CN113295597A - Testing device and testing method for simulating characteristics of ballast particles under cyclic loading action - Google Patents
Testing device and testing method for simulating characteristics of ballast particles under cyclic loading action Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
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- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
- G01N15/082—Investigating permeability by forcing a fluid through a sample
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/32—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces
- G01N3/36—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying repeated or pulsating forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic means
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0001—Type of application of the stress
- G01N2203/0005—Repeated or cyclic
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0014—Type of force applied
- G01N2203/0016—Tensile or compressive
- G01N2203/0019—Compressive
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/003—Generation of the force
- G01N2203/0042—Pneumatic or hydraulic means
- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/02—Details not specific for a particular testing method
- G01N2203/022—Environment of the test
- G01N2203/023—Pressure
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Abstract
The invention discloses a device and a method for testing the characteristics of ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic loading, and the device and the method comprise a collecting box, wherein one side of the collecting box is communicated with a test model system, the top of the test model system is connected with an axial loading device, one side of the test model system is communicated with a water level control system, the axial loading device and one side of the test model system are communicated with a data acquisition system, the axial loading device comprises a loading cross beam, and the device and the method belong to the technical field of railway track safety. According to the invention, the research on the internal viscous flow characteristic and the water-force coupling characteristic of the bottom ballast particles can be realized through the test model system, and the simulation of the train load is realized through the axial loading device, so that the viscous flow characteristic in the bottom ballast filler and the water-force coupling characteristic of the bottom ballast particles under the action of the circulating load can be researched by using the test device, the research on the characteristic of the bottom ballast particles under the pollution phenomenon is realized, and the cognition on the hydraulics characteristic of the bottom ballast particles is favorably improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of railway track safety, and particularly relates to a device and a method for testing the characteristics of ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic load.
Background
In order to meet the requirement of track safety, a railway bottom ballast layer is generally required to be paved on a bottom layer, has multiple functions of a holding layer, a drainage layer, a filtering layer and the like, and is an important structural component of a ballast track.
In the prior art, bottom ballast particles are crushed and pulverized under the load of a train or invaded by external fine particles (such as foundation fine-grained soil filler forms viscous fluid under the softening of water and invades a bottom ballast layer under the driving of the load of the train), further leading to the pollution of the bottom ballast, filling fine particles in pores of the polluted bottom ballast, seriously affecting the bearing capacity, drainage and filtration performance of the bottom ballast, and the study on the viscosity-flow characteristic inside the bottom ballast filler under the action of the circulating load and the water-force coupling characteristic of the bottom ballast particles at present is difficult to realize the tests of the circulating load application and the water pressure seepage at the same time, therefore, a test device capable of realizing the viscous flow characteristic and the water-force coupling characteristic of the ballast particles under the action of the circulating load is needed to be designed, the test method based on the test device is also the direction for realizing the research on the characteristics of the railway bottom ballast particles.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to: the device and the method for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic load are provided in order to solve the problem that tests of cyclic load application and water pressure seepage are difficult to realize simultaneously by researching the viscosity-flow characteristics and the water-force coupling characteristics of the ballast fillers under the action of the cyclic load.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a ballast particle characteristic test device for simulating a bottom under a cyclic loading effect comprises a collecting box, wherein one side of the collecting box is communicated with a test model system through a pipeline, an axial loading device is fixedly installed at the top of the test model system, one side of the test model system is communicated with a water level control system, and the axial loading device and one side of the test model system are communicated with a data acquisition system;
