CN113441826A - Spot welding process for inhibiting liquid metal brittle cracks of galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint - Google Patents
Spot welding process for inhibiting liquid metal brittle cracks of galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint Download PDFInfo
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- CN113441826A CN113441826A CN202110804943.XA CN202110804943A CN113441826A CN 113441826 A CN113441826 A CN 113441826A CN 202110804943 A CN202110804943 A CN 202110804943A CN 113441826 A CN113441826 A CN 113441826A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/10—Spot welding; Stitch welding
- B23K11/11—Spot welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
- B23K11/36—Auxiliary equipment
Abstract
The invention relates to a spot welding process for inhibiting brittle cracks of liquid metal of a galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint, which is characterized in that a leader current with a long time and a constant value is added before the welding current of the conventional spot welding process, the leader current is small, and a spot welding nugget is not formed during the period of applying the leader current. The leading current can change the surface temperature and stress state of the welding spot in the welding process and enable the zinc coating and the steel plate to generate alloying reaction. By regulating and controlling the temperature stress of the surface of the welding spot and alloying the zinc coating, the temperature, stress and conditions of the liquid metal required by the brittleness of the liquid metal generated in the resistance spot welding process are not easy to meet, and finally the brittleness cracks of the liquid metal are inhibited. Compared with the prior art, the spot welding process method provided by the invention can inhibit the liquid metal brittle cracks generated in the spot welding process of the galvanized high-strength steel and can improve the mechanical property of a spot welding joint.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of welding of galvanized high-strength steel for vehicles, and relates to a spot welding process for inhibiting brittle cracks of liquid metal in a resistance spot-welded joint of the galvanized high-strength steel.
Background
In recent years, high strength steel has been gradually used to replace conventional steel for vehicle body manufacture due to its higher specific strength as the weight reduction of automobiles progresses. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of the steel sheet, the surface of the high-strength steel is generally galvanized. The most important part of the process of manufacturing the vehicle body is welding, the most common welding means in the field of vehicle body manufacturing at present is resistance spot welding, the resistance spot welding is a technology for completing welding by supplying instantaneous current to a workpiece to generate high resistance heat and melting a plate interface, the automation degree and the production efficiency are high, and the method is particularly suitable for welding thin steel plates. Therefore, whether the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding has good welding quality or not is the key for determining whether the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding can be applied to the field of vehicle body manufacturing on a large scale.
Unlike conventional steel materials, cracks generated by a liquid metal embrittlement mechanism may occur during resistance spot welding of galvanized high-strength steel. Liquid metal embrittlement is a phenomenon in which the plasticity of a solid metal, which usually has good plasticity, decreases when it comes into contact with the liquid metal and is subjected to tensile stress. Embrittlement of the steel on contact with liquid zinc has been demonstrated by a number of high temperature tensile tests, and the susceptibility of the steel to liquid metal embrittlement increases with increasing strength levels. When the traditional resistance spot welding process is used for the resistance spot welding of the galvanized high-strength steel, the temperature of the position of the surface of a welding spot, which is directly contacted with a spot welding electrode, is very high, and a zinc coating is melted and spread on the surface of a steel plate at high temperature. Meanwhile, the surface of the welding spot is subjected to the mechanical stress of the electrode and the thermal stress of rapid temperature change, so that cracks caused by brittleness of the liquid metal are generated on the surface of the welding spot.
Because the application of galvanized high-strength steel in the industrial field is greatly restricted by the existence of liquid metal brittle cracks, the phenomenon has attracted extensive attention in the industry in recent years and becomes a hotspot problem of research, and researchers at home and abroad try to provide a solution to the existing problem. China patent welding flange pretreatment for reducing liquid metal embrittlement cracking in galvanized steel resistance welding (patent number CN110711932A) and China patent method for manufacturing galvanized diffusion annealed steel plate resisting liquid metal embrittlement (patent number CN110573335A) all propose solutions from the perspective of materials, and provide a method for reducing liquid metal brittleness sensitivity of a steel plate to be welded by special treatment, so as to inhibit the liquid metal brittleness sensitivity in the resistance spot welding processThe resulting cracks. However, improving the materials increases the complexity of the manufacturing process and technology and does not know what impact the properties of the spot-welded joint will have. Therefore, based on the existing materials, inhibiting brittle liquid metal cracking by improving the spot welding process is a more desirable means. Heretofore, a three-pulse spot welding process for suppressing brittle cracks in Liquid metal has been proposed in the Chinese patent "resistance spot welding method for galvanized high-strength steel with good joint properties" (patent No. CN108015401A), which is similar to the method proposed in Ashiri et al, Liquid metal element-free weights of Zn-coated with induced plasticity steels "(script materials, 2016,114:41-47), in that the first pulse is used to generate a nugget of a basic size, and the second pulse is used to grow the nugget, thereby reducing the stress. DiGiovanni et al, in the document Reduction in liquid metal embitterment cracking using World current Welding, have proposed a ramp current Welding process, which reduces the time during which the surface of the weld is subjected to tensile stress, and thus reduces the probability of brittle liquid metal cracking.
