CN113668260A - 一种多功能隐身柔性材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种多功能隐身柔性材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN113668260A
CN113668260A CN202111001412.3A CN202111001412A CN113668260A CN 113668260 A CN113668260 A CN 113668260A CN 202111001412 A CN202111001412 A CN 202111001412A CN 113668260 A CN113668260 A CN 113668260A
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叶伟
张杏
孙启龙
龙啸云
高强
季涛
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Nantong University
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种多功能隐身柔性材料及其制备方法，该材料是在具有可见光隐身功能的面料上，复合电磁波损耗层和红外隐身层，然后功能面再复合无纺布所得，所述的复合电磁波损耗层是将短切的纤维状电磁波吸收材料（活性炭纤维与镀镍碳纤维按质量比1:2‑10的混合物）以静电植绒的方式负载的垂直结构。红外隐身层是微胶囊包覆的相变材料的水性聚氨酯水溶液负载后干燥所得。本发明将纤维状电磁波吸收材料以静电植绒的方式形成一个垂直结构的电磁波损耗层，如同尖劈结构材料，一方面可以使电磁波易于进入材料内部进行损耗吸收，另一方面可以增强多重反射损耗。然后采用石蜡相变材料作为红外隐身材料，制备出来面料不仅具有可见光隐身，还兼具红外和雷达隐身。

Description

一种多功能隐身柔性材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种隐身柔性材料及其制备方法，具有可见光隐身，还兼具红外和雷达隐身功能，属于材料技术领域。
背景技术
目前伪装技术在各国的军事装备中起着重要的作用，特别是集可见光、红外和雷达等隐身技术为一体的多功能复合材料是目前研究的热点。作为柔性的隐身材料，可以广泛用于篷盖、贴片等目标的伪装，但是当可见光、红外和雷达隐身材料复合时，存在着相互干扰的现象，需要通过特定的材料组合、改性来解决这些问题。
北京理工大学于2021.03.19申请的公开号为CN112851986A的发明专利申请公开一种柔性吸波复合材料的制备方法。所述方法首先混合镓基液态金属和铁氧体吸波粉末，然后将它们填充到膨胀石墨的孔隙中，制得填充膨胀石墨；之后将聚偏氟乙烯、溶剂和添加剂制成溶液，再加入填充膨胀石墨，得到复合铸膜液；最后将复合铸膜液均匀刮涂在支撑体上，并放入去离子水凝胶浴中，通过溶致相转化法得到镓基液态金属/铁氧体/膨胀石墨/四针状氧化锌晶须/聚偏氟乙烯柔性吸波复合材料。具有工序简单、操作简便、成本低廉的优点。制得的复合材料具有柔性、吸波性能、疏水性、耐磨性、力学性能和耐高温性能优良的优点，在电磁防护和隐身领域有较好的工程应用前景。
浙江大学于2020.12.29申请的公开号为CN112666637A的发明申请，公开了一种基于朗伯表面的柔性热红外隐身器件及其制备方法，旨在兼容低的红外热辐射以及对外界红外热源的全空间低反射，以减少外界热源对热红外隐身的影响，实现相比于此前提出的大部分热红外隐身材料或器件更加安全的隐身效果。该器件包括粗糙衬底及衬底上方的红外隐身层，其满足：3-5μm和8-14μm波段的红外发射率小于0.2；3-5μm和8-14μm波段的红外光反射特性接近完美的漫反射。本发明优秀的柔性和耐热性能够增加器件的热红外隐身应用范围。
南通大学于2014.02.10申请的公开号CN103774328B的授权专利公开了一种吸收宽频电磁波的绒面结构面料的加工方法，选用导电纤维混纺纱织造，或选用导电纤维混纺纱织造双层织物；将吸波剂与柔性黏结剂稀释混合均匀，制成具有良好粘结性能的吸波黏结剂；将制备的单面绒面织物的毛绒浸渍在制备的吸波黏结剂中；将得到的绒面织物以适当的压力浸轧，挤除多余的吸波黏结剂；将得到的绒面织物置于烘箱中烘焙，制成绒面结构的宽频电磁波吸收特种面料。绒面结构的宽频电磁波吸收面料的吸收电磁波频率范围拟为300MHz～40GHz，可作为重要的生物健康防护、设施安全保护产品，从根本上消除电磁波辐射带来的危害。