the axial loading device comprises a loading beam, loading frame stand columns are arranged on two sides of the loading beam, a loading base is fixedly connected between the bottom ends of the loading frame stand columns on the two sides, the loading base is fixedly placed on an external test surface, a loading rod is connected in the loading beam in a sliding mode, a loading sensor is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the loading rod, the bottom end of the loading sensor is attached to a bottom test sample, a displacement sensor is fixedly connected to one side of the loading rod, and the loading sensor and the displacement sensor are both in communication connection with a data acquisition system.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the test model system comprises a sample cylinder, a loading plate is connected in the sample cylinder in a sliding manner, the top of the loading plate is attached to the bottom of a load sensor, an upper aluminum alloy plate is attached to the top of the loading plate, the upper aluminum alloy plate is connected with a guide post through a guide bolt, a pore water pressure sensor and a soil movement pressure sensor are installed on an opening in the side wall of the sample cylinder, a lower aluminum alloy plate is attached to the bottom of the upper aluminum alloy plate, four corners of the upper aluminum alloy plate and four corners of the lower aluminum alloy plate are connected with a base through support rods, the support rods are located on the peripheral side of the sample cylinder, the top end of each support rod is limited by the upper aluminum alloy plate through bolts, a water inlet valve is fixedly installed on one side of the base and communicated with a water level control system, an opening communicated with the water inlet valve is formed in the upper surface of the base, and supports are arranged at the four corners of the lower part of the base, a water outlet valve is embedded in the top of the upper aluminum alloy plate and communicated with the collecting box;
the water level control system comprises a water tank, a water outlet on one side of the lower portion of the water tank is connected with a water inlet of the test model system through a hose, a flow sensor is installed between the water outlet and the water inlet, the upper portion of the water tank is connected with an external water source through a pipeline, the water tank is connected with an air compressor through an upper air inlet valve, and a pressure controller is arranged on one side of the air compressor.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the data acquisition system is used for acquiring physical signals acquired by the load sensor, the displacement sensor, the pore water pressure sensor, the soil movement pressure sensor and the flow sensor in the test process, converting the physical signals into digital signals and storing the digital signals, and the data acquisition system displays data through the display screen of the test end and stores the data at the same time.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
loading pole one side fixedly connected with axial actuator, axial actuator one side intercommunication has oil pressure controller, oil pressure controller bottom intercommunication has the oil supply, and the intussuseption of oil supply is filled with hydraulic oil, and the cover is equipped with the loading cover between loading pole and the loading crossbeam, and the loading cover inlays and locates the loading crossbeam top.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the lower part aluminum alloy plate inner chamber cover is equipped with the sealing washer, the sealing washer lateral wall is laminated with sample section of thick bamboo inside wall one side top mutually, and the sealing washer inner chamber diameter equals with the diameter of lower aluminum alloy plate, the sealing washer is polytetrafluoroethylene elasticity packing ring.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the cross section shape of upper portion aluminum alloy plate and lower part aluminum alloy plate is the rectangle, and the inside opening cross section shape of upper portion aluminum alloy plate and lower part aluminum alloy plate is circular, and the thickness of upper portion aluminum alloy plate is greater than the thickness of lower part aluminum alloy plate.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the water tank is an organic glass cylinder, a stirring mechanism is arranged in the water tank, the stirring mechanism rotates through a driving motor, and the driving motor is fixedly installed on one side of the inner cavity of the water tank.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the sample cylinder is a high-strength transparent organic glass cylinder.
As a further description of the above technical solution:
the base lower part four corners all is equipped with the support, and the support cross section shape is the rectangle.
