CN113346164B - Intelligent flexible preheating method and system for power battery of electric automobile in cold region - Google Patents
Intelligent flexible preheating method and system for power battery of electric automobile in cold region Download PDFInfo
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- CN113346164B CN113346164B CN202110553682.9A CN202110553682A CN113346164B CN 113346164 B CN113346164 B CN 113346164B CN 202110553682 A CN202110553682 A CN 202110553682A CN 113346164 B CN113346164 B CN 113346164B
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/61—Types of temperature control
- H01M10/615—Heating or keeping warm
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
- B60L58/27—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by heating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/62—Heating or cooling; Temperature control specially adapted for specific applications
- H01M10/625—Vehicles
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
- H01M10/633—Control systems characterised by algorithms, flow charts, software details or the like
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/60—Heating or cooling; Temperature control
- H01M10/63—Control systems
- H01M10/637—Control systems characterised by the use of reversible temperature-sensitive devices, e.g. NTC, PTC or bimetal devices; characterised by control of the internal current flowing through the cells, e.g. by switching
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Abstract
The invention provides an intelligent flexible preheating method and system for a power battery of an electric automobile in a cold region, which are used for acquiring temperature information of the battery, calculating the required frequency of an alternating current preheater by combining historical information and a target temperature, and preheating the battery by using the alternating current preheater according to the required frequency; the calculation principle of the frequency required by the alternating current preheater is that if the target preheating rate is greater than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating rate of the battery is increased, and if the target preheating rate is less than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating speed of the battery is reduced until the error convergence is zero. The invention can adjust the magnitude of the alternating current in a segmented way according to the previous period and the required preheating rate, has good internal temperature uniformity of the battery and has better robustness and reliability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of battery control, and particularly relates to an intelligent flexible preheating method and system for a power battery of an electric automobile in a cold region.
Background
The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not necessarily constitute prior art.
The battery of the new energy automobile is the key of the whole power system. However, in cold climates, the energy and power characteristics of lithium ion batteries can be severely degraded, affecting the cycle life and safety of the batteries. In order to improve the low-temperature performance of the power battery, the battery needs to be preheated.
The existing low-temperature preheating technology of the battery can be divided into an internal preheating method and an external preheating method. The external preheating method utilizes an external heat source to realize battery preheating from the outside, but the preheating rate is often low, and a large gradient is easily formed in the battery, so that the inconsistency of the battery is increased, and the service life of the battery is shortened. The internal preheating method is characterized in that heat is generated from the inside of the battery cell by using the internal resistance of the battery in the charging and discharging processes, the temperature consistency is good, and the internal preheating method has the advantages of high preheating speed, high efficiency and the like.
The chinese invention patent application (application No. 201910032329.9) proposes an internal preheating circuit and a preheating method for a lithium battery alternating current, which realizes rapid internal preheating of the battery in a low temperature state, and although the preheating speed is significantly increased compared with external preheating, damage to the battery is not considered, and only mechanical cyclic charging and discharging of the battery utilizes internal resistance to generate heat, and no restriction is made on the amplitude and frequency of current, so that comprehensive optimization of the alternating current preheating cannot be realized.
Currently, boost-buck converter based on onboard ac preheaters are widely used due to high efficiency and good consistency. However, for ac preheaters, a key but challenging issue is how to control the preheat current to meet the preheat rate without damaging the battery.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides an intelligent flexible preheating method and system for a power battery of an electric automobile in a cold region to solve the problems.
According to some embodiments, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
an intelligent flexible preheating method for a power battery of an electric automobile in a cold region comprises the following steps:
acquiring temperature information of the battery, calculating the required frequency of the alternating current preheater by combining historical information and a target temperature, and preheating the battery by using the alternating current preheater according to the required frequency;
the calculation principle of the frequency required by the alternating current preheater is as follows: and if the target preheating rate is greater than the preheating rate of the previous period, accelerating the preheating rate of the battery, and if the target preheating rate is less than the preheating rate of the previous period, slowing down the preheating rate of the battery until the error convergence is zero.
In an alternative embodiment, during the preheating process, the amplitude of the alternating current preheater is controlled to be smaller than the ratio of the balance potential of the negative electrode to the impedance mode of the battery.
As an alternative embodiment, the desired frequency is:
where γ represents a defined high gain constant, Δ tK-1Is the preheating period, Δ TK-1Is the increased temperature of the previous cycle, TtIs the target temperature, also the end temperature of the Kth cycle, TkIs the initial temperature of the Kth cycle, ttAt the end of the Kth cycle, tKIs the initial time of the kth period.