发明内容
为了解决目前伪装产品在可见光、红外、雷达隐身等方面单一性的问题，本发明的目的是提供一种多功能隐身柔性材料及其制备方法，对专利CN103774328B的改进技术，选用的电磁波吸收剂更为有效，并且将电磁波损耗纤维材料通过静电植绒、喷涂等方式竖立于面料表面形成了一个有效的电磁波损耗层，此外还兼具可见光和红外隐身功能。
为解决上述技术问题，本发明是这样实现的
一种隐身柔性材料，是在无纺布复合层上面，依次复合电磁波损耗层和红外隐身层。
制备方法如下：
（1）选用具有可见光隐身功能的迷彩面料，然后在面料反面进行等离子处理，提高表面亲水性。
（2）将10-70g微胶囊包覆的相变材料加入到20-100g粘合剂中，然后搅拌均匀，制备相变材料溶液，浓度为10-70%；较佳浓度是70%，因为在该浓度，能获得较低的红外发射率。
所述微胶囊包覆的相变材料是石蜡微胶囊相变材料或者脂肪酸类相变材料，相对而言，前者具有更佳的红外发射率；
所述的粘合剂是水性聚氨酯或者聚偏氟乙烯乳液。
（3）将步骤（2）所得相变材料溶液喷涂到等离子处理过的面料同侧，喷涂量控制在20-50g/㎡，制备得到喷涂了相变材料的等离子面料。
（4）将电磁波吸收材料进行短切，控制纤维长度为1mm-5mm；采用该长度的纤维出于控制负载牢度及织物厚度的目的，所述的电磁波吸收材料是活性炭纤维与镀镍碳纤维按质量比1:2~10的混合物。
（5）通过静电植绒方式将短切电磁波吸收材料垂直负载到步骤（3）所得喷涂了相变材料的等离子面料含胶的一面，烘干，得到具有垂直结构的电磁波损耗层，短切电磁波吸收材料竖立在面料表面，该结构具有优异的电磁波吸收性能。
烘干温度在80℃以下，负载量为50-200g/㎡，静电植绒电压为30-80Kv，通电时间为2-10秒。
（6）通过低压雾化的方式将步骤（2）所得相变材料溶液喷涂到步骤（5）所得材料的垂直绒面，然后在80℃下烘干，喷涂量控制在50-100g/㎡。
（7）使用50g/㎡的无纺布与步骤（6）所得面料进行复合，制备多功能隐身材料，所制备的材料具有很好的可见光、红外和雷达隐身功能。
有益效果：本发明专利的隐身柔性材料，将纤维状电磁波吸收材料以静电植绒的方式形成一个竖立结构的电磁波损耗层，如同尖劈结构材料，一方面可以使电磁波易于进入材料内部进行损耗吸收，另一方面可以增强多重反射损耗。然后采用石蜡相变材料作为红外隐身材料。制备出来面料不仅具有可见光隐身，还兼具红外和雷达隐身。
附图说明
图1是本发明所述材料的结构图；
图2 电磁波损耗模拟图，本发明所采用的纤维竖立结构有利于电磁波的多重反射进行损耗；
图3 实施例4的电磁波损耗曲线图，可见材料在9-18GHz频率间电磁波损耗＜-10dB，并且最低损耗达到了-18dB。
1-可见光防护层、2-雷达、红外防护层、3-无纺布复合层、4-电磁波。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明做进一步的详细说明。
以下实施例所采用的石蜡微胶囊相变材料购自山东领丰塑业有限公司，型号PCM-40。
实施例1
（1）选用具有可见光伪装功能的迷彩面料，然后在面料反面进行等离子处理，提高表面亲水性；
（2）将10g石蜡微胶囊相变材料加入到100g水性聚氨酯中，然后搅拌均匀，制备浓度为10%的混合溶液；
（3）步骤2制备的相变微胶囊溶液喷涂到步骤1面料的等离子处理的一面，喷涂量控制在50g/㎡；
（4）将3mm活性炭纤维、5mm镀镍碳纤维进行混合，质量比为1:2，制备电磁波吸收剂；
（5）通过静电植绒方式将电磁波吸收剂负载到S3含胶的一面，然后在80℃下烘干，控制S4上量为50g/㎡，制备具有特殊垂直结构的电磁波损耗层；所述的静电植绒电压为30Kv，通电时间为5秒；
（6）通过低压雾化的方式将步骤2制备的相变微胶囊溶液喷涂到静电植绒的绒面，喷涂量为100g/㎡，然后在80℃下进行烘干；
（7）使用50g/㎡的无纺布与步骤6制备的材料绒面进行复合，制备多功能隐身材料.