A bottom ballast particle characteristic test method for model cyclic loading specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, testing by a testing device, wherein the completeness and the sealing performance of the whole testing device are required to be checked before the test, a load sensor, a displacement sensor, a pore water pressure sensor, a soil movement pressure sensor and a flow sensor of the testing device are calibrated, and the basic mechanical properties and the particle gradation of a bottom ballast material used for the test are required to be measured before the test;
s2, preparing test conditions, namely paving two layers of permeable geotextile on the upper part of a base of a test model system before preparing a sample, opening a water inlet valve at the base to enable the liquid level in a sample cylinder to overflow the upper surface of the geotextile so as to discharge air in the water inlet pipe, closing the water inlet valve when no bubble emerges from a water inlet of the base, and uniformly coating vaseline on the inner wall of the sample cylinder, wherein the vaseline can reduce the friction force between a soil body and the inner wall and can avoid the generation of concentrated seepage;
s3, preparing a sample, wherein the sample is prepared by a layered tamping method, the height of each layer of drop hammer is controlled to be basically consistent as much as possible in the tamping process, the tamping times are basically the same, and the tamping times are determined according to the tamping times of the samples in the same batch;
s4, after sample preparation is completed, a loading plate, a lower aluminum alloy plate and an upper aluminum alloy plate are installed, and guiding assembly is carried out on the lower aluminum alloy plate and the upper aluminum alloy plate through guide rods;
s5, after a certain amount of viscous fluid is filled in the water tank, opening the lower stirring device to prevent the fluid from segregating, closing the water inlet valve, opening the air inlet valve of the water tank, pressurizing the fluid in the water tank according to a set pressure value, opening the water inlet valve of the test model system after the pressure value is stabilized, and simultaneously starting to apply dynamic load to the sample according to a set dynamic load amplitude and dynamic load frequency;
s6, collecting data, wherein the data collection system collects data of the load sensor, the displacement sensor, the pore water pressure sensor, the dynamic soil pressure sensor and the flow sensor in real time and records and stores data of axial force, axial deformation, dynamic pore water pressure, dynamic soil pressure and flow in the test process;
s7, collecting liquid, collecting outflow liquid at intervals in the test process, filling the liquid into a bottle, numbering and recording the collected time information, and analyzing the properties of the liquid at the later stage;
and S8, finishing the measurement, taking out the test sample in layers after the test is finished, measuring the particle grading of the bottom ballast material of each layer, and comparing and analyzing the particle grading with the particle grading before the test.
In summary, due to the adoption of the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, through the designed test device, the simulation of complex viscous flow can be realized through the water level control device, viscous flow under different pressures can be simulated through the air compressor and the pressure controller, flow measurement in the test process can be realized through the flowmeter between the water tank and the model cylinder, the research on the internal viscous flow characteristic of bottom ballast particles and the water-force coupling characteristic of the bottom ballast particles can be realized through a test model system, the simulation of train load is realized through the axial loading device, so that the research on the characteristic of the bottom ballast particles under the dirty phenomenon can be realized through the research on the viscous flow characteristic of bottom ballast fillers and the water-force coupling characteristic of the bottom ballast particles under the action of cyclic load by using the test device, and the cognition on the hydraulic characteristic of the bottom ballast particles is improved.
2. According to the invention, by the designed test model system, bottom ballast particles are filled in the test model system, the water inlet pipe at the lower part of the test model system allows viscous fluid in the water tank to enter a sample, and the viscous fluid flows upwards along the pores of the bottom ballast particles under the driving of cyclic load and the pressure of the viscous fluid and flows out of the upper water outlet pipe into the collection box. A dynamic pore water pressure sensor is installed on an opening in the side wall of the model cylinder, a dynamic soil pressure sensor is embedded in the filler in advance, and dynamic pore water pressure and dynamic soil pressure at different positions can be measured in the test process.
3. According to the invention, through the designed axial loading device, simulation of different train axle weights, namely dynamic stress amplitudes, train running speeds, namely dynamic stress frequencies, and different train running times, namely loading times can be carried out, the axial loading system is provided with the load sensor and the displacement sensor, axial force applied to bottom ballast particles in a test process and axial displacement generated in the test process can be measured, and the simulation accuracy of particle testing is effectively improved.
4. According to the invention, the viscous fluid flowing out of the test model system is collected by the collection box, the characteristics of the viscous fluid can be measured in the later period, and the real-time collection and recording of viscous flow, pore water pressure and soil movement pressure at different positions in bottom ballast particles, axial force borne by a sample and generated axial displacement data can be realized by the data collection and analysis system.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic three-dimensional structure diagram of a device and a method for testing the characteristics of ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic loading provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an elevation section structure of a device and a method for testing the characteristics of ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic loading provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an axial loading device of the testing device and the testing method for simulating the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the cyclic load, provided by the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a test model system of the device and the method for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load;
FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of an upper aluminum alloy plate part of a test model system of the device and the method for testing the characteristics of ballast particles under the action of simulated cyclic loading provided by the invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a base part of a test model system of the device and the method for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load;
fig. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of a water level control system of the device and the method for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load.