In the document "Avoidence of liquid metal embrittled reducing resistance spot Welding by heat input dependent time adaptation" (Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2020,25(7): 617) 624, it is mentioned that brittle cracks in liquid metal can be suppressed by extending the post-weld dwell time. Although the above processes can inhibit brittle liquid metal cracks to a certain extent, on one hand, the inhibition effect is limited, and on the other hand, the mechanical properties of the spot-welded joint cannot be improved. He et al in the document "superior of liquid metal embrittlement in resistance spot Welding of TRIP steel" (Science and Technology of Welding and Joining,2019,24(6):579-The intermetallic compounds formed by the reaction of the aluminium foil and the steel during the welding process prevent the penetration of liquid zinc into the steel. Although the method can inhibit liquid metal brittle cracks and improve the mechanical property of the spot-welded joint, the process complexity is greatly increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to overcoming the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and providing a process for inhibiting brittle liquid metal cracking in a galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot weld joint by adding a long constant pilot current prior to the welding current of the conventional spot welding process. After the process is used, the number of liquid metal brittle cracks in the obtained galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint is greatly reduced, and the mechanical property of the joint can be improved.
The purpose of the invention can be realized by the following technical scheme: a spot welding process for inhibiting liquid metal brittle cracks of a galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint prepares a galvanized ultrahigh-strength steel material to be welded, adds a long-time leading current with constant value before the welding current of a conventional spot welding process, the leading current is small, a spot welding nugget is not formed during leading, and the leading current plays a role in changing the surface temperature and stress state of a welding spot and a zinc coating in the welding process, so that the liquid metal brittle cracks in the spot welding joint are inhibited.
Further, the leading current application time is 1000-3000ms, and the leading current is 3-4 kA.
Further, the cooling time before the welding current is applied after the leading current is terminated is 500 ms.
Further, a zinc coating in the galvanized high-strength steel is hot galvanizing or electrogalvanizing.
Further, the strength grade of the steel plate in the galvanized high-strength steel is 500MPa-1500 MPa.
Furthermore, the electrode of the resistance spot welding machine adopts a chromium-zirconium-copper spherical electrode with an end face.
Further, the outer diameter of the spherical electrode of the resistance spot welding machine is 13-16 mm.
Furthermore, the diameter of the end face of the spherical electrode of the resistance spot welding machine is 7-9 mm.
Furthermore, in the resistance spot welding process, the conventional spot welding process is selected according to the requirement.
Further, in the resistance spot welding process, the welding current pulse number is 3, that is, three sections of welding currents are set, the welding current time of each section is 120ms, the cooling time between the welding currents of each section is 20ms, and the pressure maintaining time is 200-500 ms.
Conditions under which liquid metal embrittlement occurs generally include: the required temperature (about 600 ℃ -.
After microscopic observation is carried out on the metallographic cross section of the spot welding joint, the invention can find that the number of cracks in the joint is greatly reduced under the same welding current after the pilot current is used. Finite element numerical simulation is carried out on the spot welding process, the temperature and stress history of the surface of the welding spot are obtained, and the fact that after the pilot current is used, the tensile stress is reduced due to the fact that the cooling rate of the surface of the welding spot is slowed down can be found. In addition, it was found by elemental analysis under a scanning electron microscope that, during the pre-current, the galvanized layer can react with the steel due to the increase in the surface temperature of the steel sheet, and the iron element content in the galvanized layer after undergoing the pre-current increases greatly, which leads to an increase in the melting point of the galvanized layer, as can be seen from the iron-zinc binary phase diagram. During the subsequent application of welding current, the liquid zinc content on the surface of the welding spot is reduced, and the penetration and diffusion of the liquid zinc into the steel are further reduced. These factors make it difficult to satisfy the conditions for embrittlement of the liquid metal on the surface of the solder joint, and therefore embrittlement cracking of the liquid metal is suppressed. In addition, after the pilot current is used, the spot-welded joint can obtain larger nugget diameter, so that the mechanical property of the joint is improved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention can realize two beneficial effects of inhibiting the brittle cracks of the liquid metal in the spot-welded joint and improving the mechanical property of the spot-welded joint only by adding a long-time lead current before the conventional welding process on the basis of not introducing any new welding equipment, thereby being very convenient to be applied in production; the process method can be popularized to resistance spot welding of various galvanized high-strength steels.
