CN113517563A - Active super surface wave beam scanning structure - Google Patents
Active super surface wave beam scanning structure Download PDFInfo
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- CN113517563A CN113517563A CN202110368149.5A CN202110368149A CN113517563A CN 113517563 A CN113517563 A CN 113517563A CN 202110368149 A CN202110368149 A CN 202110368149A CN 113517563 A CN113517563 A CN 113517563A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
- H01Q3/30—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array
- H01Q3/34—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture varying the relative phase between the radiating elements of an array by electrical means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
- H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
- H01Q15/0086—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices having materials with a synthesized negative refractive index, e.g. metamaterials or left-handed materials
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Abstract
The invention discloses an active super surface beam scanning structure, which comprises: the multistage active super-surface is separated by an air layer; the thickness of the air layer is distributed from the outer side of the beam scanning structure to the center; each stage of active super surface comprises a plurality of layers of medium substrates, and the outer surfaces of the two outermost medium substrates are printed with metal patterns; a layer of metal pattern is printed between every two medium substrates; the number of dielectric substrate layers is one less than the number of metal pattern layers. And a metal pad is connected between the metal rings on the outer surfaces of the two dielectric substrates on the outermost side of the active super-surface of each stage and the inner solid metal sheet for symmetrically loading the variable capacitance diode. The capacitance of the varactor can be adjusted by changing the bias voltage of the varactor so as to obtain phase differences such as transmitted waves and the like, thereby realizing effective electronic scanning beams. The invention can be used in high-performance electric scanning antenna array occasions and has the characteristics of wide frequency band, flexible regulation and control, low loss and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of microwaves, and particularly relates to an active super-surface beam scanning structure.
Background
Since the beginning of the last century, wireless communication technology has been rapidly developed, and antennas have been widely used in various fields such as radar, broadcasting, electronic countermeasure, navigation, and the like. The amount and complexity of information to be processed in modern communications is increasing, requiring that the signal loss during transmission be as small as possible. In consideration of the demand of modern communication, antennas with single function have been gradually eliminated, and higher requirements are put on antenna performance, such as broadband, beam scanning, polarization reconfigurable and the like.
However, the size and weight of the conventional dielectric lens are large, and when the graded-permittivity lens is implemented, the impedance abrupt change caused by the layered dielectric is easy to cause large loss, and meanwhile, the problems of processing difficulty and the like are also brought. In order to overcome the defects, the super-surface array is used for realizing gradual change phase delay, the advantages of small super-surface size and light weight are utilized, the electromagnetic lens in a millimeter wave frequency band can be realized, and the purposes of high gain, low side lobe and light weight and miniaturization are achieved.
The super-surface beam scanning technology is a leading-edge research direction derived from a metamaterial technology in recent years, has important significance for the design of a novel electric scanning antenna, has the advantages of low cost, low power consumption, low profile, flexibility, controllability and the like, and has important application prospects in the fields of electromagnetic field radiation, stealth and the like. Active super surface changes the working state of unit by loading active devices such as PIN diode, MEMS switch or varactor diode on sub-wavelength artificial layer periodic structure material (metamaterial) unit, and utilizes FPGA circuit system to control the modulation state of super surface antenna in real time, thereby realizing dynamic control of space electromagnetic wave, introducing super surface can increase the bandwidth of beam scanning by design, the processing difficulty is greatly reduced, and the requirement for process is reduced.
Beam scanning is an important research direction by using passive phase gradient super-surface design, but the traditional passive super-surface beam scanning design still has obvious defects: after the preparation is completed, the function and electromagnetic property of the material can not be adjusted, and the regulation and control of the working mode are still not flexible enough.
However, in practical application, dynamic switching between two or more scanning angles is required, namely, the dynamic adjustable artificial electromagnetic metamaterial is required. The following three methods are generally used for realizing dynamic adjustability: 1. the (physical) structure is changed, and mechanical operation modes such as stretching, rotation and the like can be adopted; 2. changing the electrical response, which is essentially changing the material properties, can use dielectric materials with variable properties, such as ferrite, semiconductor materials, or phase change materials; 3. active devices such as PIN transistors, varactors, etc. are used. The capacitance value or the resistance value and the like in the equivalent circuit model of the unit structure are changed by adjusting the bias voltage of the active device, so that the dynamic adjustment of the electromagnetic characteristics of the unit is realized. The scheme adopts an electric regulation mode for realizing the reconfigurable beam scanning super-surface and has the advantages of simple operation, high switching speed, flexible regulation and control and the like.