The utility model provides a cold district electric automobile power battery intelligence flexible system of preheating, includes:
the acquisition module is used for acquiring temperature information of the battery;
the control module is configured to calculate the required frequency of the alternating current preheater by combining the historical information and the target temperature, the required frequency is calculated according to the principle that if the target preheating rate is larger than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating rate of the battery is increased, and if the target preheating rate is smaller than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating speed of the battery is reduced;
and the alternating current preheater is connected with the control module and preheats the battery according to the calculated required frequency.
As an alternative embodiment, the acquisition module is a BMS.
As an alternative embodiment, the ac preheater is a boost-buck converter based ac preheater.
In an alternative embodiment, the ac preheater includes two parallel boost-buck converter arms, each boost-buck converter arm includes an inductor having one end connected to a midpoint of the battery and the other end connected to a midpoint of the switching tube, and two switching tubes connected to the inductor.
By way of further limitation, the buck-boost converter arm is driven by a pair of complementary PWM signals having a phase shift angle of 180 ° and a duty cycle of 50%.
As a further limitation, the inductance is 5-15 muH.
In an alternative embodiment, the ac current amplitude of the ac pre-heater is less than the ratio of the equilibrium potential of the negative electrode to the battery impedance mode.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the intelligent preheating control method based on the high-gain incremental controller can adjust the magnitude of the alternating current in a segmented mode according to the previous period and the required preheating rate.
The preheating method provided by the invention can self-preheat the interior of the lithium ion battery, and the uniformity of the temperature of the interior of the lithium ion battery is good.
According to the invention, the battery is preheated to the specified temperature at the highest speed on the premise of not damaging the battery by generating smaller alternating current at a lower temperature and generating larger alternating current at a higher temperature.
The invention can effectively preheat the low-temperature battery under different conditions without a complex battery model, and has stronger robustness and higher reliability.
In order to make the aforementioned and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, preferred embodiments accompanied with figures are described in detail below.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a buck-boost converter based interleaved parallel AC preheater;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of four operating states in a switching cycle;
FIG. 3 is a theoretical waveform for four operating states;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the controller warm-up process (a) at a higher initial switching frequency (b) at a lower initial switching frequency;
FIG. 5 is a relationship between an effective value of a preheating current and a switching frequency;
FIG. 6 is a high gain incremental control schematic;
FIG. 7 is a graph of the temperature change of a battery at different gains;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the variation of the switching frequency for different gains;
fig. 9 is a graph showing the variation of the effective current value at different gains.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the temperature change of a battery at different heating times;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the variation of the switching frequency for different heating times;
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the variation of the effective current values at different heating times.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the invention is further described with reference to the following figures and examples.
It is to be understood that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of exemplary embodiments according to the invention. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, devices, components, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
As shown in fig. 1, the present embodiment employs a boost-buck converter based interleaved parallel ac preheater adapted for two battery modules in series.
The interleaved parallel ac pre-heater topology, as shown in fig. 2, drives two boost-buck converter arms using a pair of complementary PWM signals (fig. 3) with a phase shift angle of 180 ° and a 50% duty cycle. In which the synchronous switch Q is turned on in half a cycle1And Q4And the other half cycle turns on the synchronous switch Q2And Q3In view of this, when battery M1 is warmed up by the first/second converter, battery M2 will be warmed up by the second/second converter. Therefore, the batteries M1 and M2 can generate heat through ohm all the time to self-preheat, the preheating speed is further improved, and the heat diffusion is reduced.
Selecting parameters of an alternating current preheater:
(1) the inductance determines the switching frequency and the preheating current, which affects the size and the cost of the alternating current preheater, if the inductance is too small, the switching frequency is relatively larger, and the circuit scale is smaller; however, too small an inductor does not achieve ac preheating well, so the inductor is selected to be 5-15 muh.
(2) After the inductance is selected, the switching frequency can be determined according to the magnitude of the preheating current, however, in order to prevent damage to the battery, the amplitude of the preheating current needs to ensure that the lithium precipitation does not occur on the negative electrode of the battery, and the Newman electrochemical theory uses the battery overpotential eta to represent the lithium precipitation condition inside the battery
η＝φs-φl-Ue
Wherein phisIs a solid phase on the surface of the negative electrodelIs a liquid phase of the negative electrode surface, UeThe equilibrium potential of the negative electrode is usually 0.1V.
