CN113243398A - 一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN113243398A
CN113243398A CN202110551223.7A CN202110551223A CN113243398A CN 113243398 A CN113243398 A CN 113243398A CN 202110551223 A CN202110551223 A CN 202110551223A CN 113243398 A CN113243398 A CN 113243398A
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CN113243398B (zh
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李星月
易军
李其勇
陈诚
符慧娟
张鸿
李小林
杨武云
王媛媛
许秉智
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Institute of Plant Protection Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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Abstract

本发明涉及生物防治技术领域，公开了一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，按1kg计，包括：低交联聚丙烯酸钠60～80g、高岭土25～30g、巴豆粉45～60g、诱食剂400～650g，余量为辅助成分；本发明还公开了该生防制剂的制备方法，包括以下步骤：S1.按配比将所述低交联聚丙烯酸钠、高岭土、巴豆粉、诱食剂和辅助成分混合，并添加适量水混合均匀，得到混合糊料；S2.将所述混合糊料干燥至含水量为10％～12％，再粉碎制成小颗粒，即得；本发明还公开了该诱杀型生防制剂在防治蛞蝓中的应用。

Description

一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及生物防治技术领域，具体是诱杀型生防制剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
近年来，食用菌栽培规模的扩大为蛞蝓的生长繁殖提供了适宜的环境和充足的食源，食用菌蛞蝓的病害日趋加重。蛞蝓以咬食菌丝、原基和子实体为主，造成子实体不规则、减产或畸形，还传染多种病害，给食用菌生产带来了巨大的经济损失，更重要的是虫体排泄物及其分泌物在食用菌的子实体上常留下一条白色的黏质带痕，严重影响食用菌品质，商品价值大大降低。现有技术中防治食用菌蛞蝓的方法有清除虫源(指清除栽培场所内的砖瓦块、枯枝落叶保持场地清洁干燥)、人工捕捉和药物诱杀，其中清除虫源和人工捕捉工作量大，极其浪费人力。药物诱杀所用的化学农药如四聚乙醛类存在对食用菌菌丝的药害问题及食用菌农残超标的风险。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一在于克服现有技术的不足，提供一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，以达到良好的诱食，毒杀的效果，且无农残。
本发明所述诱杀型生防制剂，按1kg计，包括：低交联聚丙烯酸钠60～80g(粒径200～300目)、高岭土25～30g、巴豆粉45～60g、诱食剂400～650g，余量为辅助成分。
本发明的所述一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂中，所述低交联聚丙烯酸钠(中性)能够作为降失水剂被蛞蝓取食或接触后吸收蛞蝓体内/体表的水分，使之迅速脱水死亡；所述高岭土具有良好的可塑性、粘结性，作为制剂的塑性剂在制作成小颗粒时更容易成型，同时让蛞蝓取食以后在其肠道粘结、腹胀难以消化；所述巴豆粉是由干燥的成熟果实巴豆研磨而成的粉末，影响蛞蝓的消化功能、对蛞蝓有毒杀作用；所述诱食剂根据蛞蝓取食偏好及嗅觉感受机制合成。
所述诱食剂包括：平菇子实体粉碎物、大白菜粉碎物、西葫芦粉碎物、胰蛋白胨、豆饼粉、酵母粉、大米粉、大豆粉、马铃薯粉、玉米粉、大豆油中的一种或多种组合。优选的，出于更充分地引诱蛞蝓取食制剂的考虑，所述诱食剂由平菇子实体粉碎物30～45g、大白菜粉碎物30～50g、西葫芦粉碎物25～40g、胰蛋白胨2.5～5g、豆饼粉40～60g、酵母粉40～60g、大米粉35～50g、大豆粉100～150g、马铃薯粉35～50g、玉米粉80～120g和大豆油10～15g复配而成。
