CN113437171A - 一种易安装光伏瓦及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及光伏建筑技术领域,公开了一种易安装光伏瓦及其制备方法,所述光伏瓦包括前膜层、电池层、抗冲击层和基板,所述光伏瓦各膜层之间均设置有粘结膜层;所述前膜层和粘结膜层部分覆盖基板,所述抗冲击层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述基板层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述电池层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及光伏建筑技术领域,具体涉及一种易安装光伏瓦及其制备方法。
背景技术
光伏技术是最有前途的清洁能源之一,因其可利用无限量的太阳能,既不像核能那样产生不易处理的有害副产品,也不像燃烧化石燃料和煤炭那样产生大量的粉尘及温室气体。近年来,以光伏建筑一体化(BIPV)形式的光伏技术应用越来越受欢迎,用于为家庭,偏远或移动位置的电气设备,各类商业及公共设施提供全部或部分电力供应。
最常见的一种应用方式为:将光伏组件制成屋面建筑构件,使其既防水、隔热,又能发电。较之传统的建筑附加光伏(BAPV),BIPV在降低屋面支持结构和安装成本、使得建筑更美观等方面具有优势,也更具发展潜力。
其中,表面采用含氟聚合物薄膜,背板采用金属或非金属作为支撑的光伏瓦有较好的应用前景,该类光伏瓦多采用热激层压固化的方式制备,具备质轻、成本低、适用性强等优点。但是生产过程中却存在以下难题:①由于热胀冷缩效应,不同材料层的尺寸变化不一致,导致层压过程中产生电池片隐裂、碎片等现象;②由于含氟聚合物薄膜具有很强的疏水疏油性,导致相邻光伏瓦拼接处的密封性差;③现有的光伏瓦结构无法实现可靠封边,且难以单独更换某一片光伏瓦。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明对光伏瓦的制备材料和工艺进行了改进,不仅有效降低了热胀冷缩效应对电池片碎裂的影响,还使得制备好的光伏瓦便于组装、更换,且具有更好的防水密封性能。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案具体如下:
一种易安装光伏瓦,所述易安装光伏瓦通过层压方法制备,所述光伏瓦包括前膜层、电池层、抗冲击层和基板,所述光伏瓦各膜层之间均设置有粘结膜层;所述前膜层和粘结膜层部分覆盖基板,所述抗冲击层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述基板层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述电池层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%。所述尺寸变化率为该材料层在层压前后径向尺寸变化值(取绝对值)/层压前的径向尺寸。
具体的,所述前膜层材料为乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(ETFE)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、乙烯-四氟乙烯共聚物(Tefzel)、聚氟乙烯(PVF)、氟化乙烯丙烯共聚物(FEP)、四氟乙烯-全氟烷氧基乙烯基醚共聚物(PFA)、亚乙基四氟乙烯(EFTE)中的一种,使用时该聚合物膜的下表面需经电晕、等离子体等方法进行预处理;所述粘结膜层的材料为乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)、聚乙烯辛烯弹性体(POE)、乙烯-丙烯酸甲酯共聚物(EMA)、乙烯-丙烯酸乙酯共聚物(EEA)、丁醛树脂、聚氨酯树脂以及有机硅中的一种或多种。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述抗冲击层包括设置于前膜层和电池层之间的前抗冲击层,以及设置于电池层与基板之间的背抗冲击层。可以理解的是,前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层可以采用相同的材料,也可以采用不同的材料,只要尺寸变化率在许可的范围内即可。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述基板为铝合金板,所述抗冲击层材料为掺杂有纤维的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)。
