CN113631551A - 昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的新型竞争性调节剂 - Google Patents
昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的新型竞争性调节剂 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/46—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with hetero atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/48—Sulfur atoms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- A01N43/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
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Abstract
本发明涉及具有下式(I)的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、外消旋物、非对映异构体或对映异构体,其中:‑A为包含5‑10个碳原子的(杂)芳基,其可能被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一个取代基取代:卤素原子、氨基、叠氮基、氰基、硝基、羟基、甲酰基、羧基、酰胺基、(C1‑C6)烷基、卤代(C1‑C6)烷基、(C1‑C6)烷氧基、烯基、环烯基和炔基,并且‑R是H、CN或CF3。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的新型竞争性调节剂,以及其特别是作为杀昆虫剂的用途。
背景技术
重要昆虫害虫对多种昆虫控制剂(尤其是新烟碱类)的抗药性在全球杀昆虫剂销售中居领先地位(2014年超过25%),这促使杀昆虫剂化学家开发了新的昆虫防治工具(例如氟啶虫胺腈(SFX)(亚砜亚胺的代表)(Sparks,T.C.;Watson,G.B.;Loso,M.R.;Geng,C.;Babcock,J.M.;Thomas,J.D.,氟啶虫胺腈和亚砜亚胺杀昆虫剂:对于抗性昆虫的化学性质、作用方式和功效基础(Sulfoxaflor and the sulfoximine insecticides:Chemistry,mode of action and basis for efficacy on resistant insects)。杀虫剂生物化学与生理学(Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology)2013,,107,(1),1-7),和氟吡呋喃酮(丁烯酸内酯子类的成员)(Nauen,R.;Jeschke,P.;Velten,R.;Beck,M.E.;Ebbinghaus-Kintscher,U.;Thielert,W.;Woelfel,K.;Haas,M.;Kunz,K.;Raupach,G.,氟吡呋喃酮:一种新的丁烯酸内酯杀昆虫剂的简要介绍(Flupyradifurone:a brief profile of a newbutenolide insecticide)。害虫管理科学(Pest Manage.Sci.)2015,71,(6),850-862))。这些靶向烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)的化合物代表了与昆虫nAChR竞争性调节剂相对应的IRAC分类的主要4组的新亚组。因此,亚砜亚胺和丁烯酸内酯分别对应于4C和4D亚组。
尽管新烟碱类化合物具有独特的化学特征,但这些新型昆虫nAChR竞争性调节剂对传粉者及其捕食者的无害性问题仍然是一个备受争议的话题(Supuran,C.T.;Innocenti,A.;Mastrolorenzo,A.;Scozzafava,A.,抗病毒磺酰胺衍生物(Antiviralsulfonamide derivatives)。药物化学中的小综述(Mini-Reviews in MedicinalChemistry)2004,4,(2),189-200;Campbell,J.W.;Cabrera,A.R.;Stanley-Stahr,C.;Ellis,J.D.,在佛罗里达州野外条件下对新型系统性杀昆虫剂氟吡呋喃酮的蜜蜂(膜翅目:蜜蜂科)的安全性评估(An Evaluation of the Honey Bee(Hymenoptera:Apidae)SafetyProfile of a New Systemic Insecticide,Flupyradifurone,Under Field Conditionsin Florida)。经济昆虫学杂志(Journal of Economic Entomology)2016,109,(5),1967-1972;和Scozzafava,A.;Owa,T.;Mastrolorenzo,A.;Supuran,C.T.,抗癌和抗病毒磺酰胺(Anticancer and antiviral sulfonamides)。当前药物化学(Current MedicinalChemistry)2003,10,(11),925-953)。
因此,仍然需要用于害虫管理的替代工具,尤其是没有当前工具的缺点。
发明内容
在这种环境下,本发明的目的是提供昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的新型抑制剂。
本发明的另一个目的是提供对非目标昆虫(例如传粉者,如蜜蜂等)无害的新型有用杀虫剂。
因此,本发明涉及具有下式(I)的化合物,或其药学上可接受的盐、外消旋物、非对映异构体或对映异构体:
其中:
-A为包含5-10个碳原子的(杂)芳基,其可能被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一个取代基取代:卤素原子、氨基(-NH2)、叠氮基(N3)、氰基(CN)、硝基(-NO2)、羟基(-OH)、甲酰基(-C(O)H)、羧基(-COOH)、酰胺基(-C(O)-NH2)、(C1-C6)烷基、卤代(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、烯基、环烯基和炔基,以及
-R是H、CN或CF3,且优选为H或CN。
式(I)的化合物可包含一个或多个不对称碳原子。因此它们可以以对映异构体或非对映异构体的形式存在。这些对映异构体和非对映异构体以及它们的混合物(包括外消旋混合物)构成本发明的一部分。
式(I)的化合物可以以碱或与酸的加成盐的形式存在。这样的加成盐构成本发明的一部分。
式(I)的化合物可以以药学上可接受的盐的形式存在。这些盐可以用药学上可接受的酸来制备,但是例如用于纯化或分离式(I)的化合物的其他有用的酸的盐也构成本发明的一部分。
在上式(I)中,A是(杂)芳基,这意味着A可以是芳基或杂芳基。
根据本发明,术语“芳基”是指包含6至10个碳原子的环状芳族基团。作为芳基的实例,可以提及苯基或萘基。根据一种实施方式,A为苯基。
根据本发明,术语“杂芳基”是指包含1至4个选自O、S或N的杂原子的5元至10元芳族单环或双环基团。
举例来说,可以提及的是咪唑基、噻唑基、恶唑基、呋喃基、噻吩基、吡唑基、恶二唑基、四唑基、吡啶基、吡嗪基、嘧啶基、哒嗪基、吲哚基、苯并呋喃基、苯并噻吩基、苯并恶唑基、苯并咪唑基、吲唑基、苯并噻唑基、异苯并噻唑基、苯并三唑基、喹啉基和异喹啉基。
举例来说,包含5至6个原子的杂芳基(包括1至4个氮原子),可以特别提及以下代表性基团:吡咯基、吡唑基、1,2,3-三唑基、1,2,4-三唑基、四唑基和1,2,3-三嗪基。
还可以提及的杂芳基是噻吩基、恶唑基、呋吖基(furazanyl)、1,2,4-噻二唑基、萘啶基、喹喔啉基、酞嗪基、咪唑并[1,2-a]吡啶、咪唑并[2,1-b]噻唑基、噌啉基、苯并呋吖基、氮杂吲哚基、苯并咪唑基、苯并噻吩基、噻吩并吡啶基、噻吩并嘧啶基、吡咯并吡啶基、咪唑并吡啶基、苯并氮杂吲哚、1,2,4-三嗪基、吲哚啉嗪基(indolizinyl)、异恶唑基、异喹啉基、异噻唑基、嘌呤基、喹唑啉基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、1,3,4-噻二唑基、噻唑基、异噻唑基、咔唑基,以及由它们的融合或与苯基核的融合而形成的相应的基团。
根据一种实施方式,A为包含6至10个碳原子的芳基。优选地,在式(I)中,A为苯基。
根据另一种实施方式,A是包含5至10个原子并且包括至少一个杂原子的杂芳基。优选地,在式(I)中,A为吡啶基。
根据本发明的一组优选的化合物由式(I)的化合物组成,其中A为苯基并且R为H、CN或CF3,并且优选为H或CN,A如上所述可以被取代。
根据本发明的一组优选的化合物由式(I)的化合物组成,其中A为吡啶基并且R为H、CN或CF3,并且优选为H或CN,A如上所述可以被取代。
如上所述,A可以被至少一个取代基取代。换句话说,上述“芳基”和“杂芳基”基团A可以被一个或多个取代基取代。在这些取代基中,可提及以下基团:卤素原子、氨基(-NH2)、叠氮基(N3)、氰基(CN)、硝基(-NO2)、羟基(-OH)、甲酰基(-C(O)H)、羧基(-COOH)、酰胺基(-C(O)-NH2)、-SO3H、-PO3H2、(C1-C6)烷基、卤代(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、烷基氨基、烯基、环烯基和炔基。
作为取代基,也可以提及以下:-C(O)Ra、-COORa、-SO3Ra、-PO3RaRb、-NRaRb和-C(O)-NRaRb,,其中Ra和Rb彼此独立地是(C1-C6)烷基。
在本发明的上下文中,表述“Ct-Cz”是指可以具有t至z个碳原子的碳基链,例如C1-C3是指可以具有1至3个碳原子的碳基链。
在本申请中,术语“卤素原子”是指:氟、氯、溴或碘。
在本发明中,术语“烷基”是指:直链或支链的、饱和的、基于烃的脂族基团,除非另有说明,否则包含1至6个碳原子。举例来说,可以提及甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、叔丁基或戊基。
根据本发明,术语“卤代烷基”是指:如上定义的烷基,其中一个或多个氢原子被卤素原子取代。举例来说,可以提及氟代烷基,特别是CF3或CHF2。
根据本发明,术语“烷氧基”是指:-O-烷基,其中烷基如先前所定义。举例来说,可以提及-O-(C1-C4)烷基,特别是-O-甲基、-O-乙基,作为-O-C3烷基,可以提及-O-丙基、-O-异丙基,以及作为-O-C4烷基,可以提及-O-丁基、-O-异丁基或-O-叔丁基。
根据本发明,术语“烷基氨基”是指-NH-烷基,该烷基如上所定义。
根据本发明,术语“烯基”是指具有碳-碳双键和通式CnH2n-1的无环支链或直链烃,除非另有说明,否则其包含2至6个碳原子。
根据本发明,术语“环烯基”是指环状烯基,所述烯基基团如上所定义。
根据本发明,术语“炔基”是指具有碳-碳三键和通式CnH2n-2的无环支链或直链烃,除非另有说明,否则包含2至6个碳原子。
根据一种实施方式,本发明的化合物具有如上所定义的式(I),其中A是苯基,其可能被至少一个如上所定义的取代基取代。优选地,A被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一种取代基取代:卤素原子、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基,优选为Cl、OCH3或CH3。
根据一种实施方式,本发明的化合物具有如上定义的式(I),其中A是包含5-10个原子的杂芳基,所述杂芳基包括1-4个选自O、S或N的杂原子,并且可能被至少一个如上所定义的取代基取代。优选地,A被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一种取代基取代:卤素原子、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基,优选为Cl、OCH3或CH3。
