CN113637219A - 一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法 - Google Patents

一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法 Download PDF

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CN113637219A
CN113637219A CN202111019257.8A CN202111019257A CN113637219A CN 113637219 A CN113637219 A CN 113637219A CN 202111019257 A CN202111019257 A CN 202111019257A CN 113637219 A CN113637219 A CN 113637219A
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郑汉生
杨宇彬
左易
邓李圣
段舒心
陈粤海
赵伟
李丹
李鹏
程一倩
罗瑀
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Sichuan Aerospace System Engineering Research Institute
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，包括以下步骤：将聚氨酯赋形泡沫进行机械切割成为泡沫微块，将泡沫微块放入封装袋进行封装处理，所述封装袋内装有发泡粘结剂，所述发泡粘结剂包括A组分和B组分，由双组份包装袋进行独立封装，所述A组分和B组分之间由薄膜分隔，通过挤压操作首先可挤破A组分和B组分之间的隔膜，使两种组分充分混合后发泡膨胀，最终将胀破双组分包装袋，向泡沫微块的间隙中扩充，在空间微重力状态下，发泡粘接剂将朝各个方向均匀膨胀、填充，充分浸润泡沫微块，最终完成粘接和固化。该方法不改变聚氨酯泡沫自身的各项优良特性，通过微块化处理后粘接重组，可实现废弃泡沫材料的二次成型。

