CN113351862B - Iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore forming and lubrication enhancement functions and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore forming and lubrication enhancement functions and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
- B22F3/1007—Atmosphere
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F3/26—Impregnating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
- B22F5/10—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of articles with cavities or holes, not otherwise provided for in the preceding subgroups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
Abstract
The invention discloses an iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore-forming and lubrication enhancement, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 80-88% of iron powder, 5-10% of copper powder, 0.4-0.8% of expanded graphite powder, 2-3% of nickel powder, 2-4% of ammonium molybdate powder, 2-4% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.5-1.2% of zinc stearate powder. Ammonium molybdate and ammonium thiomolybdate are preferably selected as composite pore-forming agents for the iron-based bearing material, and the pore-forming agents can react with a substrate material to synthesize solid lubricating components such as ferrous sulfide, copper sulfide, molybdenum disulfide and the like while decomposing and forming pores. Therefore, the iron-based bearing material has the oil lubrication function of pore oil storage separation and the solid lubrication function of a solid lubrication component in the friction process, and can ensure the excellent self-lubricating performance of the bearing material under the complex and severe lubrication working condition.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an iron-based self-lubricating bearing material, in particular to a novel iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore forming and lubrication enhancement and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of powder metallurgy.
Background
The iron-based powder metallurgy part has the advantages of porous oil-containing property, high hardness, good wear resistance and the like, and is widely applied to preparation of self-lubricating bearings. When the bearing works, lubricating oil (grease) needs to be added to meet the requirement of the bearing on lubricating performance. However, under severe lubrication conditions, the friction interface of the bearing is easily lubricated by oil, which affects the service life and performance of the bearing. The existing iron-based bearing material depends on lubricating oil contained in pores of the iron-based bearing material, and the lubricating oil is separated out to form an oil film in the working process, so that the iron-based bearing material has an effective self-lubricating effect. However, with the development of modern industry, iron-based bearing materials are often required to work under some heavy-load working conditions, and lubricating oil separated out from pores is pressed into the pores, so that the oil quantity between friction interfaces of the bearings is small, the oil film thickness is thin, the surfaces of two friction parts cannot be separated, direct steel-steel contact is easy to occur, and the bearings are seriously abraded. Therefore, how to improve the self-lubricating performance of the bearing surface and adapt to more complex lubricating conditions becomes a problem to be solved urgently by the current bearing material.
Chinese patent CN 112548099A "a method for preparing porous alloy with near spherical pores by using ammonium bicarbonate as pore-forming agent" discloses a method for preparing alloy by adding ammonium bicarbonate as pore-forming agent, the obtained material has improved porosity and oil storage rate, but the oil retention in the friction interface under heavy load working condition is insufficient, the lubricating property is poor, and the wear property is insufficient.
The method disclosed in chinese patent CN111014648A "a novel wear-resistant powder metallurgy material containing molybdenum disulfide and its preparation method" is to add molybdenum disulfide powder as a solid lubricant into a self-lubricating material, but the interface bonding between the solid lubricant and an iron-based matrix material is poor, and the solid lubricating material is easy to peel off during the material friction process, which affects the friction performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of providing an iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication, which has the oil lubrication function of pore oil storage precipitation and the solid lubrication function of a solid lubrication component in the friction process and can ensure the excellent self-lubricating performance of the bearing material under the complex and severe lubrication working condition. The invention also provides a preparation method of the iron-based bearing material.
The invention relates to an iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication, which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 80-88% of iron powder, 5-10% of copper powder, 0.4-0.8% of expanded graphite powder, 2-3% of nickel powder, 2-4% of ammonium molybdate powder, 2-4% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.5-1.2% of zinc stearate powder.
Wherein the particle size of the expanded graphite powder is 70-100 mu m, and the ammonium molybdate powder ((NH)4)2MoO4) With ammonium thiomolybdate powder ((NH)4)2MoS4) The particle size of (A) is 30 to 60 μm.