更加优选地,所述纤维为玻璃纤维,所述玻璃纤维与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的质量比为18~22:100,且玻璃纤维的长度为0.5~6mm且直径≤20μm;或所述纤维为碳纳米管,所述碳纳米管与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的质量比为0.1~1:100,所述碳纳米管的直径为10~30nm且长度0.5~50μm。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述基板包括支撑部和连接部,所述电池层设置于支撑部上方且尺寸小于支撑部,所述背抗冲击层尺寸大于电池层且小于支撑部尺寸,所述前膜层和粘结膜层的尺寸大于支撑部且部分覆盖连接部。
更加优选地,所述连接部截面呈L型,所述前膜层部分覆盖连接部的竖面,所述连接部的横面设有若干安装孔。
本发明第二方面提供了上述易安装光伏瓦的制备方法,包括以下过程:
S1、在基板周边涂敷有一定宽度的防粘层,再依次铺装各层材料,抽真空后层压固化,退火,得到光伏瓦层压件;
S2、使用激光切割机沿防粘层内侧对光伏瓦层压件进行裁剪,揭除防粘层以及防粘层上的前膜层和粘结膜层;
S3、使用折弯机对光伏瓦层压件进行折弯,且前膜层与基板的折弯区域的曲率半径R≥3mm;
S4、安装接线盒,并对接线盒进行胶灌封。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述基板需要预处理,具体为:先对基板依次经过碱洗、酸洗、水洗后烘干,再根据需求对基板进行切割、打孔。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述抽真空过程具体为:
将光伏瓦铺装件通过输送带输送至层压机的抽真空腔室;
将加热台升温至45~105℃,并保持;
对上真空腔室抽真空使压力达到0.05~0.08MPa;
上盖下降;
对下真空腔室抽真空使压力达到0.02-0.05MPa;
将下真空腔充气至常压;
上盖上升。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述层压固化的过程具体为:
将抽真空的光伏瓦铺装件输送至层压机的层压空腔室平面;
上真空腔室抽真空至压力达到0.05~0.08MPa;
上盖下降;
下真空腔室抽真空至压力达到0.02~0.05MPa;
加热台升温至60~100℃,并保持;
上真空腔室充气至0.03MPa;
加热台升温至100~120℃并保持;
上真空腔室充气至0.05MPa;
再将加热台升温至120~160℃,并保持;
上真空腔室充气至0.08MPa;
上真空腔室抽真空1000~2400s;
下真空腔室充气至常压;
上盖上升。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述退火的过程具体为:
将层压固化后的光伏瓦铺装件输送至层压机的退火空腔室平面;
上真空腔室抽真空至压力达到0.03~0.05MPa;
上盖下降;
上真空腔室充气至压力达到0.06~0.08MPa,并保持;
加热台升温至115~160℃,并保持;
下真空腔室抽真空至压力达到0.03~0.05MPa;
上真空腔室充气至常压;
上盖上升;
层压机输送带将光伏瓦层压件输送至出料台。
作为一种优选的技术方案,步骤S2所述激光切割机的工作参数为:输送带的运行速度为0.1~0.3m/s,激光头的功率为50~90W。
作为一种优选的技术方案,所述接线盒包括同位于基板正面的正极接线盒和负极接线盒。
本发明的有益效果为:
1)本发明通过对抗冲击层材料改性,降低抗冲击层材料的热收缩率,有效避免了因层间尺寸变化不一致导致的光伏瓦层压件弯曲褶皱的现象,进而显著降低了层压过程对电池片的损坏率;
2)前膜层和粘结膜层部分覆盖基板,将基板边沿弯折后,未覆盖前膜层的部分可进行搭接固定,并通过密封胶密封;
3)由于前膜层和粘结膜层在层压时具备较好的延展型,故为了控制其边界必然需要对其进行切割,但是层压后前膜层和粘结膜层与基板具有良好的黏附性,导致激光切割后难以完全揭除前膜层和粘结膜层;本发明通过预先在基板上涂敷防粘层,该材料不影响层压,且在激光切割后能辅助除去多余的前膜层和粘结膜层。
附图说明
图1为实施例1中光伏瓦的俯视结构示意图;
图2为图1中A-A面的剖视图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,以下结合附图及实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅用以解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1
如图1~2所示,一种易安装光伏瓦,从下至上依次包括:基板1、第一粘结膜层、背抗冲击层、第二粘结膜层、电池层3、第三粘结膜层、前抗冲击层、第四粘结膜层和前膜层。
基板由支撑部11和设置于支撑部11周边的连接部12组成,支撑部11为方形,连接部12的截面为L型结构,连接部12的横面上开设有若干安装孔6。可以理解的是,支撑部11和连接部12可以根据实际需要设置成不同的形状,连接部12的横面和竖面可以是平面,也可以是曲面或凹凸面,只要是相邻光伏瓦的连接部形状可以相互嵌合即可。
