CN113387382A - 一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法。包括以下步骤:(1)培养获得大肠杆菌菌体物或金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物;(2)获得硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系,将硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系在光照条件下,经发酵培养生物合成纳米氯化银。本发明生物合成方法成功合成了纳米氯化银微粒(AgClNPs)。操作简便、无毒无害,且合成的纳米氯化银产物的水溶性好、稳定性强,能在水溶液中储存数月而不聚沉。并具有优异的抗菌性能,细胞毒力小。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生命复合材料研究领域,具体涉及将生物合成方法应用于材料合成。更具体涉及一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法及其应用。
背景技术
纳米技术是近年来新兴的前沿技术,是近现代人类科学技术进步的里程碑之一。当材料尺寸到达纳米1-100nm时,其许多物理化学性能就会产生突变,诞生了纳米材料研究领域。
银离子作为一种强有力的杀菌剂,在中国,早在明代《本草纲目》中就有“银屑,安五脏,定心神,止惊悸,除邪气,久服可轻身”的记载;在公元前338年古希腊人就用银器保存饮用水以防止细菌污染。但同时,水中痕量的银离子即会对人体产生危害,《国家生活应用水卫生标准》GB5749-2006规定银离子的含量应≤0.05mg/L。因此如何在杀菌的同时减小对人体的伤害,成为银离子杀菌研究的关键问题。近年来许多科学家将银离子于纳米技术结合,通过化学方法将银制成纳米银微粒(AgNPs),并利用各种生物相容性高的有机材料如石墨烯、聚丙烯酰胺、壳聚糖等包被,来降低其对人体的毒害作用同时增加其银离子的缓释能力。
而氯化银的抗菌性能很难被注意到,因其通常被认为是难溶于水的沉淀,其在水中的溶度积(Ksp)仅为1.56×10-10,水中的银离子含量更是寥寥无几。而纳米氯化银由于其粒径的减小,能在水溶液中形成胶体,克服了这些困难,成为一种理想的抗菌材料。纳米氯化银的制备方法现阶段主要包括化学合成方法,包括强还原剂法、表面活性剂法等,但其条件苛刻、操作繁琐,且合成的纳米粒子容易丧失溶胶性质而聚沉形成沉淀,难以长期储存。据我们所知,生物方法合成纳米氯化银的方法还未报道过。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法。其可成功合成纳米氯化银,合成的纳米氯化银稳定性好。
本发明采用的技术方案如下:
提供一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)培养获得大肠杆菌菌体物或金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物;(2)获得硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系,将硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系在光照条件下,经发酵培养生物合成纳米氯化银。
按上述方案,上述方案还包括:纳米氯化银的分离纯化:离心除去大肠杆菌生物质,取上清,洗涤重悬,即得到纳米氯化银。
按上述方案,所述的步骤(1)中大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌培养至体系OD600值到达2-2.5结束培养,离心分离,获得大肠杆菌菌体物或金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物。
按上述方案,所述的步骤(1)中大肠杆菌菌体物的培养方法:用接种环蘸取少量大肠杆菌菌菌液于LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育,至OD600值到达2-2.5,再通过离心分离菌体;
金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物的培养方法为:用接种环蘸取少量金黄色葡萄球菌菌液于LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育,至OD600值到达2-2.5,再通过离心分离菌体。
按上述方案,所述的离心分离菌体为:6000×g,4℃离心弃去上清液,将生物质沉淀用去离子水充分洗涤,重悬。
按上述方案,所述的硝酸银和氯化钠的物质的量比为1:1-1:2。
按上述方案,所述的生物合成时间为6-24小时。
按上述方案,步骤(b)所述的分离方法为:先用4000-6000×g,离心除去大肠杆菌生物质,取上清,将上清液过滤膜过滤,取滤液,高于13000×g(13000g-13400g),离心,收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤,相同条件重悬,即得到纳米氯化银。
