CN113683879A - 一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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- MWFNQNPDUTULBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphono dihydrogen phosphate;piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1.OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O MWFNQNPDUTULBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及聚氨酯复合材料技术领域,具体涉及一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料及其制备方法和应用。一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料的原料包括:玻璃纤维75‑85份和聚氨酯组分15‑25;所述聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分;所述多元醇组分包括聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N‑二甲基苄胺、N,N‑二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂;所述异氰酸酯组分包括聚合MDI和MDI。本方案可以解决常规热固性复合材料型材无法满足爆炸性环境中的阻燃抗静电要求的技术问题。采用本方案可以应用于爆炸性环境中使用的设备的板材和型材的制作中,还可以应用在爆炸性环境中使用的轨道的制作中,具有广阔的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及聚氨酯复合材料技术领域,具体涉及一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
聚氨酯复合材料是以聚氨酯树脂为基体的复合材料,聚氨酯本身具有优异的抗冲击强度、拉伸强度以及层间剪切强度,还具有质轻的特点,聚氨酯复合材料已经备受建筑、运输以及矿产开采等行业的关注。但是,聚氨酯复合材料同其他高分子材料一样,其抗静电和阻燃的性能不佳,限制了该材料的应用范围。例如,在井下煤矿等爆炸性的环境中,聚氨酯复合材料虽然能够满足该使用场景对材料力学强度的要求,可以作为对设备上使用的板材、型材或者在爆炸性环境中使用的轨道等配件的“以塑代钢”,但是由于聚氨酯复合材料抗静电和阻燃的性能较差,使其不能应用于煤矿用设备的生产中。因此,对于提升聚氨酯复合材料的抗静电和阻燃性能的研究,已经广泛引起了本领域从业人员的关注。目前亟待解决的问题为如何制造出一种具有良好力学性能和抗静电、阻燃的性能的聚氨酯复合材料。如能够解决抗静电和阻燃的问题,可以使用这些聚氨酯复合材料代替井下煤矿设备中的部分钢制配件。由于其质量轻,可大大降低工人的劳动强度,减少能耗,同时也能有效克服井下制件易腐蚀和易生锈问题。
发明内容
本发明意在提供一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,以解决常规热固性复合材料型材无法满足爆炸性环境中的阻燃抗静电要求的技术问题。
为达到上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案:
一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,以质量份数计,其原料包括:玻璃纤维75-85份和聚氨酯组分15-25份;所述聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分;所述多元醇组分包括聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂;所述异氰酸酯组分包括聚合MDI和MDI。
本方案还提供了一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料的制备方法,包括如下依次进行的步骤:
S1:将异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分混合,获得树脂混合物;
S2:将玻璃纤维预热至100-150℃,然后将所述玻璃纤维牵引进入浸渍模具;在所述浸渍模具中,使用所述树脂混合物在150-220℃的条件下浸渍所述玻璃纤维1-4min,获得粗型材;
S3:将粗型材置于130-160℃的环境中1-4min,获得型材。
本方案的原理以及有益效果:本方案利用玻璃纤维和聚氨酯组分为主要原料制作的高强度聚氨酯复合材料,获得的复合材料具有较为理想的力学性能。在本方案中,采用如下的配方:玻璃纤维75-85份和聚氨酯组分15-25份;聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分;多元醇组分包括聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂;异氰酸酯组分包括聚合MDI和MDI,制备获得的复合材料经测试,拉伸强度可达1100Mpa以上,弯曲强度1200Mpa以上。虽然型材的力学性能可满足爆炸性环境中设备的要求,但是复合材料表面电阻大且易产生静电,其本身也没有阻燃性,该型材如果进入矿井会产生大量的危险的因素,使得该材料不能被应用于爆炸性环境用设备领域。通过在型材中加入阻燃剂,可实现较好的阻燃效果,使得本方案的复合材料在爆炸性环境中的应用变为可能。本方案的型材完全满足煤炭部制定的MT113-85《煤用工矿井下用非金属材料检验规范》,可替代现有技术的金属材料,用于井下设备的板材或型材以及轨道的制备,实现以塑代钢的目的,充分发挥聚氨酯复合材料的质轻、易加工成型、力学性能佳和耐腐蚀等优良性能。