本发明同时提供了所述诱食剂的制备方法：按配比称取各组分并混匀，使其在压力为1.0MPa、温度为121℃的条件下灭菌20～40min，再冷却至室温，即得。该方法过程简单，工艺不苛刻，且成本较低。
本发明所述辅助成分包括：木质纤维素30～40g和抗坏血酸1～1.5g，余量为琼脂粉。所述辅助成分用于制剂的稳定和防腐，其中木质纤维可将制剂内部水分迅速地传输分散，并具有抗裂作用，抗坏血酸具有抗氧化防腐作用，琼脂粉补足制剂重量。
本发明的目的之二在于提供一种制备上述生防制剂的方法。
上述目的是通过以下技术方案来实现的：制备生防制剂的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1.按配比将所述低交联聚丙烯酸钠、高岭土、巴豆粉、诱食剂和辅助成分混合，并添加适量水搅拌均匀，得到混合糊料；
S2.将所述混合糊料干燥至含水量为10％～12％，再粉碎制成小颗粒，即得。
所述干燥的方法包括干燥机干燥和日光晒干中的一种。
所述小颗粒的粒径为2.0～3.0mm。
本发明的目的之三在于提供上述生防制剂在防治蛞蝓中的应用。
所述防治蛞蝓的方法是：在傍晚将所述生防制剂均匀地撒施在食用菌种植处的垄面和垄沟，亩用量为1～1.5kg，每隔10～15d撒施一次。
本发明的有益效果是：
1.本发明的一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，对食用菌蛞蝓具有很较强的诱食作用，让蛞蝓主动取食该制剂。
2.本发明的一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，具有物理灭杀(蛞蝓失水致死)、生理灭杀(蛞蝓肠道粘结、腹胀难以消化)、植物毒杀(巴豆对蛞蝓的毒害)三重作用高效防治蛞蝓。
3.本发明的一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，环保无农药残留，没有对食用菌菌丝的药害问题及食用菌农残超标的风险。
具体实施方式
下面结合室内生物测定试验和大田试验进一步详细描述本发明的技术方案，但本发明的保护范围不局限于以下所述。
实施例1-不同配比的制剂对野蛞蝓的室内毒力测定研究
实验材料：
配方1：本发明的生物防制剂。
配方2：低交联聚丙烯酸钠、高岭土、蛞蝓诱食剂、木质纤维素、抗坏血酸、琼脂粉。
配方3：高岭土、巴豆粉、蛞蝓诱食剂、木质纤维素、抗坏血酸、琼脂粉。
配方4：低交联聚丙烯酸钠、巴豆粉、高岭土、木质纤维素、抗坏血酸、琼脂粉。
配方5：低交联聚丙烯酸钠、巴豆粉、蛞蝓诱食剂、木质纤维素、抗坏血酸、琼脂粉。配方6：低交联聚丙烯酸钠、高岭土、巴豆粉、蛞蝓诱食剂，琼脂粉。
配方7：蛞蝓诱食剂、木质纤维素、抗坏血酸、琼脂粉。
阳性对照：一种现存的蛞蝓化学防治药剂(四聚乙醛颗粒)。
阴性对照：不用任何药剂的空白对照,仅喂食等量人工饲料。
具体成分含量见表1
表1
Figure BDA0003075440390000031
供试蛞蝓：野蛞蝓(Agriolimaxagrestis)，实验室内用蛞蝓人工饲料饲养繁殖。
试验方法：分别将7种不同配方制成的制剂和一种化学药剂(四聚乙醛颗粒)，分别取相应的制剂5g撒在40cm×40cm×5cm的干净盘子(盘子均匀铺上深度为1.5cm的营养土)表面，每个盘子放入10只同等大小(体长2cm左右)的健康蛞蝓，用铁砂网将盘子封好，每个处理设置5个重复。隔一天往盘子里喷水适量，保持湿润的生活环境，放置一片白菜叶，25℃培养箱保存放置。以不用任何药剂为空白对照，以四聚乙醛颗粒作为化学药剂对照，施用后每天观察并记录蛞蝓的死亡数量，及时取出死亡的蛞蝓。总共观察统计七天，计算七天蛞蝓死亡率。根据对照组死亡率与处理组死亡率的差异，判断防治效果，计算结果如表2所示。
数据处理：
死亡率＝死亡头数/总头数×100％
校正死亡率＝(试验组死亡率-对照组死亡率)/(1-对照组死亡率)×100％
表2
编号 7天死亡率(％) 7天校正死亡率(％)
配方1 82±3.74ab 80.85±3.98ab
配方2 54±2.45d 51.07±2.61d
配方3 64±4.00c 61.71±4.26c
配方4 38±3.74e 34.04±3.98e
配方5 74±2.45b 72.34±2.60b
配方6 76±2.45b 74.47±2.60b
配方7 8±3.74f 2.13±3.98f
阳性对照 86±2.45a 85.1±2.61a
空白对照 6±4.00f /
实验表明：本发明的一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂具有物理毒杀、生理灭杀和植物毒杀三重功效，相比于单一功效的生防制剂，毒杀效果显著提高，与市面现存的化学防制剂相比也有不错的诱食和灭杀效果，而且没有要害和农残等问题。