根据一种实施方式,本发明的化合物具有如上定义的式(I),其中A是包含5-10个原子的杂芳基,所述杂芳基包括至少一个氮原子,并且可能被至少一种如上定义的取代基取代。优选地,A被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一种取代基取代:卤素原子、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基,优选为Cl、OCH3或CH3。
本发明还涉及具有下式(II)的化合物:
其中:
-R如上式(I)中所定义;和
-R'是选自由以下组成的组中的取代基:卤素原子、氨基(-NH2)、叠氮基(N3)、氰基(CN)、硝基(-NO2)、羟基(-OH)、甲酰基(-C(O)H)、羧基(-COOH)、酰胺基(-C(O)-NH2)、(C1-C6)烷基、卤代(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、烷基氨基、烯基、环烯基和炔基。
根据一种实施方式,在式(II)中,R为H或CN。
根据一种实施方式,在式(II)中,R’是选自由以下组成的组中的取代基:卤素原子、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基,优选为Cl、OCH3或CH3。
本发明还涉及具有下式(III)的化合物:
其中:
-R如上式(I)中所定义;和
-R’是选自由以下组成的组中的取代基:卤素原子、(C1-C6)烷基和(C1-C6)烷氧基,优选为Cl、OCH3或CH3。
根据一种实施方式,在式(III)中,R为H或CN。
本发明还涉及以下化合物:
本发明还涉及制备如上定义的式(I)的化合物的方法,该方法包括使具有下式(IV)的化合物与具有下式(V)的化合物之间进行反应:
A如上式(I)中所定义,
R如上式(I)中所定义。
根据一种实施方式,在式(IV)中,A是包含6至10个碳原子的芳基或包含5至10个原子且包含至少一个杂原子的杂芳基。优选地,在式(IV)中,A是苯基或吡啶基,其可被如上所定义的取代基所取代。
优选地,在式(V)中,R为H或CN。
式(IV)的化合物是(杂)芳族磺酰氯化合物,且可以通过本领域技术人员众所周知的常规方法来制备。
例如,这样的化合物可以通过在酸性条件下在高温下用发烟硫酸将芳族环直接磺酰化来制备(McElvain,S.M.;Goese,M.A.,吡啶和吡咯啉的磺化(The Sulfonation ofPyridine and the Picolines)。美国化学学会杂志(Journal of the American ChemicalSociety)1943,65,(11),2233-2236;Brand,J.C.D.,207.芳族磺化.第二部分.发烟硫酸中磺化的动力学(Aromatic sulphonation.Part II.Kinetics of sulphonation in fumingsulphuric acid)。化学学会杂志(续)(Journal of the Chemical Society(Resumed))1950,(0),1004-1017;和Thomas,K.;Jerchel,D.,制备有机化学的新方法II.12.吡啶环中取代基的引入(Neuere Methoden derorganischen Chemie II.12.Die Einführung von Substituenten in den Pyridin-Ring).应用化学(Angewandte Chemie)1958,70,(24),719-737),然后用亚硫酰氯或氯化磷氯化(Owa,T.;Yoshino,H.;Okauchi,T.;Okabe,T.;Ozawa,Y.;Hata Sugi,N.;Yoshimatsu,K.;Nagasu,T.;Koyanagi,N.;Kitoh,K.,N-(7-吲哚基)-3-吡啶磺酰胺衍生物作为有效的抗肿瘤剂的合成及生物学评价(Synthesis and biological evaluation of N-(7-indolyl)-3-pyridinesulfonamidederivatives as potent antitumor agents)。生物有机与药物化学快报(Bioorganic&Medicinal Chemistry Letters)2002,12,(16),2097-2100)。
不太极端的方法可以从被卤素或氨基取代的芳环开始进行。然后,从3-溴吡啶开始,可以分两步进行氯磺化反应:首先用过量的甲基硫醇盐进行亲核取代,酸化后得到预期的芳族硫醇,然后用氯(Maslankiewicz,A.;Marciniec,K.;Pawlowski,M.;Zajdel,P.,从卤代喹啉和卤代吡啶到喹啉和吡啶磺酰氯和磺酰胺(From haloquinolines andhalopyridines to quinoline-and pyridinesulfonyl chlorides and sulfonamides)。杂环(Heterocycles)2007,71,(9),1975-1990)或高氯酸钠(Zajdel,P.;Marciniec,K.;Maslankiewicz,A.;Grychowska,K.;Satala,G.;Duszynska,B.;Lenda,T.;Siwek,A.;Nowak,G.;Partyka,A.;Wrobel,D.;Jastrzebska-Wiesek,M.;Bojarski,A.J.;Wesolowska,A.;Pawlowski,M.,阿立哌唑的新喹啉和异喹啉磺酰胺类似物靶向5-羟色胺5-HT1A/5-HT2A/5-HT7和多巴胺D-2/D-3受体的抗抑郁和抗精神病活性(Antidepressant andantipsychotic activity of new quinoline-and isoquinoline-sulfonamide analogsof aripiprazole targeting serotonin 5-HT1A/5-HT2A/5-HT7 and dopamine D-2/D-3receptors)。欧洲药物化学杂志(European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry)2013,60,42-50)氧化氯化硫醇衍生物,或用2,4-二氯-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲(DCDMH)氧化相应的芳族硫化物(Pu,Y.M.;Christesen,A.;Ku,Y.Y.,一种简单而高效的用于制备芳烃磺酰氯的氧化氯化方案(A simple and highly effective oxidative chlorination protocol forthe preparation of arenesulfonyl chlorides)。四面体快报(Tetrahedron Letters)2010,51,(2),418-421)。最后,从芳香胺底物(可以通过相应的羧酸进行柯提斯(Curtius)重排获得)开始,在铜催化剂的存在下,用NaNO2/HCl重氮化,然后用SOCl2进行氯磺化,可以提供预期的磺酰氯衍生物(Philip J.Hogan,Brian G.Cox;含水工艺化学:芳基磺酰氯的制备(Aqueous Process Chemistry:The Preparation of Aryl Sulfonyl Chlorides)。有机工艺研究与开发(Org.Process Res.Dev.)2009,13(5),pp 875–879)。
本发明还涉及一种农业化学组合物,特别是杀虫剂组合物,包含至少一种如上所定义的化合物,特别是具有式(I)、(II)或(III)的化合物。
本发明的农业化学组合物优选是选自以下组合物的杀虫剂组合物:杀螨剂、杀昆虫剂、杀线虫剂和杀软体动物剂。
本发明的农业化学组合物可以包含本领域技术人员所熟知的其他成分。
本发明还涉及具有式(I)、(II)或(III)的如上定义的化合物作为杀虫剂的用途。
根据一种实施方式,本发明涉及式(III)的化合物作为杀昆虫剂的用途。
优选地,本发明涉及选自以下化合物的化合物作为杀昆虫剂的用途:
本发明还涉及一种用于植物中的害虫防治或用于动物福利的方法,该方法包括将至少一种如上所定义的化合物施用于植物、植物种子、植物的部分、水果或动物皮肤。
根据一种实施方式,本发明涉及一种用于植物中的害虫防治或用于动物福利的方法,该方法包括将至少一种式(III)的化合物施用于植物、植物种子、植物的部分、水果或动物皮肤。
优选地,上述方法包括施用选自以下化合物中的至少一种化合物:
本发明还涉及如上定义的具有式(I)、(II)或(III)的化合物在预防媒介传播疾病中的用途。
根据本发明,媒介传播疾病是由蚊子、白蛉、锥蝽(triatomine bugs)、黑蝇、壁虱、采采蝇、螨虫、蜗牛和虱子传播的寄生虫、病毒和细菌所引起的人类疾病。
作为媒介传播疾病,可提及以下疾病:疟疾、登革热、血吸虫病、人类非洲锥虫病、利什曼原虫病、查加斯病(Chagas disease)、黄热病、日本脑炎和盘尾丝虫病。
附图说明
图1:化合物3i对突触胆碱能传递的影响。
图2:化合物3ii对突触胆碱能传递的影响。
图3:化合物3iii对突触胆碱能传递的影响。
图4:化合物3iv对突触胆碱能传递的影响。
具体实施方式
分子建模
材料和方法
虚拟筛选
基于THI对昆虫nAChR的亲和力高于其他新烟碱类(Talley,T.T.;Harel,M.;Hibbs,R.E.;Radic,Z.;Tomizawa,M.;Casida,J.E.;Taylor,P.,新烟碱类激动剂与AChBP的原子相互作用:独特的负电药效团的分子识别(Atomic interactions of neonicotinoidagonists with AChBP:Molecular recognition of the distinctive electronegativepharmacophore)。美国国家科学院院刊(Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America)2008,105,(21),7606-7611),基于形状相似性,将THI化学结构用作Zinc数据库(该数据库包含约600万种化合物(铅样子集))的虚拟筛选的参考(Irwin,J.J.;Shoichet,B.K.,ZINC-用于虚拟筛选的市售化合物的免费数据库(A free database of commercially available compounds for virtual screening)。化学信息与建模杂志(Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling)2005,45,(1),177-182)。对于此步骤,采用ROCS,Openeye形状筛选模块来使用Openeye软件(Hawkins,P.C.D.;Skillman,A.G.和Nicholls,A.,形状匹配和对接作为虚拟筛选工具的比较(Comparison of Shape-Matching and Docking as Virtual Screening Tools),药物化学杂志(Journal of Medicinal Chemistry),Vol.50,pp.74-82,2007;ROCS 3.2.2.2:OpenEye科学软件,Santa Fe,NM.)。