Description

一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法
技术领域
本发明涉及载人航天技术领域，具体涉及一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法。
背景技术
聚合物泡沫作为缓冲防护材料已成熟应用于我国载人航天工程货运保障领域。货物通过货运飞船上行时，为保护产品安全，缓冲泡沫材料发挥着不可或缺的作用，其主要功能为在冲击、振动等严苛力学环境中对关键部件起到缓冲吸能和减震作用。目前，用于航空航天领域的缓冲泡沫主要有聚氨酯泡沫以及聚酰亚胺泡沫。其中，聚氨酯泡沫具有质轻、隔热、抗震性强、耐疲劳性好、易于加工和设计等优点，适用于高端精密仪器的缓冲保护，是目前航空航天领域应用最为广泛的缓冲泡沫。
我国天舟货运飞船的货包大量采用了特种聚氨酯泡沫作为缓冲包装材料。飞船完成货物上行任务后，大量缓冲泡沫材料成为在轨废弃物，这些废弃缓冲泡沫面临着空间占用和处理难的问题。目前，国内外常规处理方式是将其作为废弃物随货运飞船一起离轨烧毁，但这种方式将造成较大的资源浪费。尤其是对于空间站长期驻留任务，货运飞船会定期进行物资补给，缓冲泡沫用量巨大，将是一种具有巨大回收利用价值的空间材料资源。
开展材料和部件的在轨制造、在轨资源循环利用、地外原位资源利用是未来载人航天工程可持续发展的重要趋势。因此，对货运飞船用量巨大的货物缓冲材料进行在轨回收利用将具有十分重要的意义。在轨进行材料回收处理和二次利用，相比地面要复杂得多。空间的微重力环境、航天器有限的空间、能源等条件、载人航天对设备安全性的极高要求等，均对在轨回收处理工艺技术提出了极高的要求。目前，针对我国货运飞船的货物缓冲材料，还没有适用于在轨特殊环境条件的回收处理方法见诸公开文献报道。
发明内容
本发明针对货运飞船所使用的货物缓冲材料——特种聚氨酯泡沫在轨废弃后的处理难题，提出一种满足在轨特殊环境及资源条件约束的回收利用方法。该方法不改变聚氨酯泡沫自身的各项优良特性，通过微块化处理后粘接重组，可实现废弃泡沫材料的二次成型。
为了达到上述技术效果，本发明提供了如下技术方案：
一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，包括以下步骤：将聚氨酯赋形泡沫进行机械切割成为泡沫微块，将泡沫微块放入封装袋进行封装处理，所述封装袋内装有发泡粘结剂，所述发泡粘结剂包括A组分和B组分，由双组份包装袋进行独立封装，所述A组分和B组分之间由薄膜分隔，通过挤压操作首先可挤破A组分和B组分之间的隔膜，使两种组分充分混合后发泡膨胀，最终将胀破双组分包装袋，向泡沫微块的间隙中扩充，在空间微重力状态下，发泡粘接剂将朝各个方向均匀膨胀、填充，充分浸润泡沫微块，最终完成粘接和固化。
进一步的技术方案为，所述机械切割具体为采用网格刀或线锯进行切割。
进一步的技术方案为，所述泡沫微块的尺寸为5～20mm。
进一步的技术方案为，所述泡沫封装袋的材料为聚酰亚胺薄膜材料。
进一步的技术方案为，所述发泡粘结剂的A组分包括聚酯多元醇或聚醚多元醇、表面活性剂、发泡催化剂和蒸馏水，B组分为异氰酸酯。
进一步的技术方案为，所述双组份包装袋的材料为聚乙烯薄膜。
下面对本发明的技术方案进行进一步的解释和说明:
对聚氨酯泡沫进行回收利用包括回收处理以及二次利用两方面。聚氨酯泡沫材料属于热固性聚合物，不能采用熔融回收处理。在空间站等载人航天器舱内实施的在轨操作对安全性、资源代价等要求极高。因此，地面工业领域所采用的一些物理回收及化学回收方法，因普遍存在高温、高压、有害气体释放、能耗高等弊端而不适用于在轨环境。
货物缓冲泡沫是形状各异的赋形保护件，在轨对其回收处理的可行方法是机械切割和微块化处理。尽管采用激光切割、电热切割等方式也能对聚氨酯泡沫进行微块化处理，但切割过程中高温会使泡沫降解产生有害气体释放到舱内，这不符合载人航天器舱内安全性要求，因此并不适用。而采用刀具进行机械切割的方式并不存在高温和释放气体这些安全隐患，是适合在轨操作的可行方式。
为实现泡沫微块的二次利用，采用粘接成型的方法使泡沫微块再次固化成型。粘接方式采用发泡粘接一体化过程，粘接剂选用对聚氨酯废弃泡沫具有优异界面粘接能力的同种类双组份聚氨酯材料体系，依靠少量发泡粘接剂，通过调控发泡和凝胶速率的匹配关系，实现兼顾高效率和高性能的发泡粘接效果。相比地面重力条件，在微重力状态下发泡粘接剂会具有更好的界面浸润效果和更好的膨胀填充均匀性，从而实现高效、均匀的二次成型。
废弃聚氨酯泡沫微块通过发泡粘接方法实现二次成型，可作为一项实用的在轨制造技术应用于未来载人航天工程。对于一些需要搭载返回式飞船返回地面的货物，可根据货物具体构型对回收的泡沫通过发泡粘接进行二次成型，保护下行货物安全返回地面。从更长远来看，本方法还可应用于地外星球居住舱建造。利用特种聚氨酯泡沫材料优良的力学、热学性能以及防火阻燃和抗菌防霉等优点，废弃聚氨酯泡沫微块可用作居住舱(如柔性可展开舱)舱体结构的填充材料，通过粘接固化成型后，泡沫舱体结构具有优良隔热性。向其中添加适量具有特种功能的添加剂，还可增强其防御高能粒子辐射的效果。
与现有技术相比，本发明具有如下有益效果：本发明不改变聚氨酯泡沫自身的各项优良特性，通过微块化处理后粘接重组，可实现废弃泡沫材料的二次成型，实现了聚氨酯泡沫的回收和二次利用，且整个过程安全可靠，不会产生污染物，不会释放有害气体，是适合在轨操作的可行方式。
附图说明
图1为聚氨酯泡沫回收处理方法的流程示意图；
其中，1、聚氨酯赋形泡沫2、切割处理后的泡沫微块3、泡沫微块封装袋4、发泡粘接剂双组分包装袋5、发泡粘接剂。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明进行进一步的解释和说明。
实施例1
如图1所示，货运飞船完成货物上行任务后，货包即成为废弃物。货包内的缓冲材料聚氨酯赋形泡沫1形状各异，将其通过专用机械设备进行切割处理成泡沫微块2，切割刀具可采用网格刀以提高切割效率，泡沫微块2的切割尺寸需通过实验研究进行优选，目前已有实验研究结果表明切割成10mm左右的立方体泡沫微块具有较好的发泡粘接性能。将处理好的泡沫微块2送入泡沫封装袋3进行封装处理。泡沫封装袋3具有轻薄、弹性好和密封性好的特点，可采用聚酰亚胺薄膜材料制作，其尺寸可根据具体需要确定。发泡粘接技术采用的是对聚氨酯废弃泡沫具有优异界面粘接能力的同种类双组份聚氨酯材料体系。泡沫封装袋3内含发泡粘接剂的原始组分，发泡粘结剂的A组分包括聚醚多元醇3050A，硅酮表面活性剂DC5188，胺类发泡催化剂2040，以及蒸馏水，B组分为异氰酸酯M20s，由双组分包装袋4独立封装。双组分包装袋4采用聚乙烯薄膜制作，粘接剂两种组分之间由薄膜分隔，通过挤压操作首先可挤破A组分和B组分之间的隔膜，两种组分充分混合后将发生化学反应，开始发泡膨胀，膨胀至一定程度后，反应形成的发泡粘接剂5将胀破双组分包装袋4，向泡沫微块的间隙中扩充。在空间微重力状态下，没有地面重力的不利影响，发泡粘接剂5将朝各个方向均匀膨胀、填充，充分浸润泡沫微块，最终完成粘接和固化。若干泡沫封装袋可放入需要下行返回地面的货包，对下行货物进行包裹式赋形，而无需对泡沫进行雕刻赋形，应用灵活性强。泡沫微块也可放入充气展开式居住舱舱体空腔内进行填充成型，舱体发射入轨时无需额外携带大量泡沫原料，大幅提高经济性。
尽管这里参照本发明的解释性实施例对本发明进行了描述，上述实施例仅为本发明较佳的实施方式，本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制，应该理解，本领域技术人员可以设计出很多其他的修改和实施方式，这些修改和实施方式将落在本申请公开的原则范围和精神之内。