Illustration of the drawings:
1. a collection box; 2. an axial loading device; 21. a loading rod; 22. loading a beam; 23. loading frame upright posts; 24. loading a base; 25. an axial actuator; 26. a displacement sensor; 27. a load sensor; 28. a source of oil; 29. an oil pressure controller; 3. a test model system; 311. a lower aluminum alloy plate; 312. an upper aluminum alloy plate; 313. a water outlet valve; 314. a guide post; 315. a loading plate; 316. a guide bolt; 317. a support bar; 318. a seal ring; 321. a soil movement pressure sensor; 322. a sample cartridge; 323. a base; 324. a support; 325. a pore water pressure sensor; 326. a water inlet valve; 4. a water level control system; 41. a flow sensor; 42. a water tank; 43. a pressure controller; 44. an air compressor; 5. a data acquisition system.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-7, the present invention provides a technical solution: a ballast particle characteristic test device for simulating a cyclic load action bottom comprises a collecting box 1, wherein one side of the collecting box 1 is communicated with a test model system 3, the top of the test model system 3 is connected with an axial loading device 2, one side of the test model system 3 is communicated with a water level control system 4, and one side of the axial loading device 2 and one side of the test model system 3 are communicated with a data acquisition system 5;
the axial loading device 2 comprises a loading cross beam 22, two sides of the loading cross beam 22 are fixedly connected with loading bases 24 through loading frame columns 23, a loading rod 21 is connected in the loading cross beam 22 in a sliding mode, the bottom of an oil pressure controller 29 is communicated with an oil source 28, the bottom end of the loading rod 21 is fixedly connected with a loading sensor 27, and one side of the loading rod 21 is fixedly connected with a displacement sensor 26;
the test model system 3 comprises a sample cylinder 322, a loading plate 315 is slidably connected in the sample cylinder 322, the top of the loading plate 315 is attached to the bottom of a load sensor 27, an upper aluminum alloy plate 312 is attached to the top of the loading plate 315, the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 is connected with a guide column 314 through a guide bolt 316, a pore water pressure sensor 325 and a soil movement pressure sensor 321 are installed at the opening of the side wall of the sample cylinder 322, a lower aluminum alloy plate 311 is attached to the bottom of the upper aluminum alloy plate 312, four corners of the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 and the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 are connected with a base 323 through support rods 317, the support rods 317 are located on the peripheral side of the sample cylinder 322, the top end of each support rod 317 is limited with the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 through a bolt, a water inlet valve 326 is fixedly installed on one side of the base 323, the water inlet valve 326 is communicated with a water level control system 4, and an opening communicated with the water inlet valve 326 is formed on the upper surface of the base 323, and the four corners of the lower part of the base 323 are respectively provided with a support 324, the top of the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 is embedded with a water outlet valve 313, and the water outlet valve 313 is communicated with the collecting box 1.
The water level control system 4 comprises a water tank 42, a water outlet on one side of the lower part of the water tank 42 is connected with a water inlet of the test model system 3 through a hose, a flow sensor 41 is arranged between the water outlet and the water inlet, the upper part of the water tank 42 is connected with an external water source through a pipeline, the water tank 42 is connected with an air compressor 44 through an upper air inlet valve, one side of the air compressor 44 is provided with a pressure controller 43, one side of the loading rod 21 is fixedly connected with an axial actuator 25, one side of the axial actuator 25 is communicated with an oil pressure controller 29, the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 is sleeved outside a sample cylinder 322 through a sealing ring 318, the diameter of an inner cavity of the sealing ring 318 is equal to that of the lower aluminum alloy plate, the cross sections of the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 and the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 are rectangular, and the cross sections of the inner openings of the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 and the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 are circular, the water tank 42 is an organic glass cylinder, a stirring mechanism is arranged in the water tank 42, the sample cylinder 322 is a high-strength transparent organic glass cylinder, the four corners of the lower part of the base 323 are provided with support seats 324, and the cross section of each support seat 324 is rectangular.