According to the invention, the temperature stress of the surface of the welding spot and the alloying zinc coating are regulated and controlled, so that the temperature, stress and liquid metal conditions required by the liquid metal brittleness generated in the resistance spot welding process are not easily met, and finally the liquid metal brittleness cracks are inhibited. In addition, the process can also enable welding spatter to be generated only under higher welding current, increase the nugget diameter of a welding spot and obtain a spot welding joint with better mechanical property.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process diagram of a resistance spot welding process according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a process diagram of a conventional resistance spot welding process;
FIG. 3 is a liquid metal brittle crack on the surface of a weld;
FIG. 4 is a statistical result of the number of liquid metal brittle cracks in a spot welded joint obtained using a conventional process;
FIG. 5 is a statistical result of the number of liquid metal brittle cracks in a spot welded joint obtained using the process of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a graph of temperature and stress history of the weld surface at a welding current of 7kA using conventional processes;
FIG. 7 is a graph of temperature and stress history of the weld surface at a welding current of 7kA using the process of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is the distribution of elements of the original zinc coating;
FIG. 9 is the elemental distribution of the zinc coating on the surface of the solder joint after experiencing the leading current;
FIG. 10 is a measurement of nugget diameter of a spot weld joint obtained using conventional and inventive processes;
fig. 11 is a test result of mechanical properties of a spot-welded joint obtained using a conventional process and a process of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the figures and specific embodiments. The present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Example 1:
welding material and equipment
1) The test plate to be welded is 1.2mm thick hot-dip galvanized Q & P980 ultrahigh-strength steel, the size is 125 multiplied by 38mm, and the size of an overlap area is 38 multiplied by 38 mm.
2) The welding equipment uses a fixed medium-frequency inversion direct-current resistance spot welding machine, pneumatic pressurization is carried out, and the flow rate of cooling water is 4L/min.
Second, preparation before welding
And cleaning the hot-dip galvanized Q & P980 ultrahigh-strength steel by using alcohol to remove oil stains on the surface.
Third, welding process
The technological process of the welding process with leading current of the invention is shown in figure 1, wherein the electrode pressure is set to 4kN, the leading time is 2000ms, the leading current is 4kA, and the cooling time after leading is 500 ms. The time for each welding current pulse was set to 120ms, the cooling time between welding current pulses was set to 20ms, and the dwell time was set to 300 ms. The initial welding current value was set to 5.5kA and was incremented at 0.5kA intervals until the welding test was ended when welding spatter occurred.
In addition to the welding process shown in fig. 1, a conventional welding process without a leading current was used as a comparative example, and as shown in fig. 2, the process was consistent with the process with a leading current except that no leading current was used. Six samples are welded at each group of current values, three samples are used for metallographic detection of the cross section of a welding spot, and three samples are used for testing the shearing and stretching mechanical properties of the spot welding joint. The diameters of the end faces of the spot welding electrodes used in the experiment are all 8 mm.
Fourth, liquid metal brittle crack number statistics
When a conventional bonding process without a front current is used, a large amount of liquid metal brittle cracks appear on the surface of the bonding spot, as shown in fig. 3. The cracks in the gold phase of all the cross sections of the welding spots in the test were counted. The statistical results of the cracks in the conventional welding process without the front conductive current are shown in fig. 4, and the cracks are generated when the welding current reaches 6.5kA, the spatter is generated when the welding current reaches 8.0kA, and a large number of cracks exist in the welding current range of 6.5-8.0kA after the welding test is finished. The statistical results of cracks using the additional pilot current welding process proposed by the present invention are shown in fig. 5, and cracks were not generated in the current range of 6.5-8.0 kA. Since weld spatter was generated only at 9.5kA after the process was used, the weld test was only completed until the current was increased to 9.5 kA. Although cracks were also generated in the high current range of 8.0-9.5kA welding current, the number of cracks was still small. Therefore, the process method can effectively inhibit the generation of the liquid metal brittle cracks.