The boundary condition of lithium analysis is obtained by analyzing the sedimentation mechanism of the lithium battery and the equivalent circuit model of the battery
Where A is the maximum theoretical amplitude of the AC preheat current and Z is the battery impedance mode. From the above formula, it can be seen that when the amplitude of the alternating current is smaller than UeThe/| Z | does not produce lithium extraction, the warm-up strategy does not damage the battery, and the maximum value of the ac warm-up current increases with increasing warm-up frequency, since | Z | decreases with increasing frequency.
(3) Voltage stress of switch
VdsRepresenting the drain-source voltage, V, of the MOSFETM1And VM2Represents the voltage, L, of the batteries M1 and M2PIs the parasitic inductance of the circuit and,
indicating the rate of change of the current. The appropriate voltage stress can be obtained by the lithium extraction formula.
According to kirchhoff's current law, the ac model for a battery can be expressed as:
wherein L is inductance, TSWDenotes the switching period, ReqThe equivalent resistance for the loop can be expressed as
Req＝RL+RDS(on)+RM (2)
Wherein R isLIs an inductive resistance, RDS(on)Is the static drain-source on-resistance, R, of a MOSFETMIs the internal resistance of the battery.
Assuming that the two battery modules have the same open circuit voltage and internal resistance, the charging current amplitude of one of the battery modules is equal to the discharging current amplitude, and is:
as shown in (1) and (3), during a switching cycle, the ac model can be expressed as:
wherein f isSWRepresenting the switching frequency, fSW＝1/TSW。
In summary, the effective value of the current is
It can be seen from equation (5) that the effective value of the preheat current is proportional to the open circuit voltage and inversely proportional to the equivalent resistance; at the same inductance L, the switching frequency f can be reducedSWTo increase the effective value of the current.
The main purpose of the controller is to preheat the low temperature battery to the target temperature in a given time. Obviously, the target of the preheating rate as the tracking target is better than the target of the temperature due to the larger temperature inertia. Furthermore, according to equation (5), the preheat current is a monotonic function to the switching frequency, and therefore, it can be used as the control input required by our controller.
As shown in fig. 4, the preheating process of the controller is schematically shown, the solid line represents the preheating trace, and the angle between the dotted line and the horizontal line represents the preheating rate. f. ofKIndicating the current frequency, fK-1Indicating the frequency of the last time instant. Δ tK-1Is the preheating period, Δ TK-1The increased temperature of the previous cycle.
The target preheat rate may be expressed as:
the preheating rate in the K-1 th cycle is as follows,
tracking error of Kth cycle
Since the preheating current is inversely proportional to the switching frequency, the preheating frequency of the battery can be designed as follows:
where γ >0 represents a certain high gain constant, it can be seen from the equation that if the target warm-up rate is greater than the warm-up rate of the previous cycle, the switching frequency will be decreased, thereby accelerating the warm-up rate of the battery. Conversely, if the target warm-up rate is less than the warm-up rate of the previous cycle, the switching frequency is increased to slow down the battery warm-up speed, and eventually, the tracking error will converge to zero.
As shown in fig. 5, the effective value of the preheat current is inversely proportional to the switching frequency.
As shown in fig. 6, the operation principle of the controller is as follows: the BMS acquires temperature information of the battery and transmits the temperature information to the controller, the controller calculates the required frequency of the alternating current preheater by combining the historical information and the target temperature, and the alternating current preheater is controlled to preheat the battery according to the required frequency.
As shown in fig. 7, the different gains of the controllers and the battery temperature variation curves under different gains result in corresponding adjustments of the switching frequency and the effective value of the current, and the larger the gain is, the faster the medium-term temperature variation is, the smaller the gain is, and the slower the medium-term temperature variation is, but all the target temperatures are reached within a specified time.
As shown in fig. 8, the variation curve of the switching frequency with time under different gains is that the gain of the controller is large and the switching frequency required in the early stage is smaller. Conversely, the controller gain is small and the required switching frequency is larger in the early stage. However, when the temperature is close to the target temperature, the switching frequency can be adaptively adjusted according to the actual temperature, and the robustness to the conditions of different gains is stronger.
As shown in fig. 9, the current effective value varies with time under different gains, and the larger the controller gain, the larger the current effective value required in the early stage. Conversely, the smaller the controller gain, the smaller the current effective value required in the early stage. It is thus also verified that the switching frequency is inversely proportional to the effective value of the current.
