CN113579024A - Method for bending and forming ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction - Google Patents
Method for bending and forming ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction Download PDFInfo
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- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 118
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003698 laser cutting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000002679 ablation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000012797 qualification Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002310 reflectometry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011165 3D composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010329 laser etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D7/00—Bending rods, profiles, or tubes
- B21D7/16—Auxiliary equipment, e.g. for heating or cooling of bends
- B21D7/162—Heating equipment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D7/00—Bending rods, profiles, or tubes
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for bending and forming an ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction, which comprises the steps of blanking raw materials of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe in a laser cutting mode, and milling product openings, hole sites and bent section fins according to a process drawing to obtain an ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece; coating an ablation heat-proof material on the surface of the test piece; carrying out simulation on the laser-induced bending forming parameters of the test piece, determining the bending forming angle, the temperature distribution cloud chart and the stress strain cloud chart of the test piece under the laser-induced bending forming parameters, and determining the laser-induced bending forming parameters of which the surface quality and the forming angle of the test piece meet the requirements through simulation; and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece according to the determined laser induced bending forming parameters, judging whether the bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe after the test meets the requirements, if not, optimizing the laser induced bending forming parameters, and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece again until the requirements are met.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for bending and forming an ammonia axial channel heat pipe.
Background
At present, the ammonia axial channel heat pipe is mainly formed by manually bending, and the defects of cross section distortion, wall thickness reduction, bending resilience and the like exist after the heat pipe is formed, so that the qualification rate and the quality of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe product are always influenced, and the product production is difficult to automate, batch and standardize. And laser-induced bending forming does not depend on a die and manpower, so that the problems of forming resilience and outer side wall thickness reduction are solved, and a large amount of manpower, material resources and financial resources are saved. In practical engineering application, laser-induced bending forming can integrate laser cutting, laser heat treatment and laser detection, product integrated forming can be realized, forming precision of products is improved, and product qualification rate and quality stability can be improved.
At present, domestic laser induced forming is mainly applied to metal pipes and plates for ships, aviation and aerospace. Compared with a plate material, the laser-induced bending forming research of the pipe is less. Foreign technicians have made serial studies on laser-induced bending forming of pipes, but no intensive studies have been made, particularly on ammonia axial channel heat pipes.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is as follows: the defects of the prior art are overcome, and the method for bending and forming the ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction is provided.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a method for bending and forming an ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction comprises the following steps:
blanking raw materials of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe by adopting a laser cutting mode, and milling product openings, hole sites and bent section fins according to a process drawing to obtain an ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece; coating ablation heat-proof material on the surface of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece;
carrying out simulation on the laser-induced bending forming parameters of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece, determining the bending forming angle, the temperature distribution cloud chart and the stress strain cloud chart of the test piece under the laser-induced bending forming parameters, and determining the laser-induced bending forming parameters of which the surface quality and the forming angle of the test piece meet the requirements through simulation; simplifying the number of channels on the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece in the simulation process and simulating the fixing form of the end part of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece in the bending forming process by adopting a displacement restraining mode;
and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece according to the determined laser induced bending forming parameters, judging whether the bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe after the test meets the requirements, if not, optimizing the laser induced bending forming parameters, and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece again until the requirements are met.
Further, the thickness of the ablation heat-proof material is 0.3-0.5 mm.
Further, the allowance of milling the opening and the bent section of the product is 2-3 mm.
Further, the laser induced bending forming parameters comprise laser scanning power, scanning strategy, scanning times, speed, laser scanning interval and laser scanning distance; the scanning strategy is that the laser beam scans in the direction vertical to the diameter of the heat pipe, the central diameter of the heat pipe is taken as a zero point, and the scanning is performed once from-10 to +30 and then back to-10.
Further, the laser induced bending forming parameters are optimized by the following method:
and (3) reselecting the laser induced bending forming parameters for testing, analyzing important influence factors according to test results, simultaneously adopting a response surface method to carry out process optimization on the selected important influence parameters, and carrying out testing according to the optimized parameters and results until the requirements are met.
Further, the laser induced bending forming parameters of the omega channel heat pipe with the width and height of the section of the pipe being 30 multiplied by 10I-shaped are as follows:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R70mm-R100mm, the laser scanning power is 850-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 30-50 mm/s, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3-10 times, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-3mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-25 mm.