然后使用2014.1套件的Glide程序将显示出与THI(值大于0.6)最佳相似性指数(谷本形指数,最大值为1.0)的16种化合物对接在蟑螂和蜜蜂nAChR中(Friesner,R.A.;Banks,J.L.;Murphy,R.B.;Halgren,T.A.;Klicic,J.J.;Mainz,D.T.;Repasky,M.P.;Knoll,E.H.;Shelley,M.;Perry,J.K.,Glide:快速、准确对接和评分的新方法。1.对接精度的方法和评估(Glide:a new approach for rapid,accurate docking andscoring.1.Method and assessment of docking accuracy)。药物化学杂志(Journal ofmedicinal chemistry)2004,47,(7),1739-1749)。有关所用同源性模型的更多详细信息在其他地方给出(Selvam,B.;Graton,J.;Laurent,A.D.;Alamiddine,Z.;Mathe-Allainmat,M.;Lebreton,J.;Coqueret,O.;Olivier,C.;Thany,S.H.;Le Questel,J.-Y.,吡虫啉和噻虫啉新烟碱类化合物与蟑螂的结合要比与蜜蜂α6烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的结合更有利:计算研究的结果(Imidacloprid and thiacloprid neonicotinoids bind more favourablyto cockroach than to honeybee alpha 6nicotinic acetylcholine receptor:Insights from computational studies)。分子图形与建模杂志(Journal of MolecularGraphics&Modelling)2015,55,1-12)。根据(i)质子化状态(ii)对接得分(iii)滑行相互作用能对配体进行优先级排序。在任何情况下,为了避免与其他nAChR(特别是与其激动剂带有净正电荷(铵基)的人nAChR)发生交叉反应,化合物以其中性状态对接。该方法最终产生了7种化合物,其中系列1的分子(参见方案1)。
使用ZINC数据库的铅样子集,上述虚拟筛选程序产生谷本指数优于0.6的16种化合物。在对接阶段之前,仔细检查这些化合物中的每种化合物。这些化合物中的大多数(两个分子除外)的化学结构已被修饰,以满足数个标准。首先,如果化合物以几种质子化状态存在,则仅保留中性形式用于进一步分析。此外,当ZINC化合物带有芳香环时,已将杂原子引入相关位置以增加特定分子相互作用的潜力(例如,苯取代基变为吡啶)。最后,通常已除去了杂环所带的脂族基团(Me,i-Pr)。
对接
使用套件2014-1(发行版2014-1:LLC,New York,NY,2014)的LigPrep v3.0模块(发行版2014-1:LigPrep,版本2.9,LLC,New York,NY,2014)已将16种化合物的结构转换为3D。然后对3D配体分子进行confgen程序(发行版2014-1:ConfGen,版本2.7,LLC,New York,NY,2014),以检索用于对接的最低能量构象体。使用套件2014-1(发行版2014-1:LLC,New York,NY,2014)的Glide v6.3程序(Friesner,R.A.;Banks,J.L.;Murphy,R.B.;Halgren,T.A.;Klicic,J.J.;Mainz,D.T.;Repasky,M.P.;Knoll,E.H.;Shelley,M.;Perry,J.K.,Glide:快速、准确对接和评分的新方法。1.对接精度的方法和评估(Glide:a new approach for rapid,accurate docking andscoring.1.Method and assessment of docking accuracy)。药物化学杂志(Journal ofmedicinal chemistry)2004,47,(7),1739-1749)进行对接。配体附近的残基被定义为活性位点,并被选择用于生成受体网格。对接算法的超精确(XP)模式(Friesner,R.A.,Murphy,R.B.,Repasky,M.P.,Frye,L.L.,Greenwood,J.R.,Halgren,T.A.,Sanschagrin,P.C.,Mainz,D.T.超精密滑行:结合蛋白质-配体复合物的疏水包封模型的对接和评分(Extra precision glide:docking and scoring incorporating a model ofhydrophobic enclosure for protein-ligand complexes)。药物化学杂志(Journal ofmedicinal chemistry)。2006,49,6177-96)用于对接各种配体。通过将预测的配体结合模式与可用的晶体学Ac-AChBP-新烟碱类结构(在本例中为3C84条目,其与噻虫啉和Ac-AChBP之间的复合物相对应)进行比较验证了对接结果。
结果
表1显示了在α6蟑螂和蜜蜂同数nAChR的结合位点对接考虑的16种化合物后获得的对接得分和滑行能。如上所述,由于已知人类nAChR的激动剂带有正电荷(通常是铵基),因此只考虑了从虚拟筛选中出来且在生理pH下不易质子化的化合物,以避免任何交叉反应。
表1.对接从基于α6蟑螂和蜜蜂nAChRs的虚拟筛选研究得出的前16种化合物后计算得出的对接得分和滑行能(kcal/mol)。
a DS:对接得分(参见方法部分)b GE:滑行能(kcal/mol,参见方法部分)c在蜜蜂α6nAChR中该化合物不可能对接。
根据这些结果,在16种化合物中,有7种看起来很有希望(1、3、4-5、10、11、16),因为它们的对接参数(对接得分和滑行能)对于α6蟑螂nAChR比对于α6蜜蜂nAChR显著更为有利。实际上,对于2、6、8-9和14-15,一个或两个相应的参数对于两种昆虫物种都具有非常相似的值,结果没有选择性。相反,对于一个化合物(7),这两个值对α6蜜蜂nAChR都更有利,表明对这些受体可能具有选择性。最后,对于两种化合物(12、13),由于对接得分和滑行能所暗示的趋势相反,因此无法从结果中得出明确的结论。
研究了化合物3在α6蟑螂与蜜蜂nAChR结合位点的相互作用。第一重要的相互作用对应于通过两种昆虫物种中的水分子的配体的吡啶氮与受体的主链CO和NH基团之间的氢键。该特征与在几种共结晶的配体-nAChR模型复合物中看起来是保守的水分子所发挥的作用一致(Jeschke,P.;Nauen,R.;Beck,M.E.,烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体激动剂:现代作物保护的里程碑(Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists:A Milestone for Modern CropProtection)。应用化学-国际版(Angewandte Chemie-International Edition)2013,52,(36),9464-9485;Blum,A.P.;Lester,H.A.;Dougherty,D.A.,烟碱药效团:烟碱的吡啶N和乙酰胆碱氢键的羰基跨亚基界面连接至主链NH(Nicotinic pharmacophore:The pyridineN of nicotine and carbonyl of acetylcholine hydrogen bond across a subunitinterface to a backbone NH)。美国国家科学院院刊(Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences of the United States of America)2010,107,(30),13206-13211;Xiao,Y.;Hammond,P.S.;Mazurov,A.A.;Yohannes,D.,alpha 7神经元烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的正构配体结合域中的多个相互作用区域(Multiple Interaction Regions inthe Orthosteric Ligand Binding Domain of the alpha 7Neuronal NicotinicAcetylcholine Receptor)。化学信息与建模杂志(Journal of Chemical Informationand Modeling)2012,52,(11),3064-3073;和Amiri,S.;Sansom,M.S.P.;Biggin,P.C.,烟碱和氨甲胆碱对AChBP的分子动力学研究:结合域中水的作用(Molecular dynamics studiesof AChBP with nicotine and carbamylcholine:the role of water in the bindingpocket)。蛋白质工程设计与选择(Protein Engineering Design&Selection)2007,20,(7),353-359),并且已经建议将其并入药效基团中以设计新的配体。
然后还表明,在两种情况下,Trp残基(α6蟑螂和蜜蜂nAChR的Trp残基分别为Trp175和Trp200)在配体的结合中具有关键作用,更确切地说是与五元饱和环结合。这些趋势与实验研究指出的这种残基的突出趋势相吻合(Blum,A.P.;Lester,H.A.;Dougherty,D.A.,烟碱药效团:烟碱的吡啶N和乙酰胆碱氢键的羰基跨亚基界面连接至主链NH(Nicotinic pharmacophore:The pyridine N of nicotine and carbonyl ofacetylcholine hydrogen bond across a subunit interface to a backbone NH)。美国国家科学院院刊(Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the UnitedStates of America)2010,107,(30),13206-13211;Blum,A.P.;Gleitsman,K.R.;Lester,H.A.;Dougherty,D.A.,在Alpha 1亚基的邻位二硫键的烟碱受体作用的结合位点上扩展的氢键网络的证据(Evidence for an Extended Hydrogen Bond Network in the BindingSite of the Nicotinic Receptor Role of the Vicinal Disulfide of the Alpha1Subunit)。生物化学杂志(Journal of Biological Chemistry)2011,286,(37),32251-32258;Puskar,N.L.;Xiu,X.;Lester,H.A.;Dougherty,D.A.,两个神经元烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体,alpha 4beta 4和alpha 7显示出不同的激动剂结合模式(Two Neuronal NicotinicAcetylcholine Receptors,alpha 4beta 4and alpha 7,Show Differential AgonistBinding Modes)。生物化学杂志(Journal of Biological Chemistry)2011,286,(16),14618-14627;Xiu,X.;Puskar,N.L.;Shanata,J.A.P.;Lester,H.A.;Dougherty,D.A.,尼古丁与脑受体的结合需要强的阳离子-π相互作用(Nicotine binding to brain receptorsrequires a strong cation- interaction)。自然(伦敦,英国)(Nature(London,U.K.))自然(伦敦,联合王国)(Nature(London,United Kingdom))2009,458,(7237),534-537;Sine,S.M.,端板乙酰胆碱受体:结构、机理、药理和疾病(End-plate acetylcholine receptor:structure,mechanism,pharmacology,and disease)。生理学评论(PhysiologicalReviews)2012,92,(3),1189-1234;Rucktooa,P.;Smit,A.B.;Sixma,T.K.,从AChBP晶体结构了解nAChR亚型选择性(Insight in nAChR subtype selectivity from AChBP crystalstructures)。