CN113480673A - Method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues - Google Patents
Method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues Download PDFInfo
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- CN113480673A CN113480673A CN202110933603.7A CN202110933603A CN113480673A CN 113480673 A CN113480673 A CN 113480673A CN 202110933603 A CN202110933603 A CN 202110933603A CN 113480673 A CN113480673 A CN 113480673A
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- 241000723347 Cinnamomum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 129
- 235000017803 cinnamon Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 150000004676 glycans Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000037364 Cinnamomum aromaticum Species 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000014489 Cinnamomum aromaticum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021511 Cinnamomum cassia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000643 oven drying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000013376 functional food Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000003809 water extraction Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 22
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000218195 Lauraceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000001145 Metabolic Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000690 abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010630 cinnamon oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013373 food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002778 food additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930013686 lignan Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000005692 lignans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000009408 lignans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000005036 nerve Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 231100000956 nontoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- OQUKIQWCVTZJAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol;sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.OC1=CC=CC=C1 OQUKIQWCVTZJAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B37/00—Preparation of polysaccharides not provided for in groups C08B1/00 - C08B35/00; Derivatives thereof
- C08B37/0003—General processes for their isolation or fractionation, e.g. purification or extraction from biomass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
- C07G99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/33—Extraction of the material involving extraction with hydrophilic solvents, e.g. lower alcohols, esters or ketones
- A61K2236/331—Extraction of the material involving extraction with hydrophilic solvents, e.g. lower alcohols, esters or ketones using water, e.g. cold water, infusion, tea, steam distillation or decoction
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/30—Extraction of the material
- A61K2236/39—Complex extraction schemes, e.g. fractionation or repeated extraction steps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/50—Methods involving additional extraction steps
- A61K2236/51—Concentration or drying of the extract, e.g. Lyophilisation, freeze-drying or spray-drying
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K2236/00—Isolation or extraction methods of medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicine
- A61K2236/50—Methods involving additional extraction steps
- A61K2236/53—Liquid-solid separation, e.g. centrifugation, sedimentation or crystallization
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues, which comprises the following steps: firstly, extracting oil extraction residues of cinnamon branches and leaves by adopting a decoction method; (II) concentrating the extracting solution, and carrying out alcohol precipitation on the concentrated solution; thirdly, carrying out suction filtration and drying on the precipitate to obtain the cinnamon polysaccharide; and (IV) recovering the solvent from the filtrate, and drying to obtain the cinnamon polyphenol. The invention adopts water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology to extract cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol in cinnamon branch and leaf residues, and is used for developing functional food. The raw materials are rich in source and low in price; the preparation process has the advantages of few steps, simple operation and no pollution, and the cinnamon branch and leaf residues after the extraction of the cinnamon polyphenol and the cinnamon polysaccharide can still be used as boiler fuel, so that a new product is developed, the production cost is saved, and the method is suitable for industrial production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of plant extraction, and particularly relates to a method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues.
Background
Cinnamon (cinnamon cassia Presl.) is a plant of genus Cinnamomum in family lauraceae, and has effects of tonifying fire, supporting yang, dissipating heat, relieving pain, warming and dredging tendons and vessels. Cinnamon contains various chemical components, mainly comprises volatile oil, polyphenols, polysaccharides, flavonoids, lignans and the like, wherein the cinnamon polyphenols have various pharmacological activities of resisting diabetes, resisting bacteria, resisting oxidation, resisting tumors, reducing blood sugar, regulating blood fat, protecting nerves and the like, and can reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The identified cinnamon polyphenol is mainly flavonoid and polymer compound thereof. The cinnamon polysaccharide also has pharmacological activities of reducing blood sugar, resisting oxidation and the like. At present, cinnamon polyphenol and cinnamon polysaccharide are mostly extracted from cinnamon and are influenced by the price of the cinnamon, and the cost of the method is high.
Cinnamon branches and leaves are raw materials industrially used for extracting cinnamon oil. The residue of the cinnamon branches and leaves after the volatile oil extraction also contains chemical components such as polysaccharide, polyphenol and the like. At present, the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residue is basically used for boiler fuel, and active ingredients in the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residue are not effectively utilized. Therefore, there is a need for a method for extracting polysaccharides and polyphenols from oil extraction residues of cinnamon branches and leaves, which can be used as a food additive for development of functional food before being used as fuel, and provide a basis for comprehensive utilization of cinnamon resources.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues so as to solve the problems of high raw material cost and resource waste in the prior art.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues comprises the following steps:
(1) extracting oil extraction residues of cinnamon branches and leaves by adopting a decoction method;
(2) concentrating the water extract, and precipitating the concentrated solution with ethanol;
(3) filtering and drying the precipitate to obtain cinnamon polysaccharide;
(4) and recovering the solvent from the filtrate, and drying to obtain the cinnamon polyphenol.
Furthermore, the oil extraction residue of the cinnamon branches and leaves in the step (1) is directly used for extraction without truncation or crushing treatment.