进一步,聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂的质量比为64:1:2:5:14。上述比例的阻燃剂的加入可以有效提升型材阻燃性能。
进一步,在异氰酸酯组分中,聚合MDI和MDI的质量比为60:40。采用上述的聚合体和单体的质量比,有助于聚氨酯的形成,并有助于后续的聚氨酯复合材料的成型。
进一步,所述多元醇组分还包括抗静电剂;聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺、阻燃剂和抗静电剂的质量比为64:1:2:5:14:14。抗静电剂的加入使得复合材料拥有了良好的抗静电性能,阻燃剂和抗静电剂协同作用,保证了本复合材料可以应用于井下爆炸环境中。
进一步,所述玻璃纤维为连续纤维;所述玻璃纤维的直径为16-32μm。采用连续纤维(相对于短纤维)以及保证玻璃纤维的直径为16-32μm,可以保证获得的型材具有较好的力学性能。玻璃纤维直径越大,会导致获得的型材的力学性能降低且表面粗糙(表面不覆毡),玻璃纤维的直径越小,虽然型材的力学性能和表面质量越好(表面不覆毡),但是生产成本相应上升。
进一步,所述阻燃剂包括BDP、TCPP和TCEP中的至少一种磷酸酯阻燃剂。BDP、TCPP和TCEP这三种磷酸酯阻燃剂为液体阻燃剂,相对于其他类型的阻燃剂对本方案的复合材料,对阻燃能力的提升效果更为显著,他们特异性地增强了本方案复合材料的阻燃作用。
进一步,所述抗静电剂包括1,3-二甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、N-辛基吡啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基哌啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷溴盐、三丁基甲基氯化铵、N-乙基,甲基吗啉溴盐和三丁基乙基溴化膦中的至少一种离子液体。上述离子液体相对于其他类型的抗静电剂对本方案的复合材料,对抗静电能力的提升效果更为显著,他们特异性地增强了本方案复合材料的抗静电作用。
进一步,S2中的玻璃纤维的数量为若干,若干所述玻璃纤维排列形成集束;将所述集束和碳纳米管毡同时牵引进入浸渍模具。
在玻璃纤维排列形成的集束外包裹碳纳米管毡,可以降低最终获得的型材的表面电阻,相较于加入抗静电剂,本方案获得的型材的抗静电效果更佳。使用本方案的碳纳米管毡,可以不在多元醇组分中添加抗静电剂。碳纳米管毡只是在制备过程中随玻璃纤维引入浸渍模具,在聚氨酯组分和玻璃纤维成型之后(形成型材),碳纳米管毡并不属于型材的一部分,只是包裹在型材外表面,需要去除。
进一步,一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料在爆炸性环境中使用的设备的板材或型材中的应用,或者在爆炸性环境中使用的轨道中的应用。
本方案制备获得的高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料具有力学性能佳、阻燃和抗静电性能优良的性质,杜绝了聚氨酯复合材料进入矿井可能会产生危险因素,可以代替传统的金属材料,可应用于爆炸性环境下使用的设备或者板材、型材等。爆炸性环境在本方案中指井下煤矿等存在较大爆炸和燃烧风险的环境。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明做进一步详细的说明,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。若未特别指明,下述实施例所用的技术手段为本领域技术人员所熟知的常规手段;所用的实验方法均为常规方法;所用的材料、试剂等,均可从商业途径得到。
实施例1
本实施例使用现有技术中常规的型材拉挤设备来制备本方案的复合材料。该型材拉挤设备依照工艺进行的顺序依次包括存放玻璃纤维的玻璃纤维架、预热装置、模具组合以及牵引装置。本方案使用的玻璃纤维为连续纤维,从玻璃纤维架开始,玻璃纤维依次经过预热装置和模具组合,玻璃纤维的远离玻璃纤维架的一端在牵引装置的牵引作用下运动。在玻璃纤维进入模具组合时,需要将玻璃纤维和毡同时引入模具中,毡包裹在玻璃纤维形成的集束的外部,毡紧贴模具内侧。模具组合依次包括浸渍模具和成型模具。浸渍模具连通有储存单元,用于将储存单元中的树脂混合物定量注入浸渍模具中。在成型模具中,材料固化形成型材,毡包裹在型材外面,使用型材的时候,需要将毡去除。毡起到了避免聚氨酯在模具内侧粘黏的效果,避免型材表面产生损伤。毡可以使用普通的玻璃纤维毡,也可以使用碳纳米管毡,使用后者具有抗静电效果。
本方案情况如下:
一、配方成分
为实现型材的阻燃功能,配方情况如下(配方1):以质量份数计,玻璃纤维75-85份(最优为80份)和聚氨酯组分15-25份(最优为20份),聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分,多元醇组分包括质量比为64:1:2:5:14的聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂。另外,在使用此配方时,如果使用碳纳米管毡,获得的型材具有抗静电性能,如果使用普通的玻璃纤维毡,则获得的型材不具备抗静电性能。