生化药理学(Biochemical Pharmacology)2009,78,(7,Sp.Iss.SI),777-787;和Celie,P.H.N.;Van Rossum-Fikkert,S.E.;Van Dijk,W.J.;Brejc,K.;Smit,A.B.;Sixma,T.K.,如在AChBP晶体结构中研究的尼古丁和氨基甲酰胆碱与烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体结合(Nicotine and carbamylcholine binding to nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors as studied in AChBP crystal structures)。神经元(Neuron)2004,41,(6),907-914)并通过计算研究合理化(Selvam,B.;Graton,J.;Laurent,A.D.;Alamiddine,Z.;Mathe-Allainmat,M.;Lebreton,J.;Coqueret,O.;Olivier,C.;Thany,S.H.;Le Questel,J.-Y.,吡虫啉和噻虫啉新烟碱类化合物与蟑螂的结合要比与蜜蜂α6烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的结合更有利:计算研究的结果(Imidacloprid and thiacloprid neonicotinoids bindmore favourably to cockroach than to honeybee alpha 6nicotinic acetylcholinereceptor:Insights from computational studies)。分子图形与建模杂志(Journal ofMolecular Graphics&Modelling)2015,55,1-12;Alamiddine,Z.;Selvam,B.;Ceron-Carrasco,J.P.;Mathe-Allainmat,M.;Lebreton,J.;Thany,S.H.;Laurent,A.D.;Graton,J.;Le Questel,J.-Y.,加州海螺AChBP对噻氯必德的分子识别:计算研究的新见解(Molecular recognition of thiaclopride by Aplysia californica AChBP:newinsights from a computational investigation)。计算机辅助分子设计(J.Comput.-Aided Mol.Des.)2015,29,(版权所有(C)2016美国化学学会(ACS)。保留所有权),1151-1167;Atkinson,A.;Graton,J.;Le,Q.J.-Y.,深入了解烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体激动剂结合位点中氢键网络的高度保守:结构和理论研究(Insights into a highly conservednetwork of hydrogen bonds in the agonist binding site of nicotinicacetylcholine receptors:a structural and theoretical study)。蛋白质(Proteins)2014,82,(版权(C)2016美国国家医学图书馆(U.S.National Library of Medicine)),2303-17;和Ceron-Carrasco,J.P.;Jacquemin,D.;Graton,J.;Thany,S.;Le Questel,J.-Y.,加州海螺AchBP对吡虫啉分子识别的新见解:计算研究(New Insights on theMolecular Recognition of Imidacloprid with Aplysia californica AChBP:AComputational Study)。物理化学杂志B(Journal of Physical Chemistry B)2013,117,(版权(C)2016美国化学学会(ACS)。保留所有权),3944-3953)。
最后,值得注意的是,关键的半胱氨酸残基位于配体附近的两个结合位点,其中一个的硫原子(分别在α6蟑螂和蜜蜂nAChR中的Cys219和249)与磺酰胺基团的氧原子紧密接触。该特征突显了这种功能性片段相互作用的可能潜力,这种功能性片段发现在最新的杀昆虫剂nAChR调节剂中,特别是在硫代沙弗洛中,由陶氏农业科学公司设计(Sparks,T.C.;Watson,G.B.;Loso,M.R.;Geng,C.;Babcock,J.M.;Thomas,J.D.,氟啶虫胺腈和砜亚胺杀虫剂:对于抗性昆虫的化学性质、作用方式和功效基础(Sulfoxaflor and the sulfoximineinsecticides:Chemistry,mode of action and basis for efficacy on resistantinsects)。杀虫剂生物化学与生理学(Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology)2013,107,(1),1-7;Wang,N.X.;Watson,G.B.;Loso,M.R.;Sparks,T.C.,昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体中的硫代草酸和新烟碱类结合的分子模型:Myzusβ1R81T突变的影响(Molecularmodeling of sulfoxaflor and neonicotinoid binding in insect nicotinicacetylcholine receptors:impact of the Myzusβ1R81T mutation)。害虫管理科学(PestManage.Sci.)2016,72,,1467-1474;和Cutler,P.;Slater,R.;Edmunds,A.J.F.;Maienfisch,P.;Hall,R.G.;Earley,F.G.P.;Pitterna,T.;Pal,S.;Paul,V.-L.;Goodchild,J.;Blacker,M.;Hagmann,L.;Crossthwaite,A.J.,研究氟啶虫胺腈的作用方式:第四代新烟碱(Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor:a fourth-generation neonicotinoid)。害虫管理科学(Pest Manage.Sci.)2013,69,(5),607-619)。
根据该分析,因此3对于蟑螂和蜜蜂α6nAChRs结合位点,相互作用似乎没有明显的区别。实际上,对相互作用能的进一步检查对于α6蟑螂nAChR的亲和力更好。实际上,表2显示出对于参与结合和上文讨论的主要氨基酸残基,对蟑螂α6nAChR的稳定性明显更高。目前的分子建模结果,通过与nAChR调节剂及其靶标相互作用的已知(实验)特征的良好一致性而得到验证,因此对3的杀昆虫活性及其对害虫的选择性很有希望。
表2.通过Glide程序计算的a6蟑螂和蜜蜂nAChR结合位点的主要成分的相互作用能(kcal/mol)。为了清楚起见,提醒了对接得分和滑行能(kcal/mol)。
配方(I)的化合物的制备
具有式(I)的本发明的化合物显示出磺酰胺功能,并且可以简单地由磺酰氯前体A与选择的吡咯烷B的亲核取代来制备,例如根据以下方案(方案1):
方案1
可以通过常规方法,如方案2所示的方法,获得这种(杂)芳族磺酰氯化合物(A)。
方案2
通过从苯胺或3-氨基吡啶前体开始制备所选择的氯磺酰基试剂,采用一锅两步桑德迈尔磺化(Sandmeyer-sulfonation)方法(方案2)来制备化合物。这些化合物以良好的收率获得,除了化合物1d未能在该水性介质中沉淀以外(方案3)。
方案3:所选择的芳基磺酰氯试剂的合成
为了获得外消旋的2-氰基吡咯烷B(R2=CN)(对应于如上定义的式(V)的化合物,其中R=CN),文献中提出了两种合成方法,通过Strecker反应从4,4-二乙氧基-N,N-二甲基-1-丁胺开始(Bahde,R.J.;Rychnovsky,S.D.,通过羰基化α-氨基烷基锂试剂进行环化(Cyclization via Carbolithiation ofα-Amino Alkyllithium Reagents)。有机通讯(Organic Letters)2008,10,(18),4017-4020)(方案4,方法a)或从三嗪中间体开始,然后与HCN进行氰化反应(De Kimpe,N.G.;Stevens,C.V.;Keppens,M.A.,大米的主要香气成分2-乙酰基-1-吡咯啉的合成(Synthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline,the principal riceflavor component)。农业与食品化学杂志(Journal of Agricultural and FoodChemistry)1993,41,(9),1458-1461)或TMSCN(Liu,X.-W.;Le,T.N.;Lu,Y.;Xiao,Y.;Ma,J.;Li,X.,手性次膦氧化吡咯烷的有效合成及其在不对称直接羟醛反应中的应用(Anefficient synthesis of chiral phosphinyl oxide pyrrolidines and theirapplication to asymmetric direct aldol reactions)。有机与生物分子化学(Organic&Biomolecular Chemistry)2008,6,(21),3997-4003;和V.;Bailey,K.R.;Znabet,A.;Raftery,J.;Helliwell,M.;Turner,N.J.,取代吡咯烷的对映选择性生物催化氧化脱对称(Enantioselective Biocatalytic Oxidative Desymmetrization of SubstitutedPyrrolidines)。应用化学国际版(Angewandte Chemie International Edition)2010,49,(12),2182-2184)(方案4,方法b)。
应用方法b(方案4),外消旋吡咯烷2b分两步以34%的总收率制备。文献中还描述了从Boc-脯氨酸开始的2-氰基吡咯烷的(S)对映异构体的合成(Ji,X.;Su,M.;Wang,J.;Deng,G.;Deng,S.;Li,Z.;Tang,C.;Li,J.;Li,J.;Zhao,L.;Jiang,H.;Liu,H.,杂芳基取代的吡咯-2-腈衍生物作为二肽基肽酶IV抑制剂的设计、合成和生物学评估(synthesis andbiological evaluation of hetero-aromatic moieties substituted pyrrole-2-carbonitrile derivatives as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors)。欧洲药物化学杂志(European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry)2014,75,111-122)。
方案4:取代的吡咯烷2b的合成
为了合成本发明的磺酰胺,优选以下条件,从市售苯胺1a(方案5)或合成的(杂)芳族胺1b-e(方案6-9)开始获得一系列化合物3(3aa-3ec)。
方案5
方案6
方案7
方案8
方案9
化学品一般来说,使用的所有溶剂均为试剂级,并且在二氧化硅覆盖的铝板上(Kieselgel 60F254,MERCK)进行TLC。使用UV辐射(λ=254nm)或钼酸盐溶液显示洗脱的TLC。快速柱色谱在硅胶60ACC 40-63μm(SDS-CarloErba)上进行。NMR光谱是将样品溶解在适当的氘化溶剂中,在室温下在BRUKER AC300(对于1H为300MHz,对于13C为75MHz)或在BRUKER 400(对于1H为400MHz,对于13C为100MHz)上记录的。使用1H的四甲基硅烷(TMS)和13C的氘化溶剂信号作为参考。
