CN113294686A - 用于输送液化气体的方法 - Google Patents

用于输送液化气体的方法 Download PDF

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CN113294686A
CN113294686A CN202110166257.4A CN202110166257A CN113294686A CN 113294686 A CN113294686 A CN 113294686A CN 202110166257 A CN202110166257 A CN 202110166257A CN 113294686 A CN113294686 A CN 113294686A
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mobile storage
liquefied gas
storage facility
gas
facility
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L·阿利迪热斯
T·费耶
P·巴亚霍克斯
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于借助于至少一个移动式储存设备(2)，尤其是通过卡车运输的至少一个移动式储存设备(2)来输送液化气体的方法，该液化气体特别是氢，该方法包括在源设施(1)处向所述移动式储存设备(2)填充液化气体的步骤，在填充后，该移动式储存设备(2)包含液化气体和一部分气化气体，该方法包括：将所述移动式储存设备(2)从所述源设施(1)移动到接收站(3)；以及将液态气体从所述移动式储存设备(2)转移到所述接收站(3)，其特征在于，该方法包括中间冷却步骤：在所述源设施(1)与所述接收站(3)之间、借助于冷却装置对包含在所述移动式储存设备(2)中的液化气体进行中间冷却，该冷却装置包括液化气体储罐(4)和制冷元件(5)。

Description

用于输送液化气体的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于输送液化气体的方法。更具体地，本发明涉及一种借助至少一个移动式储存设备、特别是通过卡车运输的储存设备来输送液化气体特别是氢气的方法，该方法包括在源设施处向移动式储存设备填充液化气体的步骤，在填充后，该移动式储存设备包含液化气体和一部分气化气体，该方法包括：将移动式储存设备从源设施移动到接收站；以及将液态气体从移动式储存设备转移到所述接收站。
背景技术
由于液态氢的密度较大，所以当必须长距离运输或储存大量产品时，液态氢是优选的。
在低温下，可能会发生相当大的蒸发损失(或在运输和产品转移期间液体被明显地再加热)。通常，当通过公路运输时，该产品每天要经历0.5K至1K的再加热。这种再加热可能导致蒸发损失的风险，蒸发的损失当然可在储存之后被回收、再加热、压缩并重新注入液化器中。然而，这导致增加的成本。
这种再加热的结果是，当液体在其饱和压力下保持在平衡状态下时，储存设备中的压力增加，并且氢发生热膨胀(即密度降低)。液态氢的主要用途是在燃料电池车的服务站中，在该站中使用容积式泵泵送液态氢。因此，期望保持氢尽可能地致密，并因此将氢保持在最低的温度下。
此外，致密的(冷的)氢的输送量越大，具有固定容积的站储罐的填充质量就越大。因此，出于这些原因，有利的是将氢保持尽可能冷(或者，如果液体与其汽相处于平衡状态，则保持在尽可能低的压力下)。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的所有或一些上述缺点。
为此目的，根据本发明的或者根据上述前序部分提供的一般定义的方法的特征在于，其包括以下步骤：在源设施与接收站之间、借助于包括液化气体储罐和制冷元件的冷却装置对包含在移动式储存设备中的液化气体进行中间冷却。
此外，本发明的实施例可包括以下一个或多个特征：
-中间冷却步骤包括：从移动式储存设备取出液化气体；和使所取出的液化气体在所述液化气体储罐的外部和/或内部与制冷元件进行热交换，
-所述制冷元件包括制冷器，所述制冷器是低温的，换言之，其处于零下100摄氏度至零下273摄氏度的温度下，所述制冷器包括形成环路并包含工作流体的工作回路，所述工作回路形成循环，所述循环包括串联的：用于压缩工作流体的机构、用于冷却工作流体的机构、用于使工作流体膨胀的机构、以及用于对工作流体进行再加热的机构，该制冷器包括热交换部分，该热交换部分允许在所述膨胀机构中膨胀的工作流体与所述储存设备和/或与所述移动式储存设备的流体之间进行热交换，
-在所述工作回路中，所述工作流体执行逆向Ericsson类型的热力学循环，
-中间冷却步骤包括：将所述移动式储存设备中包含的气化气体提取至所述移动式储存设备的外部；对所提取的气化气体进行冷却；和将冷却后的气体注入到液化气体储罐中，
-中间冷却步骤包括：将移动式储存设备中包含的气化气体提取至移动式储存设备的外部；和将被冷却的气体直接注入到液化气体储罐的液化气体的液相中，