As shown in fig. 10, the battery temperature variation curves at different heating times and the required heating times are different, which may result in corresponding adjustment of the switching frequency and the current effective value, the heating time is long, and the temperature variation is slow; the heating time is short, the temperature change is fast, but the target temperature is reached within the designated time.
As shown in fig. 11, the switching frequency varies with time for different heating times, and the switching frequency required in the early stage is larger as the heating time is longer. Conversely, the shorter the heating time, the lower the required switching frequency at the early stage. However, when the temperature approaches the target temperature, the switching frequency can be adaptively adjusted according to the actual temperature, and the robustness is strong for different situations.
As shown in fig. 12, the effective current value varies with time at different heating times, and the longer the heating time, the smaller the effective current value required in the previous period. Conversely, the shorter the heating time, the larger the effective value of the current required in the early stage. It is thus also verified that the switching frequency is inversely proportional to the effective value of the current.
As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a method, system, or computer program product. Accordingly, the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects. Furthermore, the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied on one or more computer-usable storage media (including, but not limited to, disk storage, CD-ROM, optical storage, and the like) having computer-usable program code embodied therein.
The present invention has been described with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each flow and/or block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of flows and/or blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, embedded processor, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the flowchart flow or flows and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made without inventive efforts by those skilled in the art based on the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. An intelligent flexible preheating method for a power battery of an electric automobile in a cold region comprises the following steps:
acquiring temperature information of the battery, calculating the required frequency of the alternating current preheater by combining historical information and a target temperature, and preheating the battery by using the alternating current preheater according to the required frequency;
the calculation principle of the frequency required by the alternating current preheater is that if the target preheating rate is greater than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating rate of the battery is increased, and if the target preheating rate is less than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating speed of the battery is reduced until the error convergence is zero;
the desired frequency is
Wherein f isKIndicating the current frequency, fK-1Representing the frequency at the previous moment, gamma >0 representing a certain high gain constant, Δ tK-1Is the preheating period, Δ TK-1Is the increased temperature of the previous cycle, TtIs the target temperature, also the end temperature of the Kth cycle, TkIs the initial temperature of the Kth cycle, ttAt the end of the Kth cycle, tKIs the initial time of the Kth cycle, eK(t) is an error;
the alternating current preheater is based on a boost-buck converter.
2. The intelligent flexible preheating method for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and in the preheating process, controlling the amplitude of the alternating current preheater to be smaller than the ratio of the balance potential of the cathode to the impedance mode of the battery.
3. The utility model provides a cold district electric automobile power battery intelligence flexible system of preheating, includes:
the acquisition module is used for acquiring temperature information of the battery;
the control module is configured to calculate the required frequency of the alternating current preheater by combining the historical information and the target temperature, the required frequency is calculated according to the principle that if the target preheating rate is larger than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating rate of the battery is increased, and if the target preheating rate is smaller than the preheating rate of the previous period, the preheating speed of the battery is reduced;
the alternating current preheater is connected with the control module and preheats the battery according to the calculated required frequency;
the desired frequency is
Wherein f isKIndicating the current frequency, fK-1Representing the frequency at the previous moment, gamma >0 representing a certain high gain constant, Δ tK-1Is the preheating period, Δ TK-1Is the increased temperature of the previous cycle, TtIs the target temperature, also the end temperature of the Kth cycle, TkIs the initial temperature of the Kth cycle, ttAt the end of the Kth cycle, tKIs the initial time of the Kth cycle, eK(t) is the error;
the alternating current preheater is based on a boost-buck converter.
4. The intelligent flexible preheating system for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the acquisition module is BMS.
5. The intelligent flexible preheating system for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the alternating current preheater comprises two boosting-voltage reducing conversion arms which are connected in parallel, each boosting-voltage reducing conversion arm comprises an inductor and two switching tubes, one end of the inductor is connected to the midpoint of the battery, the other end of the inductor is connected to the midpoint of the switching tube, and the two switching tubes are connected with the inductor.
6. The intelligent flexible preheating system for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the up-down conversion arm is driven by a pair of complementary PWM signals having a phase shift angle of 180 ° and a duty cycle of 50%.
7. The intelligent flexible preheating system for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 5, wherein: the inductance is 5-15 muH; alternatively, the effective value of the preheat current is inversely proportional to the switching frequency.
8. The intelligent flexible preheating system for the power battery of the electric automobile in the cold region as claimed in claim 3, wherein: and the amplitude of the alternating current preheater is smaller than the ratio of the balance potential of the cathode to the battery impedance mode.
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