Wherein, the ammonium molybdate powder and the ammonium thiomolybdate powder play a role of a composite pore-forming agent in the material sintering process, the pore diameter of in-situ pore-forming after the pore-forming agent is decomposed is 10-50 μm, and the porosity is 14-20%.
Wherein, MoO is in the decomposed product of the composite pore-forming agent3And MoS2Has solid lubrication function; part of MoO3、MoS2Is reduced into molybdenum and sulfur: mo has a solid solution strengthening effect, and elemental sulfur and Fe, Cu and the like in the base material generate sulfide materials with solid lubrication functions, such as FeS, CuS and the like.
Wherein the oil content of the material is 12-19%, and the hardness of the material is 75-85 HRB.
The invention discloses an in-situ pore-forming and lubrication-enhanced iron-based bearing material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing materials: according to the formula, the proportioned raw material powder is loaded into a powder mixing tank of a ball mill and mixed for 1-3 h in argon atmosphere, and the powder mixing ball material ratio is 5: 1, rotating speed of 200 r/min;
(2) pressing: the processed material is sent into a product die of a press and pressed into a green body under the pressure of 600MPa to 700 MPa;
(3) and (3) sintering: sintering in a pressure sintering furnace under the protection of hydrogen atmosphere to obtain a sintered material; the sintering temperature is 1050-1180 ℃, and the sintering time is 2 hours;
(4) oil immersion: and (3) carrying out vacuum oil immersion on the sintering material, wherein the vacuum pressure value is not more than 8KPa, and the oil immersion time is 0.5-1 h.
In the sintering process of the iron-based bearing material, the chemical reaction equation related to ammonium molybdate and ammonium thiomolybdate is as follows:
as can be seen from the above, the effect of ammonium molybdate with ammonium thiomolybdate is: firstly, the material formula plays a role of a composite pore-forming agent: during the sintering process of the material, ammonium molybdate is decomposed at about 500-550 ℃ to generate ammonia gas, and ammonium thiomolybdate is decomposed at about 850-940 ℃ to generate hydrogen sulfide; the composite pore-forming agent can be decomposed within a wider temperature range, so that pores generated firstly can be effectively prevented from being closed in the later sintering stage; after the gas escapes, a pore structure is generated at the original position occupied by the pore-forming agent, the pore diameter range is 10-50 mu m, and the porosity range is 14-20%; secondly, the material plays a role of a solid lubricant in the formula: another product of decomposition of ammonium molybdate is MoO3Another product of decomposition of ammonium thiomolybdate is MoS2，MoO3And MoS2Is often used as an excellent solid lubricant in industrial production; thirdly, improving the sintering strength of the bearing material: partial MoO in hydrogen atmosphere for sintering material3、MoS2Is reduced into molybdenum simple substance and sulfur simple substance; mo has a solid solution strengthening effect, elemental molybdenum is dissolved in matrix iron in a solid solution manner, the sintering process of the iron-based bearing material is strengthened, the formation of ferric oxide is prevented, the sintering strength of the bearing material is improved, the compactness of the material is 80-88%, and the hardness of the material is 75-85 HRB; fourthly, improving the self-lubricating property of the bearing material: elemental sulfur and Fe, Cu, etc. in the base materialSulfide materials such as FeS, CuS and the like with solid lubrication function are generated, and the self-lubricating property of the bearing material is improved.