前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层的长宽尺寸均大于电池层3但小于支撑部11的尺寸。前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层的材料一致,均为掺杂有玻璃纤维的PET,PET与玻璃纤维的质量比为100:20,玻璃纤维的直径≤20μm,长度为0.5~3mm。
电池层3由多块电连接的太阳能电池片组成,电池层的尺寸小于前抗冲击层和背抗冲击层。
前膜层2的周边尺寸大于支撑部11的尺寸且延展至连接部12,前膜层2部分覆盖连接部12,在本实施例中,前膜层2部分覆盖连接部12的竖面。
在本实施例中,基板为铝镁锰合金(具体成分为:按重量比计,94.6-99.2%Al、0.8-1.3%Mg、0-1.6%Mn、0-1.5%Cu、0-1.0%Zn),前膜层为ETFE,粘结膜层材料为EVA。
上述易安装光伏瓦的制备过程如下:
1)对基板进行预处理,沿基板4周刷涂10~15mm宽的防粘层(聚氨酯),再打安装孔。
2)在基板上依次铺设第一粘结膜层、背抗冲击层、第二粘结膜层、电池层、第三粘结膜层、前抗冲击层、第四粘结膜层和前膜层,得到光伏瓦铺装件。
3)对光伏瓦铺装件进行EL检测,以筛除操作过程中产生具有隐裂、碎片、破片、黑心、黑边、虚焊、断栅等问题的光伏瓦铺装件。
4)将光伏瓦铺装件通过层压机输送带输送至层压机进行层压处理,具体过程为:
①抽真空及去湿
将光伏瓦铺装件通过输送带输送至层压机的抽真空腔室;
将加热台升温至45~105℃,并保持;
对上真空腔室抽真空2~6s,至压力达到0.05~0.08MPa;
上盖下降,下降时间10s;
下真空腔室抽真空1000-3000s,至压力达到0.02~0.05MPa;
下真空腔充气至常压,保持2~5s;
上盖上升,上升时间为10s。
②层压固化:
将抽真空后的光伏瓦铺装件输送至层压机的层压空腔室平面;
上真空腔室抽真空2~8s,至压力达到0.05~0.08MPa;
上盖下降,下降时间10s;
下真空腔室抽真空60~360s,至压力达到0.02~0.05MPa;
加热台升温至60~100℃,并保持360s;
上真空腔室充气至0.03MPa;
加热台升温至100~120℃并保持;
上真空腔室充气至0.05MPa,保持300s;
加热台升温至120~160℃,并保持;
上真空腔室充气至0.08MPa;
上真空腔室抽真空1000~2400s;
下真空腔室充气至常压,保持2~5s;
上盖上升,上升时间10s。
③退火:
将层压固化后的光伏瓦铺装件输送至层压机的退火空腔室平面;
上真空腔室抽真空2~8s,至压力达到0.03~0.05MPa;
上盖下降,下降时间10s;
上真空腔室充气3~20s,至压力达到0.06~0.08MPa,并保持;
加热台升温至115~160℃,并保持;
下真空腔室抽真空1000~3000s,至压力达到0.03~0.05MPa;
上真空腔室充气至常压,保持2~5s;
上盖上升,上升时间10s;
层压机输送带将光伏瓦层压件输送至出料台。
5)使用激光切割机对光伏瓦层压件修边,具体过程为:
将光伏瓦层压件通过输送带输送至激光切割机上料台,并根据上料台输送带预先划定区域调整其位置;激光切割机工作台输送带以0.1~0.3m/s速度运行时,两侧激光头(其功率保持在50W~90W区间)沿不粘胶内侧边沿同时切割宽出的前膜层和粘接膜层;再输送至另一台激光切割机切除另外两侧;使得上述膜层四周均比基板小10~15mm。
6)将修整后的光伏瓦层压件通过输送带输送至折边机上料台,对位后调整折边机下降深度,使得折弯处的曲率半径R≥3mm,保证折弯区域膜层与基板间的剥离强度损失≤10%。
7)对折弯后的光伏瓦进行耐压绝缘性能检测、EL检测,电性能检测。
8)对通过检测的光伏瓦安装接线盒,具体的,接线盒包括正极接线盒和负极接线盒,正极接线盒和负极接线盒分别设置于基板正面上两个相对的连接部;最后进行成品检验、包装、入库;
实施例2
与实施例1不同的是:
前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层均为掺杂有玻璃纤维的PET,PET与玻璃纤维的质量比为100:18,玻璃纤维的直径≤20μm且长度为0.5~6mm。
实施例3
与实施例1不同的是:
前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层均为掺杂有碳纳米管的PET,PET与碳纳米管的质量比为100:0.5,碳纳米管的直径为10~30nm且其长度0.5~50μm。
实施例4
与实施例1不同的是:
前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层均为掺杂有碳纳米管的PET,PET与碳纳米管的质量比为100:0.8,碳纳米管的直径为10~30nm且其长度0.5~50μm。
对比例1
与实施例1不同的是:
前抗冲击层与被抗冲击层的材料均为PET。
对比例2
与实施例1不同的是:
前抗冲击层与背抗冲击层的材料一致,均为掺杂有玻璃纤维的PET,PET与玻璃纤维的质量比为100:27,玻璃纤维的直径为0.5~10μm,长度为0.5~6mm。