按上述方案,离心温度为0-4℃。
按上述方案,上述方法合成的纳米氯化银的粒径在10-30nm之间。
按上述方案,硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系中硝酸银和氯化钠形成悬浮液。
按上述方案,体系中硝酸银含量以银离子计低于1mM,氯化钠以氯离子含量计低于2mM。
本发明通过大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌为合成载体,基于细菌表面分散度高的带负电的脂多糖(如革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌)或磷壁酸(如革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌),银离子和氯离子在水中形成不稳定、表面带正电的胶束结构,这些带正电的胶束分散在带负电的细胞外膜(革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌)或细胞壁(革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌)上而形成稳定的纳米溶胶,由此最终成功合成了纳米氯化银微粒(AgClNPs)。
化学合成法主要是通过加入还原剂(如硫代硫酸钠)、稳定剂(如表面活性剂);或通过降低银离子的滴加速率等方法降低银离子在水中的成核速度,而产生纳米粒子。胶体溶液主要依靠溶液中金属阳离子层之间的静电排斥作用而分散,这种作用力小,且环境pH过高或过低时,其胶体体系容易被破坏。
相比化学合成方法,本发明经细菌细胞壁介导,带正电的氯化银胶束分散在带负电的细胞外膜(革兰氏阴性菌大肠杆菌)或细胞壁(革兰氏阳性菌金黄色葡萄球菌)上而形成稳定的纳米溶胶,进而合成得到的纳米氯化银产物分散度高、稳定性好,本发明提供的纳米氯化银在光束通过的条件下下可观察到明显的、光亮的通路(丁达尔现象)(图1),表明其粒径在胶体范畴,且在水溶液中可保持数月而不聚沉;细胞壁介导合成,有许多多肽附着在纳米氯化银粒子表面,合成的纳米氯化银水溶性好。良好的水溶性性也赋予了很多应用上的优势:作为涂料时,水溶性材料以水作为分散介质,可以减少有毒有机溶剂的使用,更加安全环保;作为药物载体时生物相容性好,能随尿液排出,不易沉积在体内;作为电极材料时,易于成膜、涂装。同时天然产物具有构象上的优势,因而相比于各种人工包被的纳米粒子,其稳定性更加出众。
合成过程无毒无害、简单可控、成本低廉。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明生物合成方法成功合成了纳米氯化银微粒(AgClNPs)。
本发明生物合成方法操作简便、无毒无害,且合成的纳米氯化银产物的水溶性好、稳定性强,能在水溶液中储存数月而不聚沉。并具有优异的抗菌性能,细胞毒力小。
附图说明
图1:丁达尔效应;A:光束通过纳米氯化银溶胶。B:光束通过硝酸银溶液。
图2:紫外可见吸收光谱:随反应时间增加(2小时以后),454nm出现明显的吸收峰且吸收值逐渐变大,说明纳米氯化银微粒的产生。
图3:傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱:A:普通氯化银固体粉末,其在400-4000nm基本无吸收(透过率为100%);B:经过分离纯化了的纳米氯化银,其表面大部分有机物已被洗去(对比C线透过率明显上升);C:未处理的纳米氯化银与细菌混合物,在近红外区有很强吸收的宽峰,且在1600nm附近有多重强吸收峰,说明有大量有机物残留。绿色箭头:空气中二氧化碳干扰。
图4:X射线衍射图谱;AgCl:普通氯化银固体粉末,对应标准氯化银卡片的(111),(200).(220),(311)晶型衍射角。AgClNPs:纳米氯化银。PDF2:00-031-1238:标准比色卡。每个峰都对应标准氯化银,证明了本产品的组成。
图5:能量弥散X射线谱:对目标视野进行了元素分析,显示了Ag+和Cl-明显的吸收峰,且摩尔比为1:1,证明了本产品的组成。
图6:扫描电子显微镜图:A:纳米氯化银在大肠杆菌表面生长。B:经纯化处理后的纳米氯化银微粒。
图7:透射电子显微镜图:纳米氯化银粒径约为10-30nm。
图8:本发明合成的纳米氯化银的抑菌活性。
图9:本发明合成的纳米氯化银的抑制生物膜形成的性能。
图10:本发明合成的纳米氯化银的的细胞毒性。
具体实施方式
为使本领域普通技术人员充分理解本发明的技术方案和有益效果,以下结合具体实施例进一步说明。
实施例1:
(1)纳米氯化银的生物合成
