进口侧，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧流经第一换热器流至氦压缩机的进口侧；氢液化管路流经第一换热器和第二换热器与氮流通管路和氦流通管路换热，氢气被降温并液化。由此系统运行安全性、稳定性更高，系统更简单，能耗更低。

Description

基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置
技术领域
本发明涉及氢液化技术领域，尤其涉及一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置。
背景技术
在氢能利用过程中，储运是关键技术。相较于气氢储运，液氢储运具有低成本、携氢密度大、纯度高、适合长距离运输和大宗国际贸易等优点，是行业内公认的大规模运用氢能的重要环节。在液氢产业方面，美国技术成熟、产能巨大，而国内的液氢产品质量和制造水平较美国存在明显差距，掌握独立研发大规模氢液化装置的能力，是氢能纳入我国能源战略这一关键时期的紧迫任务。
现有的氦制冷的氢液化循环存在系统复杂；能耗较高；采用高速旋转透平膨胀机存在运行不安全和不稳定的隐患，因此在大型氢液化系统中未得到广泛应用。
发明内容
本发明实施例提供一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置，用以解决现有技术中氢液化循环存在系统复杂、能耗较高、采用高速旋转透平膨胀机而存在运行不安全和不稳定的技术问题。
本发明实施例提供一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，包括：至少一个第一换热器和第二换热器；
氮流通管路，流经所述第一换热器进行预冷；
氦流通管路，设有氦压缩机和第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述氦流通管路流经所述氦压缩机，并在所述第一换热器与所述氮流通管路换热后流至所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧流经所述第二换热器并经所述第一换热器流至所述压缩机的进口侧，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧流经所述第一换热器流至所述氦压缩机的进口侧；
氢液化管路，流经所述第一换热器和所述第二换热器与所述氮流通管路和所述氦流通管路换热，氢气被降温并液化。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氦流通管路上还设有第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机；
所述氦流通管路流经所述第二换热器流至所述第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧连接有液氦储罐，所述第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧流至所述氦压缩机的进口侧。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氢液化管路上设有液氢储罐，经所述第二换热器换热得到的液氢流至所述液氢储罐进行保存。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氢液化管路上还设有氢压缩机，所述氢液化管路依次流经所述氢压缩机和所述第一换热器以及所述第二换热器至所述液氢储罐。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氮流通管路包括液氮浴罐；
所述氢液化管路依次流经所述第一换热器、所述液氮浴罐至所述第二换热器。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氦流通管路上还设有第三换热器，所述第二换热器包括第一子换热单元和第二子换热单元；
所述氦流通管路依次流经所述氦压缩机、所述第三换热器、所述液氮浴罐、所述第一子换热单元以及所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧流经所述第三换热器至所述氦压缩机的进口侧，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧流经所述第二子换热单元至所述氦压缩机的进口侧。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述氢液化管路上还设有第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机；
所述氢液化管路依次流经所述第一换热器、所述液氮浴罐、所述第二子换热单元至所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧与所述液氢储罐相连接，所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧连接有节流阀；
所述节流阀远离所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的一侧流至所述第一子换热单元并返回至所述氢压缩机的进口侧。
根据本发明一个实施例的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机包括依次连接的旋流装置、喷管、旋流分离段、排液结构以及扩压器，所述旋流装置远离所述喷管一端对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的进气侧，所述排液结构的排液口对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧，所述扩压器远离所述旋流分离段一侧对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧。
本发明实施例还提供一种氢液化装置，包括：上述的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统。
本发明实施例提供的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统及装置，对于基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，系统包括氮流通管路、氦流通管路以及氢液化管路，氮流通管路和氦流通管路的预冷使得氢液化管路可以逐渐降温至液态，提高了氢液化的效率。而且，采用无运动部件的超音速旋流两相膨胀机，使得系统运行安全性更高，稳定性更强，且整个系统更加简单，能耗也大大降低。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作一简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统一实施例的示意图；
图2为图1所示的第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的结构示意图；
图3为本发明基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统另一实施例的示意图；
图4为本发明基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统第三实施例的示意图；
附图标记：
10、第一换热器；
20、第二换热器；210、第一子换热单元；220、第二子换热单元；
30、氮流通管路；310、液氮浴罐；