Further, in the step (1), 8-16 times of water is added into the oil extraction residues of the cinnamon branches and leaves, the mixture is heated to be boiled, the slight boiling extraction is kept for 1-3 hours, and the mixture is cooled and filtered to obtain a water extraction solution.
Further, in the step (2), the water extract is heated and concentrated to 1/60-1/20 of the original volume, and the concentrated solution is obtained by filtration.
Further, adding 80-95% ethanol in an amount which is 2-8 times that of the concentrated solution to carry out alcohol precipitation.
And (3) further, carrying out reduced pressure suction filtration on the precipitate in the step (3), and drying in an oven at 50-60 ℃ to obtain the cinnamon polysaccharide.
Further, carrying out vacuum distillation on the filtrate obtained in the step (4) at 50-60 ℃ to recover ethanol.
Further, evaporating the concentrated solution obtained after ethanol recovery to dryness in a water bath at 60-70 ℃ until no alcohol smell exists, and drying in an oven at 50-60 ℃ to obtain a paste which is cinnamon polyphenol.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and technical effects:
1. compared with the method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol by taking cinnamon as a raw material, the method provided by the invention uses the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues as the raw material, and has the advantages of rich raw material sources, nature, no toxicity and low price.
2. The invention adopts the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology to extract the cinnamon polysaccharide and the cinnamon polyphenol in the cinnamon branch and leaf residues, the preparation process has less steps, simple operation and no pollution, and the cinnamon branch and leaf residues after the extraction of the cinnamon polyphenol and the cinnamon polysaccharide can still be used as boiler fuel, thus being suitable for industrial production.
3. Compared with the method that the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues are directly used as fuels, the method not only extracts cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol with high additional value in the residues, but also can use the residues after secondary extraction as fuels, thereby fully utilizing cinnamon resources.
4. The method can be used for extracting the cinnamon polysaccharide and the cinnamon polyphenol without influencing the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues as fuels, is used for developing functional foods, and realizes the comprehensive utilization of the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues.
5. The optimum process for preparing the cinnamon polysaccharide and the cinnamon polyphenol by optimizing the process of the invention is as follows: adding 12 times of water into the oil extraction residue of cinnamon branches and leaves which are not cut or crushed, heating to boil, keeping a slightly boiling state for extraction for 2h, and filtering to obtain water extract. Heating and concentrating the water extract to 1/40 of the original volume, and filtering to obtain a concentrated solution. Adding 95% ethanol in an amount which is 6 times that of the concentrated solution for alcohol precipitation, standing, performing suction filtration under negative pressure, and drying the solid part at 55 ℃ by using an oven to obtain cinnamon polysaccharide; distilling the liquid part at 55 deg.C under reduced pressure to recover most of ethanol, evaporating the residue to dryness in water bath at 60 deg.C until no alcohol smell exists, and drying in oven at 60 deg.C to obtain dry extract-like cortex Cinnamomi polyphenol. The optimal process is obtained, which is beneficial to guiding production and greatly reduces production cost.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding of the present invention, the following examples are given to illustrate, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues comprises the following steps:
adding 12 times of water into 10.30kg of oil extraction residue of cinnamon branches and leaves which are not subjected to truncation or crushing treatment, heating to boil, keeping a slightly boiling state, extracting for 2h, and filtering to obtain a water extract; heating and concentrating the water extract to 1/40 of the original volume, and filtering to obtain a concentrated solution; adding 95% ethanol in an amount which is 6 times that of the concentrated solution for alcohol precipitation, standing, performing suction filtration under negative pressure, and drying the solid part at 55 ℃ by using an oven to obtain cinnamon polysaccharide; distilling the liquid part at 55 deg.C under reduced pressure to recover most of ethanol, evaporating the residue with evaporating dish in water bath at 60 deg.C until no alcohol smell exists, and drying in oven at 60 deg.C to obtain dry extract to obtain cortex Cinnamomi polyphenol.
Example 2
A method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues comprises the following steps:
adding 12 times of water into 10.06kg of oil extraction residue of cinnamon branches and leaves which are not subjected to truncation or crushing treatment, heating to boil, keeping a slightly boiling state for extraction for 2h, and filtering to obtain a water extract; heating and concentrating the water extract to 1/50 of the original volume, and filtering to obtain a concentrated solution; adding 95% ethanol in an amount which is 6 times that of the concentrated solution for alcohol precipitation, standing, performing suction filtration under negative pressure, and drying the solid part at 55 ℃ by using an oven to obtain cinnamon polysaccharide; distilling the liquid part at 55 deg.C under reduced pressure to recover most of ethanol, evaporating the residue with evaporating dish in water bath at 60 deg.C until no alcohol smell exists, and drying in oven at 60 deg.C to obtain dry extract to obtain cortex Cinnamomi polyphenol.