The implementation mode is specifically as follows: the collecting box 1 is a PVC water tank 42 which mainly collects liquid flowing out from a water outlet valve 313 of a test model system 3 in a test process to facilitate the subsequent determination of the properties of the flowing liquid, a loading beam 22 is connected on a loading upright post, the height of the loading beam 22 can be adjusted to adapt to samples with different heights, an oil source 28 can be controlled by an oil pressure controller 29 to provide reliable hydraulic power, then static and dynamic loads with different forms can be output by an axial actuator 25, a load sensor 27 can accurately measure the magnitude of the output load, a displacement sensor 26 can measure axial displacement generated in the loading process, a loading plate 315 is made of high-strength steel and can uniformly apply the dynamic load on the samples, an upper aluminum alloy plate 312 can be detached in the sample preparation process, a sealing ring 318 is arranged at the joint of the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 and a sample barrel 322, and a part of the aluminum alloy plate is connected with a guide post 314 through bolts, the sample cylinder 322 is made of high-strength transparent organic glass, a pore water pressure sensor 325 and a soil movement pressure sensor 321 are installed on an opening of the side wall of the sample cylinder 322, water in the water tank 42 flows into the sample through the water inlet valve 326 and an opening of the upper surface of the base 323, a water outlet at the lower part of the water tank 42 is connected with a water inlet of the test model system 3 through a PVC hose, the flow sensor 41 is installed between the water inlet and the water outlet, and the pulling adaptability is improved through the PVC hose.
The data acquisition system 5 is used for acquiring physical signals acquired by the load sensor 27, the displacement sensor 26, the pore water pressure sensor 325, the moving soil pressure sensor 321 and the flow sensor 41 in the test process, converting the physical signals into digital signals and storing the digital signals.
A bottom ballast particle characteristic test method for model cyclic loading specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, testing device detection preparation, wherein the completeness and the sealing performance of the whole testing device need to be checked before testing, the load sensor 27, the displacement sensor 26, the pore water pressure sensor 325, the dynamic soil pressure sensor 321 and the flow sensor 41 of the testing device need to be calibrated, and the basic mechanical properties and the particle gradation of the bottom ballast material used for testing need to be measured before testing;
s2, preparing test conditions, wherein two layers of permeable geotextile are laid on the upper part of a base 323 of the test model system 3 before sample preparation, a water inlet valve 326 at the base 323 is opened, the liquid level in a sample cylinder 322 is enabled to overflow the upper surface of the geotextile to discharge air in the water inlet pipe, when no bubble emerges from the water inlet of the base 323, the water inlet valve 326 is closed, and vaseline is uniformly coated on the inner wall of the sample cylinder 322, so that the friction force between the soil body and the inner wall can be reduced, and the concentrated seepage can be avoided;
s3, preparing a sample, wherein the sample is prepared by a layered tamping method, the height of each layer of drop hammer is controlled to be basically consistent as much as possible in the tamping process, the tamping times are basically the same, and the tamping times are determined according to the tamping times of the samples in the same batch;
s4, mounting parts of a loading plate 315, a lower aluminum alloy plate 311 and an upper aluminum alloy plate 312 after sample preparation is completed, and performing guide assembly on the lower aluminum alloy plate 311 and the upper aluminum alloy plate 312 through a guide rod 314;
s5, after a certain amount of viscous fluid is filled in the water tank 42, opening the lower stirring device to prevent the fluid from segregation, closing the water inlet valve 326, opening the air inlet valve of the water tank 42, pressurizing the fluid in the water tank 42 according to a set pressure value, opening the water inlet valve 326 of the test model system 3 after the pressure value is stabilized, and simultaneously starting to apply dynamic load to the sample according to a set dynamic load amplitude and dynamic load frequency;
s6, collecting data, wherein the data collection system 5 collects the data of the load sensor 27, the displacement sensor 26, the pore water pressure sensor 325, the dynamic soil pressure sensor 321 and the flow sensor 41 in real time and records and stores the data of the axial force, the axial deformation, the dynamic pore water pressure, the dynamic soil pressure and the flow in the test process;
s7, collecting liquid, collecting outflow liquid at intervals in the test process, filling the liquid into a bottle, numbering and recording the collected time information, and analyzing the properties of the liquid at the later stage;