40、氦流通管路；410、氦压缩机；420、第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机；4210、旋流装置；4220、喷管；4230、旋流分离段；4240、扩压器；4250、排液结构；430、第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机；440、液氦储罐；450、第三换热器；
50、氢液化管路；510、液氢储罐；520、氢压缩机；530、第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机；540、节流阀。
具体实施方式
为使本发明实施例的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有作出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
下面结合图1至图4，本发明实施例提供一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，系统包括至少一个第一换热器10和第二换热器20、氮流通管路30、氦流通管路40以及氢液化管路50，氮流通管路30流经第一换热器10进行预冷；氦流通管路40设有氦压缩机410和第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420，氦流通管路40流经氦压缩机410，并在第一换热器10与氮流通管路30换热后流至第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出液侧流经第二换热器20并经第一换热器10流至压缩机的进口侧，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出气侧流经第一换热器10流至氦压缩机410的进口侧；氢液化管路50流经第一换热器10和第二换热器20与氮流通管路30和氦流通管路40换热，氢气被降温并液化。系统通过设置氮流通管路30、氦流通管路40以及氢液化管路50，利用氮流通管路30和氦流通管路40的预冷使得氢液化管路50可以逐渐降温至液态，提高了氢液化的效率。而且，氦流通管路40中采用采用无运动部件的超音速旋流两相膨胀机，使得系统运行安全性更高，稳定性更强，且整个系统更加简单，能耗也大大降低。
对于第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420包括依次连接的旋流装置4210、喷管4220、旋流分离段4230、排液结构4250以及扩压器4240，旋流装置4210远离喷管4220一端对应第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的进气侧，排液结构4250的排液口对应第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出液侧，扩压器4240远离旋流分离段4230一侧对应第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出气侧。
氢液化管路50上设有液氢储罐510，经第二换热器20换热得到的液氢流至液氢储罐510进行保存。对于氢液化管路50，氢液化管路50上还设有氢压缩机520，氢液化管路50依次流经氢压缩机520和第一换热器10以及第二换热器20至液氢储罐510。
请参照图1和图2，在本发明可行的实施例中，第一换热器10的数量以三个为例进行说明但不对此进行限定。系统在运行时，氮流通管路30依次流经三个第一换热器10，氦气经过氦压缩机410压缩升压后，依次经过三个第一换热器10与氮流通管路30进行充分换热，此时氦气被预冷至液氮温区，然后氦气进入第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420内，预冷后的氦气通过旋流装置4210产生巨大离心力，在喷管4220中等熵膨胀降温降压产生低温效应，温度降低后氦气发生凝结成核、生成液滴并进一步生长，低温液相由于旋转产生的切向速度和离心作用在旋流分离段4230旋流分离经排液结构4250排出至第二换热器20，剩余低温气相经扩压器4240减速升压排出后与经过第二换热器20的氦气进行混合，并依次经过三个第一换热器10流至氦压缩机410的进口侧，完成循环。
系统中的氢液化管路50，氢气经氢压缩机520压缩升压后，依次经过三个第一换热器10和第二换热器20与低温液氦进行充分换热，产生液氦后流入液氢储罐510中，完成氢液化。
在本发明可行的实施例中，对于氦流通管路40，氦流通管路40上还设有第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430；氦流通管路40流经第二换热器20流至第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430，第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430的出液侧连接有液氦储罐440，第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430的出气侧流至氦压缩机410的进口侧。
请参照图3，系统在运行时，相较于上一实施例运行时的情况，本实施例在系统中增设第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430，经第二换热器20后的氦气继续进入第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430，氦气在第二超音速旋流两相膨胀机430中发生膨胀降温和旋流分离，产生的低温液氦流入液氦储罐440。为保证氦流通管路40的氦气的量，可以在氦压缩机410的进口侧增设与外界相连通的氦气输送管，以保证氦流通管路40中氦气的量。也即，该系统可以同时对氦气和氢气进行液化，充分利用系统产生的冷量，以适应多种工况，提高冷量的利用率。
在本发明可行的一实施例中，氦流通管路40上还设有第三换热器450，第二换热器20包括第一子换热单元210和第二子换热单元220；氦流通管路40依次流经氦压缩机410、第三换热器450、液氮浴罐310、第一子换热单元210以及第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出气侧流经第三换热器450至氦压缩机410的进口侧，第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420的出液侧流经第二子换热单元220至氦压缩机410的进口侧。
对于氢液化管路50，氢液化管路50上还设有第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530；氢液化管路50依次流经第一换热器10、液氮浴罐310、第二子换热单元220至第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530。第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530的出液侧与液氢储罐510相连接，第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530的出气侧连接有节流阀540；节流阀540远离第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530的一侧流至第一子换热单元210并返回至氢压缩机520的进口侧。