Further, the laser induced bending forming parameters of the round finned and rectangular channel heat pipe with the width and the diameter of the section of the pipe being 10 multiplied by 5 are as follows:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R10mm-R70mm, the laser scanning power is 600-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 10-50 mm/s, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3-10 times, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-6mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-60 mm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the traditional heat pipe formed by manual bending has the defects of wall thickness reduction, wrinkling, section deformation and resilience, the laser-induced bending forming is a mode of die-free forming, a part generates a temperature gradient under laser radiation, so that the thermal stress of the inner side and the outer side of the material is inconsistent, different deformation quantities are generated on the two sides, the target bending angle and shape can be realized by adjusting laser parameters, laser scanning strategies and other ways, and the defects of the traditional heat pipe formed by manual bending are improved.
(2) The traditional ammonia axial heat pipe is formed by manually bending, the formed products in the same batch have different sizes and different product qualities, and meanwhile, the traditional manually bent formed products have long periods and cannot be delivered on time. The laser-induced bending forming changes the current situation of manual bending forming, and the automatic forming is adopted, so that the stability and the qualification rate of the product are improved, the production period of the product is shortened, and the economic benefit of the product is improved on the premise of ensuring the precision and the performance of the product.
(3) The traditional manual bending forming needs to be carried out through the procedures of blanking, numerical control milling, laser etching, sheet metal forming, surface cleaning, welding and the like in the machining process, the procedures are relatively complicated, and the laser-induced forming equipment can realize the functions of laser machining, laser cleaning, laser welding and the like, so that the product is integrally formed as far as possible in the machining process, and the product quality is better guaranteed.
(4) The laser-induced bending forming method is applied to the bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe for the first time, the bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe is realized on the basis of ensuring that the surface quality is not ablated, scratched and the like, the influence of process parameters (conditions such as laser output power, laser scanning times, scanning times at the same position and the like) on a bending angle is obtained, and a foundation is laid for the application of the laser-induced bending forming method to the processing of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe for satellites and space stations of various types.
(5) The laser bending forming overcomes the defects of wall thickness reduction, bending section deformation, wrinkling, bending angle springback and the like of manual bending forming, can realize the cutting of heat pipe products by adjusting parameters such as laser energy, a focusing mode and the like, and realizes the detection of the bending angle through a laser detection channel arranged on the device, thereby simplifying the production process flow of channel heat pipe products and further realizing the integrated forming of the products.
(6) The laser-induced bending die-free forming technology is applied to the bending forming process of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe for the first time, the defects of wrinkling and cross section deformation of the traditional bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe are reduced, meanwhile, the manufacturing cost of a forming die is saved, and the laser-induced bending forming belongs to a flexible forming mode and can meet the individual requirements of users.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a laser-induced forming apparatus of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the method of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a 30X 10 ammonia axial channel heat pipe;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a 10X 5 ammonia axial channel heat pipe.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated by the following examples.
A process scheme for forming an ammonia axial channel heat pipe by using a laser-induced forming technology is provided. The method mainly researches the technological parameters of laser induced bending forming with different bending radiuses and bending angles under the condition of plane bending of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe with different specifications on various types at present, and further expands the technological parameters of laser induced bending forming with different angles under three-dimensional bending.
The laser-induced forming process device for the ammonia axial channel heat pipe mainly comprises a laser device, a fixing device, a workbench and the like. Before the test, fins are removed from a heat pipe machine (the left side and the right side of the section of the heat pipe with 30X 10 and 10X 5 ammonia axial channels are provided with the fins, as shown in figures 3 and 4), one end of the heat pipe is fixed on a fixing device in the test process, the fixing device is arranged on a workbench, the other end of the heat pipe is suspended in the air, and before the test, in order to reduce the reflectivity of the aluminum alloy surface to laser, a layer of uniform graphite is coated on the surface of the heat pipe. The objective of the test is to obtain the bending radius and the bending angle of the plane under bending, and the laser beam scans back and forth along the arrow direction (the direction perpendicular to the axis of the product) in the test process. As shown in more detail in figure 1 below.
The present example mainly discusses the influence of 30 × 10 (see fig. 3 in cross section) heat pipes and 10 × 5 (see fig. 4 in cross section) heat pipes on the bending forming angle and the bending radius under the laser process parameters (laser output power, laser scanning speed, laser scanning times at the same position), before the test, a Fortran language is used to write codes, a Dflux subprogram is inserted into Abaqus, and the Abaqus finite element software is used to simulate the ammonia axial channel heat pipe laser induced bending forming process. And carrying out related tests according to finite element simulation results, and finally researching laser induced bending forming parameters of different angles under the condition of planar bending of the 30X 10 heat pipe and the 10X 5 heat pipe through a large number of process tests and physical and chemical property detection tests. After the test is carried out, selecting a corresponding analysis method to analyze important process parameters according to the difference between the test result and the target, and optimizing the process parameters by adopting a response surface method to ensure that the test result reaches the target value, wherein the specific implementation steps are as follows:
6.1 preparation of the test
The laser beam is continuously emitted from a laser source, the laser wavelength is 1064nm, the maximum output power is 3000w, the light spot is a rectangular light spot with uniformly distributed energy, the size of the light spot at the focusing position is 12mm multiplied by 1.5mm, the laser processing head is mounted on a gantry machine tool and can realize the feeding motion in the direction of X, Y, Z, and the main components of the laser processing head are a control cabinet, a laser generator, a water cooling system, a numerical control mobile control platform and the like.