-冷却装置与接收站之间的距离小于100km，尤其是小于源设施与冷却装置之间的距离。
本发明还可涉及包括以上或以下特征的任何组合的、落在权利要求范围内的、任何替代装置或方法。
附图说明
通过阅读以下参考附图的描述，其他特征和优点将变得显而易见，在附图中：
图1是示出本发明的结构和操作的一个示例的示意性局部视图，
图2是表示根据本发明的一个使用示例的，根据移动式储存设备内的距离而压力和密度的变化的示意图。
具体实施方式
用于生产和输送液化气体、尤其是液态氢的系统包括源设施1，该源设施生产和储存液化的氢(通过电解和/或重整或任何其他适当的技术生产)。该氢被一个或多个液化器液化，并且可储存在低温容器中。
该系统包括至少一个移动式储存设备2(例如，安装在卡车上的低温储存设备)。
移动式储存设备2在从源设施1移动到至少一个接收站3(包括用于储存液体的固定式低温容器)之前，在源设施1处填充液化气体。传统上，移动式储存设备2的下部包含液化气体，并且上部包含该气体的呈蒸气形式的部分。
根据一个有利的特征，在源设施1和接收站3之间提供了用于移动式储存设备2中包含的液化气体的中间冷却步骤。该中间冷却通过包括液化气体储罐4和制冷元件5的冷却装置执行。冷却装置是独立于移动式储存设备的单元；例如，是位于源设施1和接收站3之间的路径上的特定位置处的固定中间站。例如，液化气体储罐4包含与在移动式储存设备2中运输的气体相同的气体。储存设备4中的液化气体可通过制冷元件5保持冷甚至过冷。
例如，在氢液化设备1处对移动式储存设备2进行填充，然后将产品运输例如约200km至约1000km的距离，以便随后运输至一个或多个接收站3。
例如，对于24小时内1000km的运输，液体可能会升温1K。在这种情况下，密度降低了2kg/m3。于是，相对于密度更高的氢，下游的将要使用该液体的泵将经受约3％的效率损失，并且，要输送到其的储罐也将损失大约3％的储存容量。然而，这些估计既没考虑移动式储存设备2在开始其循环之前的等待时间，也没考虑物流循环中的低效率。在某些情况下，效率和储存的损失可能达到6％。
中间储罐4和冷却装置5使得能够对在长距离运输期间经历过度再加热的流体进行再冷却。通过这种方式，可将输送路径分为两个阶段/步骤：在相对较长的距离(通常为500km至1000km)内进行传输的第一阶段/步骤，在该第一步骤期间，液体经历再加热；和之后的较短距离的第二阶段/步骤，在该第二步骤中，氢保持相对较冷。这使得能够在接收站3的接收储罐的入口处和相应的泵的入口处使用更致密的液态氢，并且因此在相同的设备中能获得在储存容量和泵送能力/容量方面的增益。以此方式，可增加接收站3的每日容量及其在两次交付/输送之间的自主性。
利用该方案，在用于使气化(蒸发)气体再循环的系统和用于源设施1的过大尺寸(以小的额外能量成本为代价来进行液化，如下所述)的方面上的投资可被避免。
中间冷却装置4、5与一个或多个接收站3之间的距离优选为50km至100km。因此，在最终运输期间，对流体的再加热被最小化。这可在接收站3的泵送能力/容量方面和接收站3的储罐在两次输送之间的自主性方面获得可能地多达6％的增益。
制冷元件5优选地包括低温制冷器，该低温制冷器是以零下100摄氏度至零下273摄氏度的温度产生冷的设备。因此，低温制冷器5包括形成环路并容纳工作流体(氦和/或任何其他大气气体)的工作回路。工作回路形成循环，该循环包括串联的：用于压缩工作流体的机构、用于冷却工作流体的机构、用于使工作流体膨胀的机构、和用于对工作流体进行再加热的机构，该制冷器包括用于在膨胀机构中膨胀的工作流体与要冷却的元素/元件(如下所述的储存设备4或储存设备4所容纳的流体和/或移动式储存设备2的流体)之间进行热交换的部分。
工作循环优选地执行热力学循环，该热力学循环等于或接近逆向Ericsson循环(reverse Ericsson cycle)。一种这样的低温制冷器是例如由申请人出售的TubroBrayton型的机器。
可例如通过使液体循环到储罐4外部的冷点来间接地冷却移动式储存设备2的液体。例如，使移动式储存设备2的液化气体进入热交换器，该热交换器利用储罐制冷器5的工作流体执行交换。
替代地或累积地，该冷却可直接在储存设备4中的热交换器中进行/利用储存设备4中的热交换器进行。因此，可使移动式储存设备2的液化气体进入热交换器中，该热交换器利用储罐5中的工作流体进行热交换。
冷却后的流体返回至移动式储存设备2。
图2以实线6、7示出了在移动的第一步骤和移动的第二步骤(这两个步骤在不连续处分开)期间，储存在移动式储存设备2中的液态氢的压力P随距离D的变化的曲线的示例。呈虚线的曲线8、9表示在移动的第一步骤期间和在移动的第二步骤期间储存在移动式储存设备2中的液态氢的密度(d)的相应变化的示例。
已经发现，液化气体的中间冷却步骤使将被输送到接收站3的所输送的液化气体的压力降低并且密度增大。
冷却装置的液化气体储罐4可具有圆柱形或球形的几何形状。