实施例2-不同配比的制剂对野蛞蝓的田间诱杀实验
试验材料：同实施例1
试验方法：试验于2021年1月在一块种植有羊肚菌的试验大棚中进行，共设置9个处理，每个处理设置3个重复(3个小区)，共计27个小区，每个小区20m2(4m*5m)，小区采用随机区组分布，每个小区均匀的撒施药剂(7种配方的诱杀剂)40g在垄面和垄沟，以不施用任何药剂为空白对照，以四聚乙醛颗粒作为化学药剂对照。施药前每个小区均匀投放50只同等大小(长度2cm左右)的健康野蛞蝓(Agriolimax agrestis)。施用后7d调查一次蛞蝓的死亡率和校正死亡率。根据对照组死亡率与处理组死亡率的差异，判断防治效果，计算结果如表3所示。
数据处理：
死亡率＝死亡头数/总头数×100％
校正死亡率＝(试验组死亡率-对照组死亡率)/(1-对照组死亡率)×100％
表3
编号 7天死亡率(％) 7天校正死亡率(％)
配方1 80.67±3.06a 79.14±3.29a
配方2 51.33±3.29a 47.48±3.29a
配方3 60.67±3.29a 57.55±3.29a
配方4 23.33±7.02d 17.27±7.58d
配方5 67.33±5.03b 64.75±5.44b
配方6 65.33±7.02b 62.59±7.58b
配方7 10.67±3.06e 3.6±3.30e
阳性对照 84±4.00a 82.73±4.32a
空白对照 7.33±3.06e /
实验表明：本发明的生防制剂在田间使用时，由于田间蛞蝓活动范围较大，接触到诱食剂几率较低，诱杀作用相比于室内降低。但从诱杀效果来说相较于单一效果的生防制剂有显著提高。和现有的化学防治药剂(四聚乙醛颗粒)相比，诱杀效果相似，但无要害农残影响。
以上所述仅是本发明的优选实施方式，应当理解本发明并非局限于本文所披露的形式，不应看作是对其他实施例的排除，而可用于各种其他组合、修改和环境，并能够在本文所述构想范围内，通过上述教导或相关领域的技术或知识进行改动。而本领域人员所进行的改动和变化不脱离本发明的精神和范围，则都应在本发明所附权利要求的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种防治食用菌蛞蝓的生防制剂，其特征在于，所述生防制剂包括：低交联聚丙烯酸钠，高岭土，巴豆粉，诱食剂，辅助成分；优选的，所述辅助成分包括：木质纤维素，抗坏血酸，琼脂粉。
2.据权利要求1所述的生防制剂，其特征在于，所述诱食剂包括：优选的，按1kg计，低交联聚丙烯酸钠60～80g、高岭土25～30g、巴豆粉45～60g、诱食剂400～650g，余量为辅助成分。
3.根据权利要求1所述的生防制剂，其特征在于，所述诱食剂包括：平菇子实体粉碎物，大白菜粉碎物，西葫芦粉碎物，胰蛋白胨，豆饼粉，酵母粉，米粉，大豆粉，马铃薯粉，玉米粉，大豆油的一种或多种；优选的，按1kg诱杀型生防制剂计，所述诱食剂包括平菇子实体粉碎物30～45g、大白菜粉碎物30～50g、西葫芦粉碎物25～40g、胰蛋白胨2.5～5g、豆饼粉40～60g、酵母粉40～60g、米粉35～50g、大豆粉100～150g、马铃薯粉35～50g、玉米粉80～120g和大豆油10～15g。
4.根据权利要求3所述的生防制剂，其特征在于，所述诱食剂的制备方法是：按配比称取各组分并混匀，使其在压力为1.0MPa、温度为121℃的条件下灭菌20～40min，再冷却至室温，即得。
5.根据权利要求1所述的生防制剂，其特征在于，所述辅助成分包括：按1kg诱杀型生防制剂计，木质纤维素30～40g和抗坏血酸1～1.5g，余量为琼脂粉。
6.制备如权利要求1～5任一项所述的生防制剂的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
S1.按配比将所述低交联聚丙烯酸钠、高岭土、巴豆粉、诱食剂和辅助成分混合，并添加适量水混合均匀，得到混合糊料；
S2.将所述混合糊料干燥至含水量为10％～12％，再粉碎制成小颗粒，即得。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述干燥的方法包括干燥机干燥和日光晒干中的一种。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述小颗粒的粒径为2.0～3.0mm。
9.如权利要求1～5任一项所述的生防制剂在防治蛞蝓中的应用。
10.根据权利要求9所述的应用，其特征在于，所述防治蛞蝓的方法是：在傍晚将所述生防制剂均匀地撒施在食用菌种植处的垄面和垄沟，亩用量为1～1.5kg，每隔10～15d撒施一次。
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