用接种环蘸取少量大肠杆菌(本实施例选择大肠杆菌BL21)菌液于3mL LB培养基(胰蛋白胨10g/L,酵母提取物5g/L,氯化钠10g/L,pH=7.4)中37℃,220rpm过夜培育。取1mL菌液加入400mL LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育16小时。6000×g,4℃离心10分钟后弃去上清液,将生物质沉淀用去离子水充分洗涤5-6次,完全清除培养基中的干扰离子,重悬。将0.0338g硝酸银和0.0232g氯化钠依次加入到200mL去离子水中,这时溶液中的硝酸银浓度为1mmol/L,氯化钠的浓度为2mmol/L,摇匀。这时溶液将从透明变为乳白色,说明生成了氯化银混悬液。再把重悬的细菌生物质加入其中,盖上封口膜。将其放入37℃恒温摇床中,220rpm、光照条件下孵育24小时。在6小时内即可看到溶液颜色明显变红,即说明此时纳米氯化银已在细菌表面产生。反应终点溶液颜色为深紫色且呈透明状,细菌沉淀较少。
(2)无菌对照
为排除光催化氯化银混悬液使颜色变深的可能,对照组设置为不加细菌,其他条件相同。实验表明72h相同情况下无颜色变化。证明细菌在纳米氯化银的合成过程中不可或缺。
(3)纳米氯化银的分离纯化
收集反应液,4000×g,4℃离心10分钟除去大肠杆菌生物质,取上清。将直径6cm,孔径为0.22μm的微孔滤膜装于抽滤瓶口,利用抽滤装置将上清液通过0.22μm直径微孔过滤膜过滤。在过滤细菌之前必须先将反应液在4000×g离心除去大部分细菌,否则大量细菌体沉积在滤膜上,滤液将难以通过滤膜造成抽滤失败。取滤液,于13400×g,4℃离心20分钟,收集沉淀。用去离子水洗涤3次,相同条件重悬,即得到纳米氯化银。
实施例2:
同例1方法培养、分离得到相同质量的细菌菌体。将0.0338g硝酸银和0.0116g氯化钠依次加入到200mL去离子水中,这时溶液中的硝酸银浓度为1mmol/L,氯化钠的浓度为1mmol/L,摇匀。将其放入37℃恒温摇床中,220rpm、光照条件下孵育24小时。在6小时时肉眼可观察到红色,光照孵育24小时后454nm出现明显的吸收峰,相较实施例1不明显。
对比例:
同实施例1、实施例2方法培养、分离得到相同质量的细菌菌体,分别加入1mmol/L硝酸银、2mmol/L氯化钠,黑暗条件下孵育24小时。观察不到明显的颜色变化,在黑暗孵育24小时后取上清测量OD454的值接近于0。表明光照在该法中不可或缺。
实施例3:
同实施例1、实施例2方法培养、分离得到相同质量的细菌菌体,分别加入1mmol/L硝酸银、4mmol/L氯化钠,光照条件下孵育24小时后,OD454值低于实施例1,表明纳米粒子合成量较少。
表征与性能测试
为表征本方法合成的纳米氯化银,利用了紫外可见分光光度计(UV-visspectrum)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等方法。以实施例1合成产物为例,其结果见附图1-7。
图1:丁达尔效应;A:光束通过纳米氯化银溶胶。B:光束通过硝酸银溶液。
图2:紫外可见吸收光谱:随反应时间增加(2小时以后),454nm出现明显的吸收峰且吸收值逐渐变大,说明纳米氯化银微粒的产生。
图3:傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱:A:普通氯化银固体粉末,其在400-4000nm基本无吸收(透过率为100%);B:经过分离纯化了的纳米氯化银,其表面大部分有机物已被洗去(对比C线透过率明显上升);C:未处理的纳米氯化银与细菌混合物,在近红外区有很强吸收的宽峰,且在1600nm附近有多重强吸收峰,说明有大量有机物残留。绿色箭头:空气中二氧化碳干扰。
图4:X射线衍射图谱;AgCl:普通氯化银固体粉末,对应标准氯化银卡片的(111),(200).(220),(311)晶型衍射角。AgClNPs:纳米氯化银。PDF2:00-031-1238:标准比色卡。每个峰都对应标准氯化银,证明了本产品的组成。
图5:能量弥散X射线谱:对目标视野进行了元素分析,显示了Ag+和Cl-明显的吸收峰,且摩尔比为1:1,证明了本产品的组成。
图6:扫描电子显微镜图:A:纳米氯化银在大肠杆菌表面生长。B:经纯化处理后的纳米氯化银微粒。
图7:透射电子显微镜图:纳米氯化银粒径约为10-30nm。
为测试纳米氯化银的性能和对哺乳细胞的毒力,分别进行了三组抗菌a,抗生物膜b,细胞毒力c实验。
a.将对数生长期的四种细菌:大肠杆菌(E.c),金黄色葡萄球菌(S.a),枯草芽孢杆菌(B.c),恶臭假单胞菌(P.p)稀释100倍,取100μL加入到96孔板中,再加入100μL pH=7.4磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)稀释的纳米氯化银溶胶,37℃孵育24h后,用酶标仪测量OD595值。结果如图8所示,纳米氯化银对两种革兰氏阴性菌(E.c、P.p)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为5μg/mL;对两种革兰氏阳性菌(S.a、B.c)的最小抑菌浓度为10μg/mL。说明本发明生物合成的纳米氯化银具有优异的抑菌活性。据相关文献报道,纳米银的最小抑菌浓度随其粒径的改变差异较大,但MIC普遍在10-50μg/mL之间。
b.于96孔板中加入上述四种菌液,加入1%麦芽糖,37℃孵育24小时。PBS洗涤后加入梯度浓度的氯化银溶胶,继续孵育2小时。水洗三次,吹干孔板,加入1%结晶紫染色剂,静置10分钟,倒去染色剂,水洗,吹干。每孔加入200μL二甲亚砜(DMSO)溶解结晶紫。用酶标仪测量OD595值。结果如图9所示,纳米氯化银对4种细菌的生物膜形成均有抑制作用。