The active super surface adopting the electric regulation mode has several modes of loading pin tubes, variable capacitance tubes and the like: for example, in Polarization-configurable circular Polarized Planar Antenna Using switched tunable Polarizer, a linear-circular Polarization converter designed by Using an active super-surface loaded with a PIN tube is used to change the working state of the super-surface of different layers by switching the on/off state of different PIN tubes, thereby realizing the switching of left/right circular Polarization of transmitted waves. However, the adoption of the switched-on PIN tube can generate direct current power consumption, is suitable for a structure with lower frequency, has discrete regulation and control states, and cannot meet the requirement of continuous scanning phase.
Aiming at beam scanning, an active super-surface beam scanning design loaded with a varactor is preferably adopted, and direct current power consumption can be avoided. Because the varactor structure is introduced into the super-surface beam scanning structure, the surface current change of the super-surface beam scanning structure is different from that of a passive structure, and importantly, the bias line of the varactor has obvious influence on transmission waves, and the transmission performance of the varactor structure introduced only is obviously different. The invention changes cascade circuits and other circuits by introducing an optimized bias line and adding a passive layer between the active super surfaces, and designs the thickness of the gradual air layer, thereby obviously reducing loss and increasing bandwidth. The control voltage is designed according to different scanning angle requirements, the beam scanning angle can be flexibly realized through simple switching, the transmission wave scanning bandwidth is wide, the switching is flexible, the structure loss is small, the profile is low, the efficiency is high, and incident waves are not mixed.
The invention realizes antenna beam scanning by the super surface structure of the orthogonal loading of the variable capacitance diode, has symmetrical structure, symmetrical bias line, wide working bandwidth, avoids direct current loss, has simple structure processing, low loss and pure transmission wave, and has the advantages of flexible regulation and control and multiple functions.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an active super-surface beam scanning structure aiming at the defects of the prior art, and the capacitance of a varactor can be adjusted by changing the bias voltage of the varactor so as to obtain phase differences such as transmitted waves and the like, thereby realizing effective electronic scanning beams. The invention can be used in high-performance electric scanning antenna array occasions and has the characteristics of wide frequency band, flexible regulation and control, low loss and the like.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: an active super-surface beam scanning structure, the beam scanning structure comprising: the multistage active super-surface is separated by an air layer; the thickness of the air layer is gradually reduced from the outer side of the beam scanning structure to the center; each stage of active super surface comprises a plurality of layers of medium substrates, and the outer surfaces of the two outermost medium substrates are printed with metal patterns; a layer of metal pattern is printed between every two medium substrates; the number of dielectric substrate layers is one less than the number of metal pattern layers.
Further, the surfaces of the dielectric substrates are printed with metal patterns which are periodically arranged, the outer surfaces of two dielectric substrates on the outermost side of each stage of active super-surface are printed with the same metal ring embedded inner-center metal sheet, the metal patterns between every two dielectric substrates are obtained by symmetrically rotating inverted T-shaped metal strips around the center of the dielectric substrate, the transverse edge of each inverted T-shaped metal strip is close to the center of symmetry rotation, the vertical edge points to the outer side of the dielectric substrate, and the symmetrically rotated metal strips are connected.
Further, a metal pattern between the two dielectric substrates is printed on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate or the upper surface of the lower dielectric substrate.
Furthermore, a metal pad is connected between the metal rings on the outer surfaces of the two dielectric substrates on the outermost sides of the active super-surface of each stage and the inner solid metal sheet for symmetrically loading the varactor.
Furthermore, the metal pad is connected between the metal ring and the inner solid metal sheet in the y direction, and two centrosymmetric varactors are loaded in the y direction.
Furthermore, the capacitance of the varactor can be adjusted by changing the bias voltage of the varactor so as to obtain phase differences such as transmitted waves and the like, thereby realizing effective electronic scanning beams.
Further, each level of the multi-layer dielectric substrate in each level of the active super-surface has no gap.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
1. the active super surface wave beam scanning design adopts a varactor symmetric loading technology, and the change of the phase of the transmission wave can be realized.