6.2 development procedure
The specific flow chart 2 of the method for bending and forming the ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction is as follows:
(1) working procedure material, metal plate and inspection: the three steps are a raw material preparation stage, firstly, raw materials with required specifications are selected according to design requirements, then, laser cutting blanking is carried out according to a process drawing, finally, metal plate shape correction is carried out, the shape correction requirements are that the planeness is 0.2/300, the straightness is 0.2/500 (local gouges or scratches on the surfaces of parts can be repaired and filed during shape correction), a laser cutting mode is selected at the same station of the same equipment to replace the original manual blanking, the laser processing integration is further realized, the production period of products is shortened, and the economic benefit of the products is improved.
(2) Procedure numerical control milling and checking: after raw material preparation is carried out, an operator needs to mill product openings, hole sites and bent section fins according to a process drawing, because instantaneous springback and later springback are easily generated in product bending forming, a test piece needs to be processed in the past to obtain an accurate bent section length, the bent section length can be accurately processed at one time by adopting a laser-induced bending forming method, the production cost is reduced, and the economic benefit is improved.
In the step, whether the size (including machining allowance) of the product before bending meets the requirements of drawings and process technology is checked.
(3) Simulation: after numerical control milling is carried out, ABAQUS finite element simulation software is required to be used for carrying out simulation on the selected laser induced bending forming parameters of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe before laser induced bending, the bending forming angle, the temperature distribution cloud chart and the stress strain cloud chart of the part are obtained, whether the surface quality and the forming angle of the part meet the requirements under the selected parameters is judged, and the time for obtaining the bending radius and the relevant laser process parameters under the angle required by the structural design by using experimental means can be saved.
Finite element simulation step:
(1) according to the experimental experience of laser induced bending forming of products of reading documents and related materials in factories, the process parameters (including laser power, laser scanning times, laser scanning strategies and the like) of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe laser induced bending forming finite element simulation are determined, and the process parameters of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe laser induced bending forming are shown in the following table:
(2) and selecting a corresponding material structure, simplifying a model, a boundary, a load and the like in the test process, and establishing a finite element model shown in the following figure.
(3) Writing a laser motion track code by using a Fortran language, and inserting a Dflux subprogram into Abaqus software, wherein the Dflux subprogram and the written code are shown as the following figures:
(4) and analyzing a temperature distribution cloud picture and a stress strain cloud picture of the laser action area according to a finite element simulation result, and simultaneously obtaining a final bending angle and a final bending radius.
(5) Laser-induced bending forming: on the basis of a simulation result, a proper laser induced bending forming parameter is selected for testing, the test selects a pipe with a channel shape as shown in figures 3 and 4 as a material structure, the structure is obviously different from the structure of the existing pipe adopted at home and abroad, and the structure is bent and formed by adopting a laser induced forming technology for the first time. Before the test, the required fixing tool is manufactured, because the ammonia axial channel heat pipe selected by the practical product is an aluminum alloy heat pipe, the reflectivity is high, and after a numerical control program is programmed and the position of a workpiece is modulated by equipment, a layer of graphite is coated on the upper surface of the workpiece, so that the reflectivity is reduced. After the test preparation is completed, carrying out laser induced bending forming tests with different laser scanning powers, different scanning strategies, different scanning times, different speeds and different scanning paths on the part according to specific bending radius and angle and combined with simulation test results, if the test results show that the product does not meet requirements, selecting a corresponding analysis method according to the difference between the test results and target values to obtain important process parameters, optimizing the process parameters by adopting a response surface method, carrying out the test according to the optimized results, and finally obtaining the bending radius and the bending angle of the design requirements.
(6) And (3) detection: after a laser-induced bending forming test is carried out, a laser-induced detection device or a multi-purpose measuring device matched with forming is used for detecting a bending forming angle, and the surface quality of the part is detected after the part forming angle is detected.