Compared with the prior iron-based bearing material, the iron-based bearing material has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the iron-based bearing material, ammonium molybdate and ammonium thiomolybdate are preferably selected as composite pore-forming agents, the pore-forming agent materials decompose and form pores and react in situ to generate solid lubricating components such as molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum trioxide, ferrous sulfide, copper sulfide and the like, and the solid lubricating components and lubricating oil stored in pores have a synergistic effect, so that a liquid-solid synergistic lubricating effect is realized; 2. the solid lubricating component in the iron-based bearing material is generated by in-situ synthesis reaction, so that the defect of poor interface bonding strength of the material obtained by the traditional lubricant powder adding mode is overcome; meanwhile, the solid solution strengthening effect of the composite pore-forming agent decomposition product molybdenum improves the mechanical strength of the iron-based bearing material; 3. the iron-based bearing material provided by the invention provides an oil self-lubricating effect by utilizing the pore oil storage separation under the light load working condition, and even if the separated oil is pressed into the pores under the heavy load working condition, the in-situ self-generated solid lubricating component in the bearing material can play an effective role in lubricating and supplementing, and participates in the lubricating process together with the lubricating oil, so that the liquid-solid synergistic self-lubricating effect is realized, and the phenomena of oil-lacking lubrication and severe friction and wear of the traditional iron-based bearing material under the heavy load working condition are overcome.
In a word, the iron-based bearing material has an in-situ pore-forming function in the preparation process by preferably selecting the composite pore-forming agent, and the oil content of the material is 12-19%; meanwhile, the prepared iron-based bearing material contains unreduced MoO3、MoS2And solid lubricants such as FeS, CuS and the like synthesized by in-situ reaction. Therefore, the iron-based bearing material forms a layer of solid lubricating film on the friction surface under the synergistic action of the solid lubricant in the friction process, prevents direct contact between metals, and improves the friction and wear performance of the bearing material. Therefore, the iron-based bearing material has the oil lubrication effect of pore oil storage separation and the solid lubrication effect of a solid lubrication component in the friction process, and can ensure the excellent self-lubrication performance of the bearing material under the complex and severe lubrication working condition.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
In this embodiment, the iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore-forming and lubrication enhancement is composed of the following components in terms of the addition amount per hundred grams: 85g of iron powder, 7g of copper powder, 0.6g of expanded graphite powder, 2.6g of nickel powder, 2g of ammonium molybdate powder, 2g of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8g of zinc stearate powder.
The invention discloses an in-situ pore-forming and lubrication-enhanced iron-based bearing material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) mixing materials: according to the formula, the proportioned raw material powder is loaded into a powder mixing tank of a ball mill and mixed for 2 hours in argon atmosphere, and the powder mixing ball material ratio is 5: 1, rotating speed of 200 r/min; (2) pressing: feeding the treated material into a product mold of a press, and pressing the material into a green body under the pressure of 650 MPa; (3) and (3) sintering: sintering in a pressure sintering furnace under the protection of hydrogen atmosphere to obtain a sintered material; the sintering temperature is 1140 ℃, and the sintering time is 2 hours; (4) oil immersion: and (3) carrying out vacuum oil immersion on the sintering material, wherein the vacuum pressure value is not more than 8KPa, and the oil immersion time is 1 h.
The iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication obtained in the embodiment: the oil content is 14%, and the material hardness is 82 HRB. The obtained iron-based bearing material is subjected to a friction and wear experiment in an HDM-10 type end face friction and wear testing machine, the upper sample material is 40Cr with the hardness of 52HRC, lubricating oil is not additionally added in the experiment process, and the rotating speed is set to 735 r/min. The test loads are respectively 500N and 2000N, after the friction and wear test, the average friction coefficients under the two loads are respectively 0.075 and 0.112, and the grinding scar depths are respectively 0.007mm and 0.023 mm.
Example 2
In this embodiment, the iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore-forming and lubrication enhancement is composed of the following components in terms of the addition amount per hundred grams: 84g of iron powder, 6g of copper powder, 0.6g of expanded graphite powder, 2.6g of nickel powder, 3g of ammonium molybdate powder, 3g of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8g of zinc stearate powder.
The preparation method of the material of this example is the same as that of the first example.
The iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication obtained in the embodiment: the oil content is 15 percent, and the material hardness is 80 HRB. The obtained iron-based bearing material is subjected to a friction and wear test in an HDM-10 type end face friction and wear testing machine, the upper sample material is 40Cr with the hardness of 52HRC, lubricating oil is not additionally added in the test process, and the rotating speed is set to 735 r/min. The test loads are respectively 500N and 2000N, after the friction and wear test, the average friction coefficients under the two loads are respectively 0.068 and 0.092, and the grinding crack depths are respectively 0.006mm and 0.020 mm.