为同时实现型材的抗静电和阻燃功能,配方情况如下(配方2):玻璃纤维75-85份(最优为80份)和聚氨酯组分15-25份(最优为20份),聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分,多元醇组分包括质量比为64:1:2:5:14:14的聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺、阻燃剂和抗静电剂。使用此配方时,可以不再使用价格比较昂贵的碳纳米管毡,即可同时获得型材的抗静电和阻燃性能。
其中,异氰酸酯组分(称为黑料)和多元醇组分中的聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺形成的混合物(称为白料,相对于多元醇组分,不包括阻燃剂和抗静电剂)均购于市面。异氰酸酯组分(黑料)含有聚合MDI和MDI(4,4’-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯,CAS:101-68-8)两种成分,聚合MDI和MDI的质量比为60:40。白料含有聚醚多元醇(CAS:9003-11-6)、硅油(CAS:63148-53-8)、N,N-二甲基苄胺(CAS:103-83-3)和N,N-二甲基苯胺(CAS:121-69-7)四种成分,聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺和N,N-二甲基苯胺的质量比为64:1:2:5。
阻燃剂为BDP、TCPP和TCEP中的一种磷酸酯阻燃剂或者2-3种磷酸酯阻燃剂组成的混合物。
抗静电剂为1,3-二甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、N-辛基吡啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基哌啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷溴盐、三丁基甲基氯化铵、N-乙基,甲基吗啉溴盐和三丁基乙基溴化膦离子液体中的一种或者多种组成的混合物。
玻璃纤维为连续纤维,直径为16-32μm。
二、制备工艺
按照配方1进行型材的制备:
S1:将阻燃剂加入白料中混匀,获得多元醇组分。然后将多元醇组分和聚氨酯组分加入静态混合装置混合,获得树脂混合物。上述操作均在室温下(25±5℃)进行。
S2:使用预热装置将玻璃纤维预热至100-150℃,然后将预热后的玻璃纤维牵引进入浸渍模具。将储存单元中的树脂混合物注入浸渍模具中,然后维持浸渍模具内的温度为150-220℃,反应1-4min,获得粗型材。型材表面可选择使用普通的玻璃纤维毡或碳纳米管毡。
S3:使用牵引装置将获得的粗型材牵引至成型模具中,维持成型模具内温度为130-160℃,持续1-4min,获得型材。
按照配方2进行型材生产,只需要在S1中将阻燃剂和抗静电剂同时加入白料中混匀,其余操作步骤不变,并且可以不使用价格昂贵的碳纳米管毡。
更具体地,本实施例使用的是配方2进行型材的生产(参见表1),具体配方如下:以质量份数计,玻璃纤维80份和聚氨酯组分20份。并使用普通的玻璃纤维毡。
生产工艺具体如下:
S1:在25℃的室温环境中,将阻燃剂和抗静电剂加入白料中混匀,然后将多元醇组分和异氰酸酯组分加入静态混合装置混合,获得树脂混合物。
S2:使用预热装置将玻璃纤维预热至120℃,然后将预热后的玻璃纤维牵引进入浸渍模具。将储存单元中的树脂混合物注入浸渍模具中,然后维持浸渍模具内的温度为190℃,反应3min,获得粗型材。型材表面选择普通的玻璃纤维毡。
S3:使用牵引装置将获得的粗型材牵引至成型模具中,维持成型模具内温度为150℃,持续3min,获得型材。
实施例2
情况基本同实施例1,不同点在于,本实施例使用配方1制备型材,具体为:以质量份数计,玻璃纤维80份和聚氨酯组分20份,并使用碳纳米管毡。更具体的参数设置,请详见表1。
实施例3-8基本同实施例1,不同点在于如表1所示的参数选择,采用配方2,并使用普通玻璃纤维毡。对比例1-8基本同实施例1,不同点在于如表2所示的参数选择,所有对比例均使用普通玻璃纤维毡。
对实施例中获得的型材进行力学性能、阻燃性能和抗静电性能的测量,参照标准GB/T3354-2014测量型材拉伸强度;参照标准GB/T 3356-2014测量型材弯曲强度和弯曲模量;参照标准MT113-1995测量酒精喷灯有焰燃烧6条试样时间平均值、酒精喷灯有焰燃烧单条时间最大值、酒精喷灯无焰燃烧6条试样时间总和以及酒精喷灯无焰燃烧单条时间最大值;参照MT113-1995测量型材的表面电阻。针对实施例的测量结果参见表1,针对对比例的测量结果参见表2。
表1:实施例的参数选择以及测量结果
表2:对比例的参数选择以及测量结果
注:*ATMER 129V是一种粉状抗静电剂(英国禾大),化学名称为甘油单硬脂酰酯。
**FR-1420是一种粉状阻燃剂(无卤膨胀阻燃剂,重庆科聚孚工程塑料有限责任公司),主要成分为焦磷酸哌嗪和三聚氰胺聚磷酸盐。
#在对比例9中,将抗静电剂和阻燃剂加入黑料(异氰酸酯组分)中,多元醇组分为白料(不含有抗静电剂和阻燃剂),其他操作步骤同实施例1。