c.向96孔板中加入100μL 105个/mL DmEm培养基稀释的小鼠视网膜神经细胞(RGC-5),加入100μL梯度浓度的氯化银溶胶和硝酸银。37℃、5%CO2培育24小时。加入10μL5mg/mL四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT),继续孵育4小时。倒去培养基,每孔加入200μL DMSO溶解结晶物,用酶标仪测量OD570值。结果如图10所示,纳米氯化银对小鼠视网膜神经细胞的半抑制浓度(IC50)为50μg/mL,明显大于硝酸银的IC50值,由此可反应出本发明合成的纳米氯化银的极低的细胞毒力。IC50是衡量药物对真核细胞毒力作用的重要指标,其值越高代表该药物对人的毒害作用越小。
实施例4:
用接种环蘸取少量金黄色葡萄球菌KW7菌液于3mL LB培养基(胰蛋白胨10g/L,酵母提取物5g/L,氯化钠10g/L,pH=7.0)中37℃,220rpm过夜培育。取1mL菌液加入400mL LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育16小时。同实施例1方法离心、洗去培养基成分得到菌体,加入1mmol/L硝酸银,2mmol/L氯化钠,光照下孵育24小时。同样在6小时内即可看到溶液颜色明显变红。反应终点溶液颜色为深紫色且呈透明状,细菌沉淀较少。经X射线衍射(XRD)、能量弥散X射线谱(EDS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征,说明成功合成了纳米氯化银。
Claims (10)
1.一种纳米氯化银的生物合成方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)培养获得大肠杆菌菌体物或金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物;(2)获得硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系,将硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系在光照条件下,经发酵培养生物合成纳米氯化银。
2.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:还包括纳米氯化银的分离纯化:离心除去大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌生物质,取上清,洗涤重悬,即得到纳米氯化银。
3.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:所述的步骤(1)中大肠杆菌或金黄色葡萄球菌培养至体系OD600值到达2-2.5结束培养,离心分离,获得大肠杆菌菌体物或金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:所述的步骤(1)中大肠杆菌菌体物的培养方法:用接种环蘸取少量大肠杆菌菌菌液于LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育,至OD600值到达2-2.5,再通过离心分离菌体;
金黄色葡萄球菌菌体物的培养方法为:用接种环蘸取少量金黄色葡萄球菌菌液于LB培养基中37℃,220rpm孵育,至OD600值到达2-2.5,再通过离心分离菌体;
所述的离心分离菌体为:6000×g,4℃离心弃去上清液,将生物质沉淀用去离子水充分洗涤,重悬。
5.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:所述的硝酸银和氯化钠的物质的量比为1:1-1:2。
6.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:所述的生物合成时间为6-24小时。
7.根据权利要求2所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:分离方法为:先用4000-6000×g,离心除去大肠杆菌生物质,取上清,将上清液过滤膜过滤,取滤液,高于13000×g离心,收集沉淀,用去离子水洗涤,相同条件重悬,即得到纳米氯化银。
8.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:合成的纳米氯化银的粒径在10-30nm之间。
9.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:硝酸银、氯化钠和菌体物混合体系中硝酸银和氯化钠形成悬浮液。
10.根据权利要求1所述的生物合成方法,其特征在于:体系中硝酸银含量以银离子计低于1mM,氯化钠以氯离子含量计低于2mM。
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