Example 3
In this embodiment, the iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore-forming and lubrication enhancement is composed of the following components in terms of the addition amount per hundred grams: 82g of iron powder, 6g of copper powder, 0.6g of expanded graphite powder, 2.6g of nickel powder, 4g of ammonium molybdate powder, 4g of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8g of zinc stearate powder.
The preparation method of the material of this example is the same as that of the first example.
The iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication obtained in the embodiment: the oil content is 18 percent, and the material hardness is 76 HRB. The obtained iron-based bearing material is subjected to a friction and wear experiment in an HDM-10 type end face friction and wear testing machine, the upper sample material is 40Cr with the hardness of 52HRC, lubricating oil is not additionally added in the experiment process, and the rotating speed is set to 735 r/min. The test loads are respectively 500N and 2000N, after the friction and wear test, the average friction coefficients under the two loads are respectively 0.047 and 0.119, and the depth of the grinding crack is respectively 0.004mm and 0.028 mm.
Example 4
In this embodiment, the iron-based bearing material with in-situ pore-forming and lubrication enhancement is composed of the following components in terms of the addition amount per hundred grams: 81g of iron powder, 8g of copper powder, 0.4g of expanded graphite powder, 2g of nickel powder, 4g of ammonium molybdate powder, 4g of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.6g of zinc stearate powder.
The preparation method of the material of this example is the same as that of the first example.
The iron-based bearing material with enhanced in-situ pore-forming and lubrication obtained in the embodiment: the oil content is 16%, and the material hardness is 79 HRB. The obtained iron-based bearing material is subjected to a friction and wear experiment in an HDM-10 type end face friction and wear testing machine, the upper sample material is 40Cr with the hardness of 52HRC, lubricating oil is not additionally added in the experiment process, and the rotating speed is set to 735 r/min. The test loads are respectively 500N and 2000N, after the friction and wear test, the average friction coefficients under the two loads are respectively 0.056 and 0.104, and the grinding crack depths are respectively 0.005mm and 0.022 mm.
Table 1 is a comparison table of the performance of the iron-based bearing material obtained in the above four embodiments of the present invention and the existing ordinary iron-based bearing material in the market. The conditions for the frictional wear test of the conventional iron-based bearing material were the same as those in the previous examples.
TABLE 1 comparison of properties of iron-based bearing materials
As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the common iron-based bearing material, the iron-based bearing material of the invention has the advantages that the oil content and the hardness are improved to different degrees, and the friction and wear properties (friction coefficient and grinding trace depth) are obviously improved:
first, compared with the oil content of the common iron-based bearing material, the oil content of the four materials of example 1, example 2, example 3 and example 4 is respectively improved by 17%, 25%, 50% and 33%.
Secondly, compared with the hardness of the common iron-based bearing material, the hardness of the four materials of the embodiment 1, the embodiment 2, the embodiment 3 and the embodiment 4 is respectively improved by 9 percent, 7 percent, 1 percent and 5 percent.
Thirdly, compared with the friction coefficient of the common iron-based bearing material, the friction coefficients of the four materials of the embodiment 1, the embodiment 2, the embodiment 3 and the embodiment 4 are respectively reduced by 9%, 17%, 43% and 32% at 500N; at 2000N, the friction coefficients of the four materials of example 1, example 2, example 3 and example 4 were reduced by 10%, 26%, 5% and 17%, respectively.
Fourthly, compared with the grinding crack depth of the common iron-based bearing material, the grinding crack depths of the four materials of the embodiment 1, the embodiment 2, the embodiment 3 and the embodiment 4 are respectively reduced by 22 percent, 33 percent, 56 percent and 44 percent when the grinding crack depth is 500N; at 2000N, the wear scar depths of the four materials of example 1, example 2, example 3 and example 4 were reduced by 28%, 38%, 13% and 31%, respectively.