and S8, finishing the measurement, taking out the test sample in layers after the test is finished, measuring the particle grading of the bottom ballast material of each layer, and comparing and analyzing the particle grading with the particle grading before the test.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A ballast particle characteristic test device for simulating a cyclic load action bottom comprises a collection box (1), and is characterized in that one side of the collection box (1) is communicated with a test model system (3) through a pipeline, an axial loading device (2) is fixedly installed at the top of the test model system (3), one side of the test model system (3) is communicated with a water level control system (4), and one sides of the axial loading device (2) and the test model system (3) are communicated with a data acquisition system (5);
the axial loading device (2) comprises a loading beam (22), loading frame upright columns (23) are arranged on two sides of the loading beam (22), a loading base (24) is fixedly connected between the bottom ends of the loading frame upright columns (23) on two sides, the loading base (24) is fixedly placed with an external test surface, a loading rod (21) is connected in the loading beam (22) in a sliding mode, a loading sensor (27) is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the loading rod (21), the bottom end of the loading sensor (27) is attached to a bottom test sample, a displacement sensor (26) is fixedly connected to one side of the loading rod (21), and the loading sensor (27) and the displacement sensor (26) are both in communication connection with a data acquisition system (5).
2. The ballast particle characteristic testing device for the simulated cyclic loading action lower base is characterized in that the test model system (3) comprises a sample cylinder (322), a loading plate (315) is connected in the sample cylinder (322) in a sliding manner, the top of the loading plate (315) is attached to the bottom of a load sensor (27), an upper aluminum alloy plate (312) is attached to the top of the loading plate (315), the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) is connected with a guide column (314) through a guide bolt (316), a pore water pressure sensor (325) and a soil-shifting pressure sensor (321) are installed on an opening of the side wall of the sample cylinder (322), a lower aluminum alloy plate (311) is attached to the bottom of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312), and four corners of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) and the lower aluminum alloy plate (311) are connected with a base (323) through support rods (317), the supporting rod (317) is located on the periphery of the sample cylinder (322), the top end of the supporting rod (317) is limited by the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) through a bolt, a water inlet valve (326) is fixedly mounted on one side of the base (323), the water inlet valve (326) is communicated with the water level control system (4), an opening communicated with the water inlet valve (326) is formed in the upper surface of the base (323), supporting seats (324) are arranged at four corners of the lower portion of the base (323), a water outlet valve (313) is embedded in the top of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312), and the water outlet valve (313) is communicated with the collecting box (1);
the water level control system (4) comprises a water tank (42), a water outlet on one side of the lower portion of the water tank (42) is connected with a water inlet of the test model system (3) through a hose, a flow sensor (41) is installed between the water outlet and the water inlet, the upper portion of the water tank (42) is connected with an external water source through a pipeline, the water tank (42) is connected with an air compressor (44) through an upper air inlet valve, and a pressure controller (43) is arranged on one side of the air compressor (44).
3. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load according to claim 1, wherein the data acquisition system (5) is used for acquiring physical signals acquired by the load sensor (27), the displacement sensor (26), the pore water pressure sensor (325), the soil movement pressure sensor (321) and the flow sensor (41) in the test process, converting the physical signals into digital signals and storing the digital signals, and the data acquisition system (5) displays the data and stores the data simultaneously through a test end display screen.
4. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load according to claim 1, wherein an axial actuator (25) is fixedly connected to one side of the loading rod (21), an oil pressure controller (29) is communicated to one side of the axial actuator (25), an oil source (28) is communicated to the bottom of the oil pressure controller (29), hydraulic oil is filled in the oil source (28), a loading sleeve is sleeved between the loading rod (21) and the loading beam (22), and the loading sleeve is embedded at the top of the loading beam (22).
5. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load according to claim 1, wherein a sealing ring (318) is sleeved in an inner cavity of the lower aluminum alloy plate (311), the outer side wall of the sealing ring (318) is attached to the top of one side of the inner side wall of the sample cylinder, the diameter of the inner cavity of the sealing ring (318) is equal to that of the lower aluminum alloy plate, and the sealing ring (318) is a polytetrafluoroethylene elastic gasket.
6. The ballast particle characteristic test device for simulating the cyclic loading action of the lower base is characterized in that the cross sections of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) and the lower aluminum alloy plate (311) are both rectangular, the cross sections of the inner openings of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) and the lower aluminum alloy plate (311) are circular, and the thickness of the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) is larger than that of the lower aluminum alloy plate (311).
7. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles at the bottom of the simulated cyclic load action according to claim 1, wherein the water tank (42) is an organic glass cylinder, a stirring mechanism is arranged in the water tank (42), the stirring mechanism rotates through a driving motor, and the driving motor is fixedly installed on one side of an inner cavity of the water tank (2).
8. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load according to claim 1, wherein the sample cylinder (322) is a high-strength transparent organic glass cylinder.
9. The device for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles under the action of the simulated cyclic load according to claim 1, wherein the four corners of the lower part of the base (323) are provided with supports (324), and the cross section of each support (324) is rectangular.
10. The method for testing the characteristics of the ballast particles at the bottom of the simulated cyclic loading effect according to any one of claims 1 to 8, is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, preparing a test device for detection, wherein the completeness and the sealing performance of the whole test device need to be checked before the test, a load sensor (27), a displacement sensor (26), a pore water pressure sensor (325), a soil-moving pressure sensor (321) and a flow sensor (41) of the test device need to be calibrated, and the basic mechanical properties and the grain composition of a bottom ballast material used for the test need to be measured before the test;
s2, preparing test conditions, wherein two layers of permeable geotextile are laid on the upper part of a base (323) of a test model system (3) before preparing a sample, a water inlet valve (326) at the base (323) is opened, so that the liquid level in a sample cylinder (322) overflows the upper surface of the geotextile to discharge air in the water inlet pipe, when no bubble emerges from a water inlet of the base (323, the water inlet valve (326) is closed, vaseline is uniformly coated on the inner wall of the sample cylinder (322), the vaseline can reduce the friction force between a soil body and the inner wall and can avoid concentrated seepage;
s3, preparing a sample, wherein the sample is prepared by a layered tamping method, the height of each layer of drop hammer is controlled to be basically consistent as much as possible in the tamping process, the tamping times are basically the same, and the tamping times are determined according to the tamping times of the samples in the same batch;
s4, mounting the parts of the loading plate (315), the lower aluminum alloy plate (311) and the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) after the preparation of the sample is finished, and performing guide assembly on the lower aluminum alloy plate (311) and the upper aluminum alloy plate (312) through a guide rod (314);
s5, after a certain amount of viscous fluid is filled in the water tank (42), opening a lower stirring device to prevent the fluid from segregating, closing a water inlet valve (326), opening an air inlet valve of the water tank (42), pressurizing the fluid in the water tank (42) according to a set pressure value, opening the water inlet valve (326) of the test model system (3) after the pressure value is stabilized, and simultaneously starting to apply dynamic load to the sample according to a set dynamic load amplitude and a set dynamic load frequency;
s6, data are collected, and the data collection system (5) collects data of the load sensor (27), the displacement sensor (26), the pore water pressure sensor (325), the dynamic soil pressure sensor (321) and the flow sensor (41) in the test process, records the data in real time and stores data of axial force, axial deformation, dynamic pore water pressure, dynamic soil pressure and flow in the test process;
s7, collecting liquid, collecting outflow liquid at intervals in the test process, filling the liquid into a bottle, numbering and recording the collected time information, and analyzing the properties of the liquid at the later stage;
and S8, finishing the measurement, taking out the test sample in layers after the test is finished, measuring the particle grading of the bottom ballast material of each layer, and comparing and analyzing the particle grading with the particle grading before the test.
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