Example 3
A method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues comprises the following steps:
adding 15 times of water into 10.08kg of cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residue which is not subjected to truncation or crushing treatment, heating to boil, keeping a slightly boiling state, extracting for 2h, and filtering to obtain a water extract; heating and concentrating the water extract to 1/40 of the original volume, and filtering to obtain a concentrated solution; adding 8 times of 95% ethanol into the concentrated solution for alcohol precipitation, standing, performing suction filtration under negative pressure, and drying the solid part in an oven at 55 deg.C to obtain cortex Cinnamomi polysaccharide; distilling the liquid part at 55 deg.C under reduced pressure to recover most of ethanol, evaporating the residue with evaporating dish in water bath at 60 deg.C until no alcohol smell exists, and drying in oven at 60 deg.C to obtain dry extract to obtain cortex Cinnamomi polyphenol.
The cinnamon polysaccharides and cinnamon polyphenols prepared by the methods of examples 1-3 were weighed, the yields calculated, and the total polysaccharide content and the total polyphenol content were measured, respectively, with the results shown in the following table.
Remarking: the method for measuring the cinnamon polysaccharide is a phenol-sulfuric acid method, and the detecting instrument is a Shimadzu 1780 type ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Shimadzu corporation, Japan); the method for measuring cinnamon polyphenol is a forskol method, and the detection instrument is a Shimadzu 1780 type ultraviolet spectrophotometer (Shimadzu corporation, Japan).
As can be seen from the above table, the yield of the cinnamomum cassia polysaccharides prepared by the methods of examples 1-3 is more than 1%, and the total polysaccharide content is more than 20%; the cinnamon polyphenol yield is more than 2%, and the total polyphenol content is more than 10%. Wherein example 1 is the most preferred example. The cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol are extracted by using the cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol, so that the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residue can be comprehensively utilized for developing functional foods. In addition, the water extraction and alcohol precipitation technology for extracting the cinnamon polysaccharide and the cinnamon polyphenol in the cinnamon branch and leaf residues has the advantages of few preparation process steps, simplicity in operation and no pollution, and the cinnamon branch and leaf residues after extraction of the cinnamon polyphenol and the cinnamon polysaccharide can still be used as boiler fuel, so that a new product is developed, the production cost is saved, the method is suitable for industrial production, and the remarkable progress of the technology is highlighted.
Claims (8)
1. A method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) extracting oil extraction residues of cinnamon branches and leaves by adopting a decoction method;
(2) concentrating the water extract, and precipitating the concentrated solution with ethanol;
(3) filtering and drying the precipitate to obtain cinnamon polysaccharide;
(4) and recovering the solvent from the filtrate, and drying to obtain the cinnamon polyphenol.
2. The method for extracting cinnamomvolysaccharides and cinnamonphenol from cinnamomum cassia twig and leaf oil extraction residue according to claim 1, wherein the cinnamomum cassia twig and leaf oil extraction residue in the step (1) is directly used for extraction without chopping or pulverizing.
3. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), 8-16 times of water is added into the cinnamon branch and leaf oil extraction residues, the mixture is heated to boiling, slightly boiled and extracted for 1-3 h, and the mixture is cooled and filtered to obtain a water solution.
4. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon twig and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the water extract is heated and concentrated to 1/60-1/20 of the original volume, and the concentrated solution is obtained by filtration.
5. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon twig and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 4, wherein 2-8 times of 80-95% ethanol is added into the concentrated solution for alcohol precipitation.
6. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon twig and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cinnamon polysaccharide is obtained by performing reduced pressure suction filtration and drying in an oven at 50-60 ℃ on the precipitate obtained in step (3).
7. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon twig and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ethanol is recovered from the filtrate obtained in the step (4) by vacuum distillation at 50-60 ℃.
8. The method for extracting cinnamon polysaccharide and cinnamon polyphenol from cinnamon twig and leaf oil extraction residues as claimed in claim 7, wherein the concentrate obtained after ethanol recovery is evaporated to dryness in a water bath at 60-70 ℃ until no alcohol smell exists, and paste obtained by oven drying at 50-60 ℃ is cinnamon polyphenol.
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Cited By (1)
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CN114304585A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-12 | 武汉能迈科实业有限公司 | Preparation method of cinnamaldehyde not easy to oxidize |
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2021
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CN100998650A (en) * | 2006-12-05 | 2007-07-18 | 高秀丽 | Use of cinnamonum cassia for treating diabetes, its products and preparing method |
CN106397624A (en) * | 2016-11-03 | 2017-02-15 | 宜春学院 | Aqueous extraction method of cinnamon polysaccharides |
CN106309556A (en) * | 2016-11-07 | 2017-01-11 | 宜春学院 | Cellulase-based assisted extraction method of cinnamon polyphenols |
CN113143994A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-07-23 | 广东药科大学 | Water extract of cinnamon oil production residue and application thereof |
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CN114304585A (en) * | 2021-12-30 | 2022-04-12 | 武汉能迈科实业有限公司 | Preparation method of cinnamaldehyde not easy to oxidize |
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