According to the invention, the composite pore-forming agent is optimized, the composite pore-forming agent is heated and decomposed into gas in the preparation process, the in-situ pore-forming function of the material is realized, meanwhile, other products of the decomposition of the pore-forming agent react with the bearing substrate material to synthesize solid lubricating components, oil is stored in pores and separated out to provide the oil self-lubricating effect during working, even if oil is pressed into the pores under heavy load working conditions, the in-situ self-generated solid lubricating components in the bearing material can play an effective role in lubricating and supplementing, and participate in the lubricating process together with lubricating oil, so that the liquid-solid synergistic self-lubricating effect is realized, the application range of the bearing material is widened, and the comprehensive economic benefit is improved. Of course, the iron-based bearing material of the present invention may also include more embodiments within the above range according to actual needs, and the present invention is not limited to the above specific embodiments.
Claims (9)
1. An in-situ pore-forming and lubrication-enhanced iron-based bearing material is characterized in that: the material formula comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 80-88% of iron powder, 5-10% of copper powder, 0.4-0.8% of expanded graphite powder, 2-3% of nickel powder, 2-4% of ammonium molybdate powder, 2-4% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.5-1.2% of zinc stearate powder.
2. The iron-based bearing material according to claim 1, wherein: the material formula preferably comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 85% of iron powder, 7% of copper powder, 0.6% of expanded graphite powder, 2.6% of nickel powder, 2% of ammonium molybdate powder, 2% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8% of zinc stearate powder.
3. The iron-based bearing material according to claim 1, wherein: the material formula preferably comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 84% of iron powder, 6% of copper powder, 0.6% of expanded graphite powder, 2.6% of nickel powder, 3% of ammonium molybdate powder, 3% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8% of zinc stearate powder.
4. The iron-based bearing material according to claim 1, wherein: the material formula preferably comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 82% of iron powder, 6% of copper powder, 0.6% of expanded graphite powder, 2.6% of nickel powder, 4% of ammonium molybdate powder, 4% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.8% of zinc stearate powder.
5. The iron-based bearing material according to claim 1, wherein: the material formula preferably comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 81% of iron powder, 8% of copper powder, 0.4% of expanded graphite powder, 2% of nickel powder, 4% of ammonium molybdate powder, 4% of ammonium thiomolybdate powder and 0.6% of zinc stearate powder.
6. An iron-based bearing material according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein: the particle size of the expanded graphite powder is 70-100 mu m, and the ammonium molybdate powder ((NH)4)2MoO4) With ammonium thiomolybdate powder ((NH)4)2MoS4) The particle size of (A) is 30 to 60 μm.
7. An iron-based bearing material according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein: the ammonium molybdate powder and the ammonium thiomolybdate powder play a role of a composite pore-forming agent in the material sintering process, the pore diameter of in-situ pore-forming after the pore-forming agent is decomposed is 10-50 mu m, and the porosity is 14-20%.
8. The iron-based bearing material according to claim 1, wherein: the oil content of the material is 12-19%, and the hardness of the material is 75-85 HRB.
9. A method of making an iron-based bearing material as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the steps of:
(1) mixing materials: according to the formula, the proportioned raw material powder is loaded into a powder mixing tank of a ball mill and mixed for 1-3 h in argon atmosphere, and the powder mixing ball material ratio is 5: 1, rotating speed of 200 r/min;
(2) pressing: the processed material is sent into a product die of a press and pressed into a green body under the pressure of 600MPa to 700 MPa;
(3) and (3) sintering: sintering in a pressure sintering furnace under the protection of hydrogen atmosphere to obtain a sintered material; the sintering temperature is 1050-1180 ℃, and the sintering time is 2 hours;
(4) oil immersion: and (3) carrying out vacuum oil immersion on the sintering material, wherein the vacuum pressure value is not more than 8KPa, and the oil immersion time is 0.5-1 h.
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