根据表1和2中的实验数据,实施例1-8采用本技术方案生产获得的复合材料,在力学强度、抗静电性能和阻燃性能上均比较理想。特别是实施例2中使用了碳纳米管毡,其提升抗静电性能的效果更为显著。对比例1和对比例2玻璃纤维的用量过低或者过高,导致复合材料难以成型,故未进行后续的性能测试。对比例3中未使用阻燃剂,对比例4中未使用抗静电剂,获得的复合材料的阻燃性能差或者甚至不具有抗静电性效果。对比例5的预热、浸渍和成型温度均过高,对比例6的预热、浸渍和成型温度均过低,导致获得的符合材料的力学性能不佳。对比例7使用了ATMER 129V粉状抗静电剂,不能够使得复合材料的抗静电性能有所提升,抗静电效果非常差,采用标准方法无法测量。说明只有使用本方案的离子液体和才能有效提升本方案的复合材料的抗静电性能,本方案的离子液体具有特异性的提升抗静电性能的效果。对比例8使用了FR-1420粉状阻燃剂,复合材料的阻燃效果变差。说明只有使用本方案的阻燃剂才能有效提升复合材料的阻燃性能,本方案的阻燃剂对本方案的配方具有特异性的效果。对比例9中,将抗静电剂和阻燃剂加入黑料(异氰酸酯组分)中,多元醇组分为白料(不含有抗静电剂和阻燃剂),复合材料无法成型,未进行后续的各项性能的测试。说明了抗静电剂和阻燃剂的加入位置对产品性能有较大影响,据发明人分析,是因为阻燃剂和抗静电剂对黑料中的成分产生影响,导致后续的聚氨酯聚合形成后与玻璃纤维的界面结合不佳,获得的产品聚氨酯和玻璃纤维结合不紧密,不能形成整体的具有一定强度的型材。
以上所述的仅是本发明的实施例,方案中公知的具体技术方案和/或特性等常识在此未作过多描述。应当指出,对于本领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明技术方案的前提下,还可以作出若干变形和改进,这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围,这些都不会影响本发明实施的效果和专利的实用性。本申请要求的保护范围应当以其权利要求的内容为准,说明书中的具体实施方式等记载可以用于解释权利要求的内容。
Claims (10)
1.一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,以质量份数计,其原料包括:玻璃纤维75-85份和聚氨酯组分15-25;所述聚氨酯组分包括质量比为1:1的异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分;所述多元醇组分包括聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂;所述异氰酸酯组分包括聚合MDI和MDI。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺和阻燃剂的质量比为64:1:2:5:14。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,在异氰酸酯组分中,聚合MDI和MDI的质量比为60:40。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,所述多元醇组分还包括抗静电剂;聚醚多元醇、硅油、N,N-二甲基苄胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺、阻燃剂和抗静电剂的质量比为64:1:2:5:14:14。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,所述玻璃纤维为连续纤维;所述玻璃纤维的直径为16-32μm。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,所述阻燃剂包括BDP、TCPP和TCEP中的至少一种磷酸酯阻燃剂。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料,其特征在于,所述抗静电剂包括1,3-二甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐、N-辛基吡啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基哌啶溴盐、N-丁基-N-甲基吡咯烷溴盐、三丁基甲基氯化铵、N-乙基,甲基吗啉溴盐和三丁基乙基溴化膦中的至少一种离子液体。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下依次进行的步骤:
S1:将异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分混合,获得树脂混合物;
S2:将玻璃纤维预热至100-150℃,然后将所述玻璃纤维牵引进入浸渍模具;在所述浸渍模具中,使用所述树脂混合物在150-220℃的条件下浸渍所述玻璃纤维1-4min,获得粗型材;
S3:将粗型材置于130-160℃的环境中1-4min,获得型材。
9.根据权利要求8所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,S2中的玻璃纤维的数量为若干,若干所述玻璃纤维排列形成集束;将所述集束和碳纳米管毡同时牵引进入浸渍模具。
10.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的一种高强度阻燃抗静电聚氨酯复合材料在爆炸性环境中使用的设备的板材或型材中的应用,或者在爆炸性环境中使用的轨道中的应用。
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