2. The active super-surface beam scanning design has broadband performance.
3. The active super-surface wave beam scanning design structure is simple, easy to process and realize, free of direct current power consumption and capable of being used for high-performance millimeter wave circularly polarized antennas and arrays.
4. The active super-surface beam scanning structure provided by the invention can realize low-loss beam scanning in a wider frequency band range, effectively reduces the layer number of the dielectric plate, and has the advantages of compact structure and light weight.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a single-stage active super-surface structure provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a multi-stage cascaded active super-surface structure provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an active super-surface cell bias line loading scheme provided by an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a single-stage active super-surface equivalent cascade circuit provided by an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the magnitude and phase of the transmission coefficient of an active super-surface unit cell according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an active super-surface scanning array according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily understood by the following description of the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in fig. 1 and fig. 2, an example of the active super-surface beam scanning structure design provided by the present invention is shown. The active super-surface beam scanning structure comprises an air layer with gradually changed thickness between each super-surface of the multi-layer dielectric plate, and the thickness is reduced from the outer side to the center. The upper surface and the lower surface of the dielectric substrate on the outermost side of the active super surface are periodically printed with metal patterns, the top layer and the bottom layer of the dielectric substrate are active layers, and the layer patterns are metal rings embedded with inner-core metal sheets. The square metal ring is equivalent to an inductor structure, and the inner edge of the ring and the outer edge of the solid metal sheet are connected with the rectangular metal patch to be used as a bonding pad of the variable capacitance diode. The active layer is 2 varactor diodes symmetrically welded along the y direction between the square metal strip pad and the inner square metal patch, the bias voltage of the 2 varactor diodes is the same, and the directions are opposite. The varactor bias voltage of the x-direction unit is not communicated, and independent power feed can be realized in a separable direction. The rectangular metal strip and the metal patch are connected through the outer square metal ring for feeding, and the capacitance of the variable capacitance diode is connected with the equivalent capacitance of the structure in parallel. A layer of metal pattern is printed between every two dielectric substrates to serve as a passive layer, the active layers are spaced through passive super-surface layers printed on the dielectric substrates, the passive layer printed patterns are obtained by symmetrically rotating inverted T-shaped metal strips around the centers of the dielectric substrates, the transverse edge of each inverted T-shaped metal strip is close to the center of symmetry, the vertical edge of each inverted T-shaped metal strip points to the outer sides of the dielectric substrates, and the symmetrically rotated metal strips are connected. With this structure, the active layer equivalent circuit is shown in fig. 3, and the cascade equivalent circuit is shown in fig. 4. And the bias voltage of the unit varactor along the x direction is independently adjusted to change the capacitance value and control the phase difference between the transmitted wave and the incident wave, so that the phase difference of the transmitted wave and the like is realized, and the regulation and control of the wave surface phase are completed.
As shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 6, the leftmost cell of the meter array is the 0 th cell, and when a vertically polarized plane wave is perpendicularly incident on the active super-surface, the incident wave is deflected by an angle theta to the transmitted wave, and the incident wave undergoes a phase shift gamma generated by the active super-surface cell which is n periods away from the 0 th cellnIs calculated by the following formula:
wherein λ is0Is the wavelength in vacuum, p is the length of the period, n is a natural number, k0Is a beam, from which a phase shift γ can be calculatednThe phase shift a generated by each active super surface is requiredn＝-γn+α0+2πi，α0The phase shift that needs to be generated for the 0 th cell. In practice, when the bias voltage of the varactor of the ith cell in the x direction is Vi, the capacitance of the varactor is equal to Ci, and the phase shift generated is phiiThe varactor of the jth cell has a bias voltage of Vj, a varactor capacitance equal to Cj, and a resulting phase shift of Φj. When phi isj-Φi＝γj-iAnd m is a natural number, the transmitted wave is still a plane wave, and the deflection angle of the wave beam is theta.
The structure of the invention has different unit equivalent capacitance values along the x direction, the phase difference between the vertical component of the transmitted wave and the incident wave is different, and when the bias voltage is changed to ensure that the phase difference of the two components reaches the required angle, the linear polarization incident wave can realize any scanning angle after being transmitted.