Fifth, the reason for inhibiting the brittle crack of the liquid metal
The liquid metal embrittlement phenomenon occurs essentially because the conditions of temperature, stress and liquid metal required for the phenomenon to occur are simultaneously satisfied. The temperature and stress history experienced by a liquid metal brittle crack area easily generated on the surface of the welding spot in the resistance spot welding process is obtained by using ANSYS finite element simulation, and the temperature and stress history of the surface of the welding spot at the welding current of 7kA are shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 respectively when no leading current exists and when the leading current exists. The time when the temperature and the stress simultaneously meet the conditions (the temperature is 600-. Further, fig. 8 and 9 show the element distribution of the original zinc coating and the zinc coating on the surface of the welded spot after the leading current is applied, respectively, and it can be seen that the Zn element content in the zinc coating on the surface of the welded spot is significantly decreased and the Fe element content is significantly increased after the leading current is applied, which indicates that the zinc coating is metallurgically reacted with the steel during the application of the leading current, which causes the melting point of the zinc coating to be increased, which in turn causes the liquid zinc content to be decreased during the subsequent application of the welding current. These factors together lead to that the conditions required for the liquid metal embrittlement after the leading current is used are improved and relieved, so that the liquid metal embrittlement cracks are not easy to generate.
Sixthly, mechanical property test results
The nugget diameter of the spot welded joint obtained by the conventional process and the novel process is shown in fig. 10, and the shear tensile force is shown in fig. 11. It can be seen that the nugget diameter of the joint increases with an increase in welding current, but a large decrease in nugget diameter is caused due to a large amount of molten metal being squeezed out after the weld spatter is generated. The variation trend of the shear tensile force of the joint is consistent with the diameter of the nugget, namely, the larger the diameter of the nugget is, the higher the shear tensile force is. After the welding process with the additional pilot current is used, welding spatter is generated only at higher welding current, so that the spot-welded joint can obtain larger nugget diameter and higher shearing tensile force, and compared with the conventional process, the welding spatter is respectively improved by 20.9% and 14.1%.
The embodiments described above are described to facilitate an understanding and use of the invention by those skilled in the art. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications to these embodiments may be made, and the generic principles described herein may be applied to other embodiments without the use of the inventive faculty. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and those skilled in the art should make improvements and modifications within the scope of the present invention based on the disclosure of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A spot welding process for inhibiting the brittle cracks of liquid metal of a galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint is characterized in that a long-time and constant-value lead current is added before the welding current of a conventional spot welding process.
2. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint as claimed in claim 1, wherein the leading current application time is 1000-3000ms, and the leading current is 3-4 kA.
3. A spot welding process for suppressing embrittlement cracks in liquid metal of a galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welded joint according to claim 1, wherein the cooling time after the termination of the leading current before the welding current is applied is 500 ms.
4. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 1, wherein a zinc coating in the galvanized high-strength steel is hot-galvanized or electrogalvanized.
5. The spot welding process for inhibiting the brittle cracks of the liquid metal of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 1, characterized in that the strength grade of a steel plate in the galvanized high-strength steel is 500MPa-1500 MPa.
6. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 1, characterized in that a chromium-zirconium-copper spherical electrode with an end face is adopted as an electrode of the resistance spot welding machine.
7. The spot welding process for inhibiting liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 6, characterized in that the outer diameter of a spherical electrode of the resistance spot welding machine is 13-16 mm.
8. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 6, characterized in that the diameter of the end face of the spherical electrode of the resistance spot welding machine is 7-9 mm.
9. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint according to claim 1, characterized in that in the resistance spot welding process, the conventional spot welding process is selected according to requirements.
10. The spot welding process for inhibiting the liquid metal brittle cracks of the galvanized high-strength steel resistance spot welding joint as claimed in claim 9, wherein in the resistance spot welding process, the welding current pulse number is 3, that is, three sections of welding currents are set, the welding current time of each section is 120ms, the cooling time between the welding currents of each section is 20ms, and the pressure holding time is 200-500 ms.
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| CN115070186A (en) * | 2022-07-20 | 2022-09-20 | 本钢板材股份有限公司 | Resistance spot welding method for hot-galvanized dual-phase steel |
| WO2024055471A1 (en) * | 2022-09-14 | 2024-03-21 | 首钢集团有限公司 | Resistance spot welding method for steel parts |
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