The laser induced bending forming parameters of different angles under the planar bending of the 30 × 10 heat pipe and the 10 × 5 heat pipe determined by the steps are as follows:
(1) laser-induced bending forming under 30X 10 heat pipe plane bending:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R70mm-R100mm, the laser scanning power is 850-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 30-50 mm/s, for example, 30-40-50 mm/s, 50-50 mm/s is selected, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3, 7 or 10, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-3mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-15 mm, 20-25 mm.
(2) Laser-induced bending forming process parameters under 10 × 5 heat pipe plane bending:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R10mm-R70mm, the laser scanning power is 600-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 10mm/s-50mm/s, for example, 10mm/s, 20mm/s, 30mm/s, 40mm/s or 50mm/s is selected, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3, 7 or 10 times, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-6mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-60 mm.
The laser-induced bending forming method developed at present can meet the requirement of plane bending forming of a rectangular ammonia axial channel heat pipe and a circular ammonia axial channel heat pipe, overcomes the defect of traditional manual bending forming, improves the product quality and the qualification rate, can be used for performing integrated forming of laser cutting, bending, heat treatment and angle detection of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe subsequently, realizes batch and standardized production of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe, provides a new thought for processing products with three-dimensional composite bending angles, further improves the product qualification rate and the quality stability, and has great guiding significance for the subsequent processing process of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe for thermal control systems such as satellites with various models, space stations and the like.
The method is applied to processing of process test pieces of 30 x 10 rectangular ammonia axial channel heat pipes and 10 x 5 circular ammonia axial channel heat pipes by adjusting parameters such as laser radiation energy, laser scanning speed, repeated scanning times and the like, and related settings of test parameters under different bending angles are mastered. The invention can provide guarantee for the production and processing of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe for thermal control systems such as satellites and space stations of various types.
The invention has not been described in detail in part in the common general knowledge of a person skilled in the art.
Claims (7)
1. A method for bending and forming an ammonia axial channel heat pipe based on laser induction is characterized by comprising the following steps:
blanking raw materials of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe by adopting a laser cutting mode, and milling product openings, hole sites and bent section fins according to a process drawing to obtain an ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece; coating ablation heat-proof material on the surface of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece;
carrying out simulation on the laser-induced bending forming parameters of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece, determining the bending forming angle, the temperature distribution cloud chart and the stress strain cloud chart of the test piece under the laser-induced bending forming parameters, and determining the laser-induced bending forming parameters of which the surface quality and the forming angle of the test piece meet the requirements through simulation; simplifying the number of channels on the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece in the simulation process and simulating the fixing form of the end part of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece in the bending forming process by adopting a displacement restraining mode;
and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece according to the determined laser induced bending forming parameters, judging whether the bending forming of the ammonia axial channel heat pipe after the test meets the requirements, if not, optimizing the laser induced bending forming parameters, and testing the ammonia axial channel heat pipe test piece again until the requirements are met.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the coated ablation heat-proof material is 0.3-0.5 mm.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: milling the product opening and the bent section fin, and reserving allowance for 2-3 mm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: the laser induced bending forming parameters comprise laser scanning power, scanning strategy, scanning times, speed, laser scanning interval and laser scanning distance; the scanning strategy is that the laser beam scans in the direction vertical to the diameter of the heat pipe, the central diameter of the heat pipe is taken as a zero point, and the scanning is performed once from-10 to +30 and then back to-10.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein: the laser induced bending forming parameters are optimized by:
and (3) reselecting the laser induced bending forming parameters for testing, analyzing important influence factors according to test results, simultaneously adopting a response surface method to carry out process optimization on the selected important influence parameters, and carrying out testing according to the optimized parameters and results until the requirements are met.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the laser-induced bending forming parameters of the omega channel heat pipe with the width and the height of the section of the pipe being 30 multiplied by 10I-shaped are as follows:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R70mm-R100mm, the laser scanning power is 850-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 30-50 mm/s, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3-10 times, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-3mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-25 mm.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the laser induced bending forming parameters of the circular finned and rectangular channel heat pipe with the width and the diameter of the section of the pipe being 10 multiplied by 5 are as follows:
the bending angle is 30-90 degrees, the bending radius is R10mm-R70mm, the laser scanning power is 600-1400W, the laser scanning speed is 10-50 mm/s, the laser scanning times at the same position are 3-10 times, the laser scanning interval is 1.5-6mm, and the laser scanning distance is 10-60 mm.
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| JP2018189493A (en) * | 2017-05-04 | 2018-11-29 | 東京電力ホールディングス株式会社 | Bending test method of specimen using laser irradiation and bending test device |
| CN108305348A (en) * | 2017-12-25 | 2018-07-20 | 重庆达德机械制造有限公司 | A kind of multifunctional pipe bending machine |
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