As shown in fig. 2, the active super surface beam scanning design unit adopts a 4-level structure, each level is composed of three layers of periodically arranged units, the side length of the first and third layers of outer square metal rings is p, and the width is t; the length of the rectangular metal patch is L1, and the width is d; side length w of inner square patcho(ii) a The side length of the second layer middle metal ring is taken as w2The side length of the square sheet hollowed out in the interior is w1The four metal arms have the length of L2, the width of uw, and the interlayer spacing of g2, g1 and g 2. The row direction is defined as the x-direction and the column direction as the y-direction.
In the examples of the present invention, p is 6.00mm, wo＝4.20mm，t＝0.10mm，w1＝1.00mm，w2＝3.00mm，L＝1.60mm，uw＝0.75mm，g1＝g3＝5.60mm,g24.50 mm. The substrate is Rogers RT4003C, and has a thickness of 0.508mm and a dielectric constant εr＝3.38。
As shown in fig. 5, the active super surface beam scanning design utilizes a transmission coefficient amplitude curve and a phase curve result graph of commercial simulation software CST study SUITE 2016. In order to achieve sufficient scan range, it can be derived that the steering angle of the two-dimensional beam scan is also dependent on the phase shift of the super-surface element, and therefore, in a two-dimensional scan array, the phase shift of each super-surface element must be able to reach 360 ° to ensure complete control of the output steering angle. Under the condition that S21 is better than-1.5 dB, the adjustable range of the phase shift obtained by adjusting the range of 48fF-85fF covers 0-360 degrees, and the phase bandwidth which can be realized by the transmitted wave is 1.6GHz (12.3%). It can be seen that the active super-surface beam scanning design adopts a varactor loading technology to realize the rapid switching of the scanning angle and can effectively avoid the direct current power consumption.
The above are specific embodiments of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make the active super surface beam scanning design by applying the method disclosed in the present invention and some alternative ways without creative efforts. The active super-surface wave beam scanning design has the characteristics of wide frequency band, high efficiency, simple structure and the like, and is suitable for electric scanning antennas and arrays.
Claims (7)
1. An active super-surface beam scanning structure, the beam scanning structure comprising: the multistage active super-surface is separated by air layer. The thickness of the air layer is gradually reduced from the outer side of the beam scanning structure to the center; each stage of active super-surface comprises a plurality of layers of dielectric substrates, and the outer surfaces of the two outermost dielectric substrates are printed with metal patterns. A layer of metal pattern is printed between every two medium substrates; the number of dielectric substrate layers is one less than the number of metal pattern layers.
2. The active super surface beam scanning structure of claim 1, wherein the dielectric substrate surface is printed with metal patterns arranged periodically, the outer surfaces of two outermost dielectric substrates of each stage of active super surface are printed with the same metal ring embedded with an inner solid metal sheet, the metal pattern between each two dielectric substrates is obtained by symmetrically rotating inverted T-shaped metal strips around the center of the dielectric substrate, the transverse edge of each inverted T-shaped metal strip is close to the center of symmetry rotation, the vertical edge points to the outside of the dielectric substrate, and each metal strip after symmetric rotation is connected.
3. The active super surface beam scanning structure of claim 1, wherein the metal pattern between two dielectric substrates is printed on the lower surface of the upper dielectric substrate or the upper surface of the lower dielectric substrate.
4. The active super surface beam scanning structure of claim 2, wherein a metal pad is connected between the metal ring on the outer surface of the two outermost dielectric substrates of each active super surface stage and the inner solid metal sheet for symmetrically loading the varactor.
5. An active super surface beam scanning structure according to claim 4, wherein the metal pad is connected between the metal ring and the inner solid metal sheet in y-direction, and two centrosymmetric varactors are loaded in y-direction.
6. An active super surface beam scanning structure according to claim 5, wherein the varactor capacitance can be adjusted by changing the varactor bias voltage to obtain equal phase difference of the transmitted wave, thereby realizing effective electronic scanning beam.
7. The active super surface beam scanning structure of claim 1, wherein each level of the multi-layer dielectric substrate in each level of the active super surface has no gap therebetween.
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Cited By (2)
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| CN114374097A (en) * | 2022-01-26 | 2022-04-19 | 西安电子科技大学 | Broadband, multifrequency and frequency conversion antenna coating |
| CN116487877A (en) * | 2023-03-21 | 2023-07-25 | 深圳大学 | Four-phase adjustable electromagnetic super-surface unit and array |
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Application publication date: 20211019 |