请参照图4，在本发明可行的实施例中，系统在运行时，相较于上述的其他实施例的运行状态，本实施可以使得氢气直接参与到超音速两相膨胀过程中。本实施例中的第一换热器10的数量以一个进行阐述说明，在其他实施例中也可以为多个，在此不做限定。对于氮流通管路30，当氦流通管路40流经液氮浴罐310时，会将一部分液氮气化，气态的氮气流经第一换热器10进行换热。对于氦流通管路40，氦气经氦压缩机410压缩升压后与第三换热器450充分换热，此时的氦气可以先进行一级降温，然后经过液氮浴罐310进行再次降温，此时可以降温至液氮温区，被液氮预冷后，氦气进入经过第一子换热单元210进入第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420，预冷后的氦气通过旋流装置4210产生巨大离心力，在喷管4220中等熵膨胀降温降压产生低温效应，温度降低后氦气发生凝结成核、生成液滴并进一步生长，低温液相由于旋转产生的切向速度和离心作用在旋流分离段4230旋流分离经排液结构4250排出至第二子换热单元220并返回流经第三换热器450至氦压缩机410的进口侧，剩余气相经扩压器4240减速升压后经过第三换热器450并流至氦压缩机410的进口侧。
对于氢液化管路50，氢气经氢压缩机520压缩升压后与第一换热器10充分换热，然后进入液氮浴罐310，被液氮浴罐310预冷后流经第二子换热单元220后流至第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530，在第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530内发生的过程与在第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420内的过程相同，在此不做过多赘述。第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530的出液侧流至液氢储罐510，剩余低温气相经扩压器4240排出至节流阀540，发生节流膨胀降温作用，温度进一步降低后，经第一子换热单元210流至氢压缩机520的进口侧，完成氢液化循环。
需要说明的是，低温气氢经过扩压器4240流至第一子换热单元210中与氦气进行换热，由此便于氦气获得更低的温度，由此降低了氦气进入第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420时的温度，由此有利于第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420产生更多的液氦，进而液氦流经第二子换热单元220时与氢气进行换热，由此使得氢气温度可以降得更低，有利于第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530产生更多的液氢。也即，氢气直接参与至第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机530中，通过第二换热器20包括的第一子换热单元210和第二子换热单元220的排布，以及节流阀540的节流膨胀降温效果，使得氦气进入第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机420进口侧的温度更低，也即更易产生低温液氦，由此促使氢气经第二子换热单元220换热后得到更低的温度，有利于液氢的产生。
在本发明可行的一实施例中，还提供一种氢液化装置，包括上述的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统。
综上，对于基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，系统包括氮流通管路30、氦流通管路40以及氢液化管路50，由此提高氮流通管路30和氦流通管路40的预冷使得氢液化管路50可以逐渐降温至液态，提高了氢液化的效率。而且，采用无运动部件的超音速旋流两相膨胀机，使得系统运行安全性更高，稳定性更强，且整个系统更加简单，能耗也大大降低。
最后应说明的是：以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案，而非对其限制；尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，本领域的普通技术人员应当理解：其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换；而这些修改或者替换，并不使相应技术方案的本质脱离本发明各实施例技术方案的精神和范围。

Claims (3)

1.一种基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，其特征在于，包括：
至少一个第一换热器和第二换热器，所述第二换热器包括第一子换热单元和第二子换热单元；
氮流通管路，所述氮流通管路设有液氮浴罐，所述氮流通管路流经所述第一换热器进行预冷；
氦流通管路，所述氦流通管路设有氦压缩机、第三换热器和第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述氦流通管路依次流经所述氦压缩机、所述第三换热器、所述液氮浴罐、所述第一子换热单元以及所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧流经所述第三换热器至所述氦压缩机的进口侧，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧流经所述第二子换热单元至所述氦压缩机的进口侧；
氢液化管路，所述氢液化管路上设有氢压缩机、第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机和液氢储罐，所述氢液化管路依次流经所述氢压缩机、所述第一换热器、所述液氮浴罐、所述第二子换热单元至第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机，流经所述第一换热器和所述第二子换热单元时与所述氮流通管路和所述氦流通管路换热，氢气被降温并液化；
所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧与所述液氢储罐相连接，所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧连接有节流阀；所述节流阀远离所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的一侧流至所述第一子换热单元并返回至所述氢压缩机的进口侧。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统，其特征在于，所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机和所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机均包括依次连接的旋流装置、喷管、旋流分离段、排液结构以及扩压器，所述旋流装置远离所述喷管一端对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机或所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的进气侧，所述排液结构的排液口对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机或所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出液侧，所述扩压器远离所述旋流分离段一侧对应所述第一超音速旋流两相膨胀机或所述第三超音速旋流两相膨胀机的出气侧。
3.一种氢液化装置，其特征在于，包括权利要求1-2任一项所述的基于氦制冷的超音速旋流两相膨胀氢液化系统。
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