该系统能够在适当的情况下回收移动式储存设备2的蒸气，将其冷却(通过冷却装置4、5)并将其注入液化气体储罐4(和/或注入移动式储存设备2)中。例如，可将这些冷却的且在适当的情况下液化的蒸气重新注入液化气体储罐4的气体空间(上部)以降低其压力。
例如，这些蒸气可被回收并直接(没有预先冷却)注入到液化气体储罐4的液相中(在下部中)。
例如，在注入到中间液化气体储罐4中的相对较热的流体与从该中间储罐4中排出的相对较冷的流体之间可能存在温度差。该温度差可例如根据要冷却的储存设备的数量而变化。
该系统能够在适当的情况下在生产位置1(液化器)的靠近用户3的外部对闪蒸气体(“BOG”)进行管理(简化对这些气化气体“BOG”的管理)。
可行的是，在冷冻液化气体储罐4与最终用户之间建立本地分配网络(例如半径小于100km)。可提供移动式储存设备2和/或绝热管线，以用于将来自液化气体储罐4的流体分配给用户。
类似地，可行的是，在液化气体储罐4与最终用户之间存在针对气化气体(BOG)的本地回收网络。
该液化气体储罐4(由制冷元件5冷却或过冷)可用作冷储器(使用相对较冷的液体)。
顶部中的流体(气体)可用作用于进入物料(流体)的热缓冲物，而储罐底部的冷物料则用于供应给用户。
因此，本发明具有许多优点。在接收站3处可得的液体的密度增大(并且温度低于根据现有技术中的温度)。
这种系统能够减少闪蒸气体(BOG)，从而减少特别是在本地分配网络中的损失。在现场/位置处对闪蒸气体的管理可减轻甚至消除通过液化器对闪蒸气体的管理。原因是将不会在液化器中产生热气体滞留；任何此类滞留都会严重影响液体生产能力。
可在远离液化器1的位置2处管理闪蒸气体(特别是在一位置是消耗氢并且本身会引起气化气体(BOG)的形成的接收站3的情况下)。
本发明通过在适当的情况下优化物流方案来增加低温气体的运输距离，该物流方案利用用于第一、主物流运输阶段/步骤的高载运容量的移动式储存设备2和用于第二运输阶段(例如，接近市中心的服务站)的更小的、可操纵性更强的移动式储存设备。
可通过卡车运输移动式储存设备2，从而实现优化的城市和城市间运输。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于借助于通过卡车运输的至少一个移动式储存设备(2)来输送液化气体的方法，该液化气体特别是氢，该方法包括在源设施(1)处向所述移动式储存设备(2)填充液化气体的步骤，在填充后，该移动式储存设备(2)包含液化气体和一部分气化气体，该方法包括：将所述移动式储存设备(2)从所述源设施(1)移动到接收站(3)；以及将液化气体从所述移动式储存设备(2)转移到所述接收站(3)，其特征在于，该方法包括中间冷却步骤：在所述源设施(1)与所述接收站(3)之间、借助于冷却装置对包含在所述移动式储存设备(2)中的液化气体进行中间冷却，该冷却装置独立于所述卡车且独立于所述移动式储存设备并且包括液化气体储罐(4)和制冷元件(5)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述中间冷却步骤包括：从所述移动式储存设备(2)取出液化气体；和使所取出的液化气体在所述液化气体储罐(4)的外部和/或内部与所述制冷元件(5)进行热交换。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述制冷元件(5)包括制冷器，所述制冷器是低温的，换言之，所述制冷器处于零下100摄氏度至零下273摄氏度的温度下，所述制冷器包括形成环路并包含工作流体的工作回路，所述工作回路形成循环，所述循环包括串联的以下机构：用于压缩工作流体的机构、用于冷却工作流体的机构、用于使工作流体膨胀的机构、以及用于对工作流体进行再加热的机构，所述制冷器包括热交换部分，所述热交换部分允许在于所述膨胀机构中膨胀的工作流体与所述液化气体储罐(4)和/或与所述移动式储存设备(2)的流体之间进行热交换。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，在所述工作回路中，所述工作流体执行逆向Ericsson类型的热力学循环。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述中间冷却步骤包括：将所述移动式储存设备(2)中包含的气化气体提取至所述移动式储存设备(2)的外部；对所提取的气化气体进行冷却；和将冷却后的气化气体注入到所述液化气体储罐(4)中。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述中间冷却步骤包括：将所述移动式储存设备(2)中包含的气化气体提取至所述移动式储存设备(2)的外部；和将被冷却的气化气体直接注入到所述液化气体储罐(4)的液化气体的液相中。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述冷却装置与所述接收站(3)之间的距离小于100km，特别是小于所述源设施(1)与所述冷却装置之间的距离。
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