对比例3
与实施例1不同的是:
前膜层、粘结膜层与基板尺寸一致,即连接部全部覆盖有前膜层和粘结膜层。需要说明的是,当前膜层与基板尺寸一致时,若将正极接线盒和负极接线盒都安装与基板正面时,必然需要在前膜层上打过线孔,破坏了前膜的完整性,进而影响电池片的安全性。
结论:
(1)实施例1~4中,抗冲击层材料、基板材料以及电池片在层压前后的尺寸变化率都是小于0.5%。
(2)统计并对比各例中步骤7)的EL检测数据可知,实施例1~4中光伏瓦层压后的损毁率显著低于对比例1,说明采用碳纳米管和玻璃纤维改性后的抗冲击层材料与基板在层压固化和退火过程中产生的热胀冷缩相似,有效消除了光伏瓦层压件弯曲褶皱的现象,从而避免电池片损坏。但是对比例2的结果显示,玻璃纤维掺杂量过多时,损毁率相较于未掺杂的反而增加,推测其原因为抗冲击层刚性过大,丧失了一定的柔性。实验过程中还发现玻璃纤维掺杂量过少时,损毁率未有显著变化;碳纳米管含量过多时,会在一定程度上影响光的透过率。
(3)将上述实施例1和对比例3制备的光伏瓦各自拼接,具体过程为:
将相邻光伏瓦的连接部的横面叠放并将二者的安装孔对准,使用螺栓穿过上述两块光伏瓦的安装孔后螺纹固定于挂瓦条上,如此类推在光伏瓦的四面进行逐片拼接;将一片光伏瓦的正极接线盒、负极接线盒分别与相邻两块光伏瓦的负极接线盒和正极接线盒电连接;将防水材料浇筑于相邻光伏瓦连接处的凹槽内。对于实施例1的光伏瓦,防水材料的上表面低于前膜层下边沿的高度。实施例1中的防水材料与基板有很好的粘结能力,故防水密封效果好;而对比例3中,由于前膜的疏水疏油性,与防水材料的结合性能较差,在外力作用下,密封材料极易脱落。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述光伏瓦包括前膜层、电池层、抗冲击层和基板,所述光伏瓦各膜层之间均设置有粘结膜层;所述前膜层和粘结膜层部分覆盖基板,所述抗冲击层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述基板层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%,所述电池层层压前后的尺寸变化率≤0.5%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述抗冲击层包括设置于前膜层和电池层之间的前抗冲击层,以及设置于电池层与基板之间的背抗冲击层。
3.根据权利要求1所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述基板为铝合金板,所述抗冲击层材料为掺杂有纤维的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯。
4.根据权利要求3所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述纤维为玻璃纤维,所述玻璃纤维与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的质量比为18~22:100,且玻璃纤维的长度为0.5~6mm且其直径≤20μm。
5.根据权利要求3所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述纤维为碳纳米管,所述碳纳米管与聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯的质量比为0.1~1:100。
6.根据权利要求1所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述基板包括支撑部和连接部,所述电池层设置于支撑部上方且尺寸小于支撑部,所述背抗冲击层尺寸大于电池层且小于支撑部尺寸,所述前膜层和粘结膜层尺寸大于支撑部且部分覆盖连接部。
7.根据权利要求6所述的易安装光伏瓦,其特征在于,所述连接部截面呈L型,所述前膜层部分覆盖连接部的竖面,所述连接部的横面设有若干安装孔。
8.一种制备权利要求1~7任一权利要求所述易安装光伏瓦的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
S1、在基板周边涂敷有一定宽度的防粘层,再依次铺装各层材料,抽真空后层压固化,退火,得到光伏瓦层压件;
S2、使用激光切割机沿防粘层内侧对光伏瓦层压件进行裁剪,揭除防粘层以及防粘层上的前膜层和粘结膜层;
S3、使用折弯机对光伏瓦层压件进行折弯,且前膜层与基板的折弯区域的曲率半径R≥3mm;
S4、安装接线盒,并对接线盒进行胶灌封。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述接线盒包括位于基板正面的正极接线盒和负极接线盒。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述防粘层为聚氨酯材料。
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