化学位移值(δ)表示为百万分之一(ppm),耦合常数(J)表示为赫兹(Hz)。在CEISAM实验室中,在Thermo-Finnigan DSQII四极于70eV(带有NH3气体的Cl)或在Waters XevoG2-XS QTOF上记录了低分辨率质谱(以Da为单位的MS)。使用Q-Tof分析仪在ESI或MALDI上记录了高分辨率质谱(HRMS),其公差为理论计算值5ppm,并且以Da为单位给出了测量值。在IRTF分光光度计(Bruker Vertex 70)上记录了红外光谱。旋光度数据是在20℃Na灯辐射下、在100mm池中的旋光仪上获得的。
实施例1:化合物3aa:1-甲苯磺酰基吡咯烷的制备
分子式:C11H15NO2S
分子量:225.31g.mol-1
向4-甲基苯磺酰氯(217mg,1.14mmol,1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入吡咯烷(121.4mg,0.14mL,1.71mmol,1.5当量)和三乙胺(172.8mg,0.24mL,1.71mmol,1.5当量)。将混合物搅拌16小时,用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以86%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:129℃
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ7.71(d,2H,8.1Hz,H2和H6);7.31(d,2H,8.1Hz,H3和H5);3.25-3.20(m,4H,H2',α,H2',β,H5',α和H5',β);2.43(s,3H,CH3);1.76-1.72(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ143.3(C4);133.9(C1);129.6(2C,C3和C5);127.6(2C,C2和C6);47.9(2C,C2'和C5');25.2(2C,C3'和C4');21.5(CH3)。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=226.1;[M+Na]+=248.0。
HRMS(ESI+):针对C11H15NNaO2S,计算值[M+Na+]m/z=248.0721,实测值248.0726。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3092.45-3035.04(=C-H);2975.45-2866.37(-C-H);1330.87(SO2,as);1105.81(SO2,s)。
实施例2:化合物3ab:1-甲苯磺酰基吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C12H14N2O2S
分子量:250.32g.mol-1
向吡咯烷-2-甲腈(113.5mg,1.18mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入三乙胺(217.2mg,0.3mL,2.15mmol,2当量)和4-甲基苯磺酰氯(204.6mg,1.07mmol,1当量)。将混合物搅拌2天,然后用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以80%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:102℃
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ7.78(d,2H,8.4Hz,H3和H5);7.35(d,2H,8.4Hz,H2和H6);4.59(dd,1H,6Hz和2.4Hz,H2');3.43-3.33(m,2H,H5',α和H5',β);2.44(s,3H,CH3);2.25-1.95(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ144.5(C4);134.4(C1);129.9(2C,C3和C5);127.6(2C,C2和C6);118.0(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.6(C4');21.6(CH3)。
MS:CI+:[M+NH4]+=267.4;CI-:[M-H]-=249.3。
HRMS:HRMS(ESI+)针对C12H15N2O2S,计算值[M+H]+m/z=251.0849,实测值251.0847。HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷8/2;0.8mL.min-1;20℃;230nm:保留时间=28.57min和30.67。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3022.04-3001.45(=C-H);2995.15-2874.79(-C-H);2247.57(CN);1343.78(SO2,as);1154.49(SO2,s)。
实施例3:化合物3ac:(S)-1-甲苯磺酰基吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C12H14N2O2S
分子量:250.32g.mol-1
向(S)-吡咯烷-2-甲腈的盐酸盐(76.5mg,0.88mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的混合物中加入三乙胺(106mg,0.15mL,1.05mmol,2当量)。将混合物搅拌15分钟,加入4-甲基苯磺酰氯(100mg,0.52mmol,1当量),并继续搅拌另外16h。然后将混合物用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以93%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:102℃
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ7.78(d,2H,8.4Hz,H2和H6);7.35(d,2H,8.4Hz,H3和H5);4.59(dd,1H,6Hz和2.4Hz,H2');3.41-3.36(m,2H,H5',α和H5',β);2.44(s,3H,CH3);2.23-2.06(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和d H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ144.5(C4);134.4(C1);129.9(2C,C3和C5);127.6(2C,C2和C6);118.0(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.6(C4');21.6(CH3)。
MS:ESI+:[M-CN]+=224.1;[M+Na]+=273.0。
HRMS:HRMS(ESI+)针对C12H14N2NaO2S,计算值[M+Na+]m/z=273.0674,实测值273.0681。
[α]D 20℃:在甲醇中为-108.6(1g/100mL)。
HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷8/2;0.8mL.min-1;20℃;230nm:保留时间=30.75min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3053.36-3006.84(=C-H);2986.91-2874.48(-C-H);2240.83(CN);1334.25(SO2,as);1109.57(SO2,s)。
实施例4:化合物3ba:1-((4-氯苯基)磺酰基)吡咯烷的制备
分子式:C10H12ClNO2S
分子量:245,72g.mol-1
向4-氯苯磺酰氯(235mg,1.11mmol,1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入吡咯烷(68.5mg,0.08mL,0.96mmol,0.9当量)。将混合物搅拌16小时,用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:8/2)纯化粗产物,以78%的收率得到白色固体产物。
mp:106℃
1H NMR(300MHz,DMSO-d6):δ7.82(d,2H,8.4Hz,H2和H6);7.70(d,2H,8.4Hz,H3和H5);3.15-3.11(m,4H,H2',α,H2',β,H5',α和H5',β);1.67-1.63(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,DMSO-d6):δ137.9(C4);135.1(C1);129.5(2C,C3和C5);129.2(2C,C2和C6);47.8(2C,C2’和C5’);24.7(2C,C3’和C4’)。
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ7.76(mt,2H,H2和H6);7.50(mt,2H,H3和H5);3.26-3.21(m,4H,H2',α,H2',β,H5',α和H5',β);1.80-1.75(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ139.1(C4);135.6(C1);129.3(2C,C3和C5);128.9(2C,C2和C6);48.0(2C,C2’和C5’);25.3(2C,C3’和C4’)。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=246.1;[M+Na]+=268.1。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3087.64-3061.44(=C-H);2976.50-2877.84(-C-H);1336.63(SO2,as);1155.51(SO2,s)。
实施例5:化合物3bb:1-((4-氯苯基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C11H11ClN2O2S
分子量:270.73g.mol-1
向吡咯烷-2-甲腈(123.9mg,1.45mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入三乙胺(266mg,0.37mL,2.63mmol,2当量)和4-氯苯磺酰氯(277.4mg,1.31mmol,1当量)。将混合物搅拌2天,然后用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:7/3)纯化粗产物,以65%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:115℃
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ7.85(mt,2H,8.7Hz,H2和H6);7.54(mt,2H,8.7Hz,H3和H5);4.64(dd,1H,6.6Hz和3Hz,H2');3.44(mt,1H,H5',α);3.33(mt,1H,H5',β);2.28-2.07(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ140.1(C4);136.1(C1);129.6(2C,C3和C5);129.0(2C,C2和C6);117.7(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.7(C4')。
MS:CI+:[M+NH4+]+=287.9。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C11H11ClNaN2O2S,计算值[M+Na+]m/z=293.0122,实测值293.0128。
HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷75/25;1mL.min-1;20℃;236nm:保留时间=14.36min和15.72min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3090.19-3062.53(=C-H);2993.31-2870.87(-C-H);2249.61(CN);1347.37(SO2,as);1158.00(SO2,s)。
实施例6:化合物3bc:(S)-1-(((4-氯苯基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈)的制备
分子式:C11H11ClN2O2S
分子量:270.73g.mol-1
向(S)-吡咯烷-2-甲腈盐酸盐(104mg,0.78mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的混合物中加入三乙胺(114mg,0.2mL,1.42mmol,2当量)。将混合物搅拌15分钟,加入4-氯苯磺酰氯(150mg,0.71mmol,1当量),并继续搅拌另外16h。然后将混合物用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以62%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:115℃
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ7.85(mt,2H,8.7Hz,H2和H6);7.53(mt,2H,8.7Hz,H3和H5);4.64(dd,1H,6.6Hz和3Hz,H2');3.48-3.31(m,2H,H5',α和H5',β);2.28-2.07(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ140.1(C4);136.1(C1);129.7(2C,C3和C5);129.0(2C,C2和C6);117.7(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.7(C4')。
MS:CI+:[M+NH4]+=287.9;ESI+:[M+Na]+=293.0。
HRMS:(ESI+)针对C11H11ClN2NaO2S,计算值[M+Na+]m/z=293.0122,实测值293.0121。
[α]D 20℃:在甲醇中为-98.8(1g/100mL)。
HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷75/25;1mL.min-1;20℃;236nm:保留时间=14.56min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3093.06-3011.25(=C-H);2988.63-2878.83(-C-H);2242.49(CN);1336.06(SO2,as);1155.89(SO2,s)。
实施例7:化合物3ca:2-甲氧基-5-(吡咯烷-1-基磺酰基)吡啶的制备
分子式:C10H14N2O3S
分子量:242.29g.mol-1
向6-甲氧基吡啶-3-磺酰氯(180mg,0.87mmol,1当量)的二氯甲烷(10mL)溶液中加入吡咯烷(92.5mg,0.11mL,1.30mmol,1.5当量)和三乙胺(131.6mg,0.18mL,1.30mmol,1.5当量)。将混合物搅拌16小时,用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以71%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:131℃
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ8.63(d,1H,2.1Hz,H6);7.94(dd,1H,8.7Hz和2.1Hz,H4);6.83(d,1H,8.7Hz,H3);4.00(s,3H,OCH3);3.27-3.22(m,4H,H2',α,H2',β,H5',α和H5',β);1.81-1.77(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ166.4(C2);147.4(C6);137.6(C4);126.5(C5);111.3(C3);54.2(OCH3);47.9(2C,C2'和C5');25.3(2C,C3'和C4')。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=243.1;[M+Na]+=265.0。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C10H14N2NaO3S,计算值[M+Na+]m/z=265.0623,实测值265.0630。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3096.50-3009.84(=C-H);2987.90-2848.51(-C-H);1331.32(SO2,as);1134.32(SO2,s)。
实施例8:化合物3cb:1-((6-甲氧基吡啶-3-基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C11H13N3O3S
分子量:267.30g.mol-1
向吡咯烷-2-甲腈(134mg,1.39mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入三乙胺(256.5mg,0.35mL,2.53mmol,1.5当量)和6-甲氧基吡啶-3-磺酰氯(263mg,1.27mmol,1当量)。将混合物搅拌2天,然后用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。粗产物通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化,以14%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:109℃
RMN 1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.70(d,1H,2.1Hz,H2);8.02(dd,1H,8.7Hz和2.1Hz,H4);6.86(d,1H,8.7Hz,H5);4.64(dd,1H,6.6Hz和3.3Hz,H2');4.02(s,3H,OCH3);3.45(mt,1H,H5',α);3.35(mt,1H,H5',β);2.28-2.19(m,2H,H3',α和H3',β);2.18-2.12(m,2H,H4',α和H4',β)。
RMN 13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ166.9(C6);147.9(C2);137.5(C4);127.0(C3);117.8(CN);111.7(C5);54.4(OCH3);48.5(C2');47.3(C5');31.9(C3');24.7(C4')。
MS:CI+:[M+H]+=268.0;ESI+:[M+H]+=268.1。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C11H14N3O3S,计算值[M+H]+m/z=268.0750,实测值268.0747。
HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷8/2;1mL.min-1;20℃;236nm:保留时间=37.45min和42.99min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3076.34-3000.14(=C-H);2989.32-2853.41(-C-H);2244.30(CN);1309.18(SO2,as);1126.57(SO2,s)。
实施例9:化合物3cc:(S)-1-(((6-甲氧基吡啶-3-基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C11H13N3O3S
分子量:267.30g.mol-1
向(S)-吡咯烷-2-甲腈盐酸盐(40mg,0.30mmol,0.6当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的混合物中加入三乙胺(30.5mg,0.04mL,0.30mmol,0.6当量)。将混合物搅拌15分钟,加入6-甲氧基吡啶-3-磺酰氯(103.5mg,0.50mmol,1当量),并继续搅拌另外16h。然后将混合物用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以62%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:109℃
RMN 1H(300MHz,CDCl3):δ8.70(d,1H,2.1Hz,H2);8.02(dd,1H,8.7Hz和2.1Hz,H4);6.86(d,1H,8.7Hz,H5);4.64(dd,1H,6.6Hz和3.3Hz,H2');4.02(s,3H,OCH3);3.45(mt,1H,H5',α);3.35(mt,1H,H5',β);2.28-2.19(m,2H,H3',α和H3',β);2.18-2.12(m,2H,H4',α和H4',β)。
RMN 13C(75MHz,CDCl3):δ167.1(C6);148.1(C2);137.7(C4);127.2(C3);118.0(CN);111.9(C5);54.6(OCH3);48.7(C2');47.4(C5');32.1(C3');24.8(C4')。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=268.1;[M+Na]+=290.1。
[α]D 20℃:在甲醇中为-100.8(0,5g/100mL)。
HPLC:IA;庚烷/二氯甲烷8/2;1mL.min-1;20℃;236nm:保留时间=48.47min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3076.64-3001.90(=C-H);2991.53-2853.92(-C-H);2243.05(CN);1309.51(SO2,as);1127.58(SO2,s)。
实施例10:化合物3da:2-氯-5-(吡咯烷-1-基磺酰基)吡啶的制备
分子式:C9H11ClN2O2S
分子量:246.71g.mol-1
向6-氯吡啶-3-磺酰氯(150mg,0.71mmol,1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入吡咯烷(75.5mg,0.09mL,1.06mmol,1.5当量)和三乙胺(107.4mg,0.15mL,1.06mmol,1.5当量)。将混合物搅拌16小时,用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。粗产物通过柱色谱法纯化(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4),以69%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:134℃
1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.80(d,1H,2.7Hz,H6);8.04(dd,2H,8.4Hz和2.7Hz,H4);7.48(d,1H,8.4Hz,H3);3.27-3.24(m,4H,H2',α,H2',β,H5',α和H5',β);1.84-1.78(m,4H,H3',α,H3',β,H4',α和H4',β)。
13CNMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ155.4(C2);148.4(C6);137.5(C4);133.0(C5);124.7(C3);48.0(2C,C2'和C5');25.3(2C,C3'和C4')。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=247.0;[M+Na]+=269.0。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C9H12ClN2O2S,计算值[M+H]+m/z=247.0303,实测值247.0294。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3087.05-3065.54(=C-H);2983.25-2857.84(-C-H);1346.02(SO2,as);1161.98(SO2,s)。
实施例11:化合物3db:1-((6-氯吡啶基-3-基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C10H10ClN3O2S
分子量:271.72g.mol-1
向吡咯烷-2-甲腈(72.3mg,0.75mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的溶液中加入三乙胺(138mg,0.20mL,1.37mmol,2当量)和6-氯吡啶-3-磺酰氯(145mg,0.68mmol,1当量)。将混合物搅拌2天,然后用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以59%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:128℃
RMN 1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.89(d,1H,2.1Hz,H2);8.16(dd,2H,8.4Hz和2.1Hz,H4);7.53(d,1H,8.4Hz,H5);4.71(t,1H,5.4Hz,H2');3.52(mt,1H,H5',α);3.35(m,1H,H5',β);2.31-2.25(m,2H,H3',α和H3',β);2.17-2.12(m,2H,H4',α和H4',β)。
RMN 13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):δ156.4(C3);148.6(C2);137.6(C4);133.5(C6);125.0(C5);117.3(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.7(C4')。
MS:CI+:[M]+·=271.4;[M+NH4]+=289.0;ESI+:[M+H]+=272.0[M+Na]+=294.0。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C10H10ClN3NaO2S,理论值[M+Na+]m/z=294.0074,实测值294.0075。
HPLC:IA;CH2Cl2;0.5mL.min-1;20℃;240nm:保留时间=6.99min和8.57min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3086.46-3037.94(=C-H);2994.57-2896.65(-C-H);2242.63(CN);1354.03(SO2,as);1164.39(SO2,s)。
实施例12:化合物3dc:(S)-1-(((6-氯吡啶-3--3-基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C10H10ClN3O2S
分子量:271.72g.mol-1
向(S)-吡咯烷-2-甲腈盐酸盐(103mg,0.79mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的混合物中加入三乙胺(143mg,0.2mL,1.41mmol,2当量)。将混合物搅拌15分钟,加入6-氯吡啶-3-磺酰氯(150mg,0.71mmol,1当量),并继续搅拌另外16h。然后将混合物用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以67%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:128℃
1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3):δ8.89(d,1H,2.1Hz,H2);8.16(dd,2H,8.4Hz和2.1Hz,H4);7.54(d,1H,8.4Hz,H5);4.70(t,1H,5.4Hz,H2');3.52(mt,1H,H5',α);3.35(m,1H,H5',β);2.31-2.25(m,2H,H3',α和H3',β);2.18-2.10(m,2H,H4',α和H4',β)。
13C NMR(75MHz,CDCl3):δ156.4(C6);148.6(C2);137.7(C4);133.5(C3);125.0(C5);117.3(CN);48.6(C2');47.4(C5');31.9(C3');24.7(C4')。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=272.0;[M+Na]+=294.0。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C10H11ClN3O2S,计算值[M+H]+m/z=272.0255,实测值272.0251。
[α]D 20℃:在甲醇中为-89.9(1g/100mL)。
HPLC:IA;CH2Cl2;0.5mL.min-1;20℃;240nm:保留时间=7.25min。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3088.54-3001.24(=C-H);2986.01-2878.28(-C-H);2246.46(CN);1352.87(SO2,as);1165.28(SO2,s)。
实施例13:化合物3ec:(S)-1-(((6-甲基吡啶-3-基)磺酰基)吡咯烷-2-甲腈的制备
分子式:C11H13N3O2S
分子量:251.30g.mol-1
向(S)-吡咯烷-2-甲腈盐酸盐(32.5mg,0.25mmol,1.1当量)在二氯甲烷(10mL)的混合物中加入三乙胺(45mg,0.06mL,0.45mmol,2当量)。将混合物搅拌15分钟,加入6-甲基吡啶-3-磺酰氯(42.7mg,0.22mmol,1当量),并继续搅拌另外16h。然后将混合物用HCl水溶液(2M)水解,并用二氯甲烷萃取。有机层用水洗涤,用MgSO4干燥,过滤并在真空下蒸发。通过柱色谱法(SiO2,石油醚/乙酸乙酯:6/4)纯化粗产物,以70%的收率得到呈白色固体的产物。
mp:120℃
RMN 1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ8.98(d,1H,2.1Hz,H2);8.08(dd,2H,8.4Hz和2.1Hz,H4);7.35(d,1H,8.4Hz,H5);4.66(dd,1H,7.1Hz和3.2Hz,H2');3.48(mt,1H,H5',α);3.36(m,1H,H5',β);2.28-2.19(m,2H,H3',α和H3',β);2.15-2.06(m,2H,H4',α和H4',β)。
RMN 13C NMR(100MHz,CDCl3):164.2(C6);147.7(C2);135.4(C4);131.6(C3);123.5(C5);117.6(CN);48.6(C2');47.3(C5');31.9(C3');27.8(CH3);24.7(C4')。
MS:ESI+:[M+H]+=252.1;[M+Na]+=274.1。
HRMS(ESI+)针对C11H13N3NaO2S,计算值[M+Na]+m/z=274.0626,实测值274.0631。
[α]D 20℃:在甲醇中为-93.3(0.5g/100mL)。
IR ATR:ν(cm-1)3065.82-2995.28(=C-H);2939.80-2852.41(-C-H);2245.49(CN);1341.03(SO2,as);1162.68(SO2,s)。
电生理学和昆虫毒理学研究
对昆虫突触传递的神经毒性作用
材料与方法
使用甘露醇-间隙记录研究了神经毒性作用。使用Callec(Callec,J.J.;Sattelle,D.B.,一种用于监视药理学原理的突触作用的简单技术(A simple techniquefor monitoring the synaptic actions of pharmacological agents)。实验生物学杂志(J Exp Biol)1973,59,(3),725-38;和Callec,J.J.;Sattelle,D.B.;Hue,B.;Pelhate,M.,药理学原理在昆虫中的中央突触作用:油-间隙和甘露醇-间隙的研究(Central synapticactions of pharmacological agents in insects:oil-gap and mannitol-gapstudies)。在神经毒素(Neurotox)79中,Sherwood,M.,Ed.全体会议出版社:纽约,1980;pp93-100)开创的甘露醇间隙法对位于蟑螂第六腹神经节(A6)内的大脑神经巨中间神经元突触进行实验。
使用外部电极记录电事件。在记录部位之间插入了非电解质介质(甘露醇)(Callec,J.J.;Sattelle,D.B.;Hue,B.;Pelhate,M.,药理学原理在昆虫中的中央突触作用:油-间隙和甘露醇-间隙的研究(Central synaptic actions of pharmacologicalagents in insects:oil-gap and mannitol-gap studies)。在神经毒素(Neurotox)79中,Sherwood,M.,Ed.全体会议出版社:纽约,1980;pp 93-100)。该方法的主要优点是可以保留单一或诱发的兴奋性突触后电位(EPSP)和突触后极化的记录。因此,监测由药物施用引起的EPSP幅度和/或极化的变化使得能够记录剂量响应曲线。而且,该设置允许进行长期实验,并且可以容易地应用测试溶液,而没有与细胞内记录相关的任何技术问题。
对A6进行了仔细的除湿处理,以利于浸浴药物的渗透。记录电极连接到高阻抗放大器的输入电路,高阻抗放大器的输出传递到数字示波器(Hameg,德国)和图表记录仪(Kipp and Zonen,BD 111,荷兰)。在图表记录仪上监测突触后极化的变化,并使用双脉冲刺激器通过电刺激同侧脑神经XI来诱发cEPSP(Campden 915,美国)。在与之前公布的相同条件下,在3分钟内应用了TMX(Buckingham,S.;Lapied,B.;Corronc,H.;Sattelle,F.,吡虫啉对昆虫神经元乙酰胆碱受体的作用(Imidacloprid actions on insect neuronalacetylcholine receptors)。实验生物学杂志(J Exp Biol)1997,200,(Pt 21),2685-92;和Thany,S.H.,可比尼丁对蟑螂第六腹神经节表达的突触和突触烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的激动作用(Agonist actions of clothianidin on synaptic and extrasynapticnicotinic acetylcholine receptors expressed on cockroach sixth abdominalganglion)。神经毒理学(Neurotoxicology)2009,30,(6),1045-52),用微型泵快速灌注(哈佛仪器)进行恒定的溶液交换(500μL/min)。在单次施用TMX之前,将所有毒蕈碱和烟碱拮抗剂进行浸浴至少20分钟。在室温下进行记录。
为了比较去极化,将峰幅度归一化(V/Vmax)。剂量响应曲线是根据以下方程式从拟合曲线得出的:
y=Vmin+(Vmax–Vmin)/(1+10(logEC 50 -X)H)
其中,Y是归一化响应,Vmax和Vmin是最大和最小响应,H是希尔系数,EC50是给出最大响应一半的浓度,X是化合物浓度的对数。
结果
测试了以下化合物3i-3iv(分子建模部分表1和2的化合物3的所有衍生物)对昆虫突触传递的毒性和对蜜蜂的毒性作用。
化合物3i、3ii、3iii和3iv分别对应于化学品部分中所述的实施例12、7、8和13。
检查了这四种化合物对昆虫胆碱能突触传递的神经毒性。实际上,以蟑螂的大脑传入大中间神经元突触为模型研究新烟碱类杀昆虫剂对蟑螂胆碱能突触传递的神经毒性。因此,目的是证明这些化合物能够用新烟碱类杀昆虫剂,特别是新烟碱类杀昆虫剂的前身吡虫啉(IMI)使发现的第六个腹神经节去极化(Buckingham,S.D.;Lapied,B.;LeCorronc,H.;Grolleau,F.;Sattelle,D.B.,吡虫啉对昆虫神经元乙酰胆碱受体的作用(Imidacloprid actions on insect neuronal acetylcholine receptors)。实验生物学杂志(J Exp Biol)1997,200,(21),2685-2692;和Thany,S.H.,可比尼丁对蟑螂第六腹神经节表达的突触和突触烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体的激动作用(Agonist actions ofclothianidin on synaptic and extrasynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsexpressed on cockroach sixth abdominal ganglion)。神经毒理学(Neurotoxicology)2009,30,(6),1045-1052)。
在浴中施用四种化合物3i、3ii、3iii和3iv会引起第六个腹神经节强烈去极化(图1、2、3和4)。冲洗后它们对突触去极化的作用没有逆转,并且在施用后2小时也观察到了这种作用。通过记录去极化,根据材料和方法部分中描述的方程式绘制了剂量响应曲线。
化合物3i、3ii和3iii的EC50值分别为19μM、8.02μM和4.25μM。
注意的是,吡虫啉的EC50值约为15±0.12μM。因此,在该系列中,最有效的化合物似乎是3ii和3iii,EC50值为8.02μM和4.25μM。另外,洗去后3ii诱导的去极化没有逆转,并且在施用后2小时观察到该效果。
对意大利蜜蜂(APIS MELLIFERA)的毒性
材料与方法
1.蜂群
将蜜蜂从奥尔良大学的蜂箱中移出,并转移到实验室培养箱中进行实验(30±1.5℃;12/12h O/N)。将它们放置在六个不同的笼子中,每个笼子中放20只蜜蜂,并放入40%的蔗糖溶液(对照组)或测试的化合物。
(1)笼子尺寸:20×20×13cm
所有测试均使用从两个蜂王群落中采集的成年工蜂(意大利蜜蜂(Apismellifera L)(膜翅目:蜜蜂科))进行。这些群落无病,没有接受任何化学处理(例如戊酰酰胺)。为了进行口服毒性测试,从蜂巢梳(避开育虫巢区域)或从飞行板中收集成年工蜂。
2.测试浓度
将化合物的储备溶液溶解在二甲亚砜(DMSO)中,以获得500ng/μL,并在-20℃下储备。然后将这些样品在蔗糖溶液(40%;w/v)中稀释,用于最终实验。每种测试的最终溶液和对照溶液均含有少于0.25%的DMSO,并在4℃下储存。将测试剂量的溶液在使用前立即搅拌,并在建议用于蜜蜂时在视觉上是均匀的。将蜜蜂公平地分配到处理组。在用于测试之前,蜜蜂在测试条件下经历2-3小时的饥饿期(对于总述,参见Nauen,R.;Ebbinghaus-Kintscher,U.;Schmuck,R.,吡虫啉及其代谢产物在意大利蜜蜂(膜翅目:蜜蜂科)中的毒性和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体相互作用(Toxicity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptorinteraction of imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera(Hymenoptera:Apidae))。害虫管理科学(Pest Management Science)2001,57,(7),577-586)。
表3.用于评估新烟碱类杀昆虫剂对蜜蜂(意大利蜜蜂)的毒性作用的浓度
对六批次的蜜蜂(每批次20只蜜蜂)进行不同剂量的测试化合物(标称剂量为50纳克/蜜蜂至159纳克/蜜蜂)。根据诱导蜜蜂毒性作用的新烟碱类杀昆虫剂的致死剂量确定剂量(表3)。对照接受含有0.25%DMSO的蔗糖溶液。除去含有任何未消耗部分剂量的玻璃测试喂食器,在每次实验后,在笼子内的喂食器中提供新鲜的蔗糖溶液。对于每个浓度,进行三次重复(180只蜜蜂/浓度)。在处理后24小时和48小时测量死亡率。
结果
测试了化合物3i-3iv对蜜蜂的毒性作用。
根据用于评估蜜蜂毒性作用的新烟碱类浓度评估了两种浓度。对于吡虫啉,所测试的LD50为6.7纳克/蜜蜂至23.8纳克/蜜蜂,但估计一些新烟碱类,如噻虫啉和啶虫脒的LD50值大于7微克/蜜蜂。
为了确保这些化合物不会对蜜蜂产生强烈的毒性作用,使用了浓度50纳克/蜜蜂和150纳克/蜜蜂。有趣的是,这些化合物在口服后均未引起蜜蜂的强大死亡率(表4)。
表4.根据本发明的四种化合物对蜜蜂的毒性作用
因此,与吡虫啉相比,这些化合物对蟑螂神经系统的毒性更大。此外,它们中的两个(3ii和3iv)对蜜蜂无毒,因为在较高浓度(150纳克/蜂)下,它们无法诱导毒性。而且,一般而言,对于所有化合物来说,所观察到的毒性作用的死亡率均低于10%。
在每种情况下,n=60只蜜蜂,实验一式三份。汇总了对照条件下的数据,未发现1%DMSO对蜜蜂死亡率产生显著影响。
Claims (15)
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,A是苯基,其可能被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一个取代基取代:卤素原子、氨基、叠氮基、氰基、硝基、羟基、甲酰基、羧基、酰胺基、(C1-C6)烷基、卤代(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、烯基、环烯基和炔基。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物,其中,A是包含5-10个原子的杂芳基,所述杂芳基包含1-4个选自O、S或N的杂原子,并且可能被选自由以下组成的组中的至少一个取代基取代:卤素原子、氨基、叠氮基、氰基、硝基、羟基、甲酰基、羧基、酰胺基、(C1-C6)烷基、卤代(C1-C6)烷基、(C1-C6)烷氧基、烯基、环烯基和炔基。
8.一种农业化学组合物,特别是杀虫剂组合物(例如杀螨剂、杀昆虫剂、杀线虫剂、杀软体动物剂),包含至少一种根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的化合物。
9.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所定义的化合物作为杀昆虫剂的用途。
10.根据权利要求9所述的用途,其中,所述化合物具有权利要求6所述的式(III)。
12.一种用于植物中的害虫防治或用于动物福利的方法,包括将根据权利要求1至6中任一项所定义的至少一种化合物施用于植物、植物种子、植物的部分、水果或动物皮肤。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述化合物具有权利要求6所述的式(III)。
15.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的化合物在预防媒介传播疾病中的用途。
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EP18306468.2A EP3650447A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2018-11-08 | New selective modulators of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
EP18306468.2 | 2018-11-08 | ||
PCT/EP2019/080465 WO2020094754A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2019-11-07 | New selective modulators of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors |
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US (1) | US20210387949A1 (zh) |
EP (2) | EP3650447A1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2022506835A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN113631551A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR112021008947A2 (zh) |
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- 2018-11-08 EP EP18306468.2A patent/EP3650447A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2019
- 2019-11-07 BR BR112021008947-0A patent/BR112021008947A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2019-11-07 WO PCT/EP2019/080465 patent/WO2020094754A1/en unknown
- 2019-11-07 US US17/291,791 patent/US20210387949A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2019-11-07 EP EP19798306.7A patent/EP3877377A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2019-11-07 CN CN201980073793.0A patent/CN113631551A/zh active Pending
- 2019-11-07 CA CA3118343A patent/CA3118343A1/en active Pending
- 2019-11-07 JP JP2021524444A patent/JP2022506835A/ja active Pending
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BR112021008947A2 (pt) | 2021-08-10 |
US20210387949A1 (en) | 2021-12-16 |
JP2022506835A (ja) | 2022-01-17 |
EP3650447A1 (en) | 2020-05-13 |
CA3118343A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 |
WO2020094754A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 |
EP3877377A1 (en) | 2021-09-15 |
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