实施例1~3考察工艺条件对结果的影响如表1所示：
表1
Figure 616284DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
根据实施例1-4的结果，我们发现当相变材料含量增加时红外发射率变低，相变材料的涂覆及负载量的提升可以提高材料的热红外防护性能。
活性炭纤维及镀镍碳纤维的长短、混合比例及负载量都会影响材料的电磁波损耗性能；活性炭纤维的导电率太高，因此含量过高连成一片会形成导电网致使电磁波反射而不是损耗；同时在保持纤维一定刚度和织物厚度的情况下尽可能增加纤维的长度，静电植绒致使纤维成竖立状态，可以使电磁波在纤维之间多重反射而增加了损耗；电磁波吸收剂活性炭纤维及镀镍纤维过低造成电磁波损耗不足，过高同样会造成电磁波损耗不足。
通过静电植绒中的电压、时间来控制织物表面纤维负载量，以及通过低压喷雾的方式进行含有相变微胶囊聚氨酯溶液的喷涂，这既是粘合剂，可以使静电植绒的纤维更加牢固，也可以很好地将相变材料镶嵌到纤维间，提高了红外防护性能，低压的方式可以极大的维持纤维的竖立状态。因此本发明通过工艺筛选，确定了最佳工艺条件是实施例4。
上述具体实施方式不以任何形式限制本发明的技术方案，凡是采用等同替换或等效变换的方式所获得的技术方案均落在本发明的保护范围。

Claims (5)

1.一种多功能隐身柔性材料，其特征在于，是在经过等离子处理的具有可见光隐身功能的面料上，复合电磁波损耗层和红外隐身层，所述的复合电磁波损耗层是将纤维状电磁波吸收材料以静电植绒的方式形成的垂直结构。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多功能隐身柔性材料，其特征在于，所述的可见光隐身功能的面料是迷彩面料。
3.权利要求1所述的多功能隐身柔性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤如下：
（1）选用具有可见光隐身功能的迷彩面料，在面料反面进行等离子处理，提高表面亲水性；
（2）将微胶囊包覆的相变材料加入到粘合剂中，然后搅拌均匀，制备相变材料溶液，浓度为10-70wt%；
（3）将步骤（2）所得相变材料溶液喷涂到步骤（1）经等离子处理过的面料同侧，喷涂量控制在20-50g/㎡，制备得到喷涂了相变材料的等离子面料；
（4）将电磁波吸收材料进行短切，控制纤维长度为1mm-5mm；所述的电磁波吸收材料是活性炭纤维与镀镍碳纤维按质量比1:2-10的混合物；
（5）通过静电植绒方式将短切电磁波吸收材料垂直负载到步骤（3）所得喷涂了相变材料的等离子面料含胶的一面，烘干，得到具有垂直结构的电磁波损耗层，短切电磁波吸收材料竖立在面料表面；
（6）通过低压雾化的方式将步骤（2）所得相变材料溶液喷涂到步骤（5）所得材料的垂直绒面，然后在80℃下烘干，喷涂量控制在50~100g/㎡；
（7）使用无纺布与步骤（6）所得面料进行复合，所制备的材料具有很好的可见光、红外和雷达隐身功能。
4.根据权利要求3所述的多功能隐身柔性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述微胶囊包覆的相变材料是石蜡微胶囊相变材料、脂肪酸类相变材料；所述的粘合剂是水性聚氨酯、聚偏氟乙烯乳液。
5.根据权利要求3所述的多功能隐身柔性材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤（5）中烘干温度在80℃以下，负载量为50-200g/㎡，静电植绒电压为30-80Kv，通电时间为2-10秒。
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