Claims (6)

1.一种货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：将聚氨酯赋形泡沫进行机械切割成为泡沫微块，将泡沫微块放入封装袋进行封装处理，所述封装袋内装有发泡粘结剂，所述发泡粘结剂包括A组分和B组分，由双组份包装袋进行独立封装，所述A组分和B组分之间由薄膜分隔，通过挤压操作首先可挤破A组分和B组分之间的隔膜，使两种组分充分混合后发泡膨胀，最终将胀破双组分包装袋，向泡沫微块的间隙中扩充，在空间微重力状态下，发泡粘接剂将朝各个方向均匀膨胀、填充，充分浸润泡沫微块，最终完成粘接和固化。
2.根据权利要求1所述的货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，所述机械切割具体为采用网格刀或线锯进行切割。
3.根据权利要求1所述的货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫微块的尺寸为5～20mm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，所述泡沫封装袋的材料为聚酰亚胺薄膜材料。
5.根据权利要求1所述的货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，所述发泡粘结剂的A组分包括聚酯多元醇或聚醚多元醇、表面活性剂、发泡催化剂和蒸馏水，B组分为异氰酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1所述的货运飞船货物缓冲泡沫的在轨回收利用方法，其特征在于，所述双组份包装袋的材料为聚乙烯薄膜。
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US4438220A (en) * 1981-06-18 1984-03-20 Wm. T. Burnett & Co., Inc. Polyurethane foam-filled foam resistant to combustion and method of producing same
CN102052082A (zh) * 2010-08-05 2011-05-11 国风 内爆式膨胀封堵袋
CN111098438A (zh) * 2019-12-28 2020-05-05 民权绿源环保科技有限公司 一种利用废旧聚氨酯硬质泡沫制备冷库保温板的方法

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US4438220A (en) * 1981-06-18 1984-03-20 Wm. T. Burnett & Co., Inc. Polyurethane foam-filled foam resistant to combustion and method of producing same
CN102052082A (zh) * 2010-08-05 2011-05-11 国风 内爆式膨胀封堵袋
CN111098438A (zh) * 2019-12-28 2020-05-05 民权绿源环保科技有限公司 一种利用废旧聚氨酯硬质泡沫制备冷库保温板的方法

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