CN113233645A - 一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及了一种农业废弃物生化所得沼液的正渗透浓缩的方法，其特征在于，将沼液池中沼液经不锈钢过滤机粗滤、陶瓷膜微滤后，调节pH，制备复合正渗透膜，以海水淡化反渗透浓液为汲取液，将清水从沼液中汲取到反渗透浓液中，对沼液浓缩减量后进行有机肥复配，同时，反渗透浓水被稀释后排放回海洋，可避免浓盐水排放对海洋环境的影响。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于废水资源化利用领域，具体涉及一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法。
背景技术
近年来，随着人民生活水平的提高，畜禽养殖业、现代农业的发展，畜禽粪便厌氧发酵工程的规模也随之不断扩大。沼气工程以畜禽粪污、农林废弃物、有机生活垃圾等为原料，产生沼气，再通过热电联产技术供热或发电入网，同时解决了农业废弃物的污染问题和资源浪费等问题。然而，沼气工程产生的大量沼液，如果作为废水处理，将极大增加运行成本，如果处理不当又将导致二次污染，是沼气工程面临的一大难题。
沼液中含有大量元素氮、磷、钾，微量元素Fe、Cu、Mn、Zn等，以及各种氨基酸、腐殖酸、维生素、植物激素等，易于被农作物吸收，因此沼液具有很高的肥效性。但沼气工程周边的农田消纳能力有限，过量使用沼液反可能对作物和土壤产生不利影响，若扩大消纳半径，则运输费用过高，缺少经济可行性。因此，将沼液浓缩减量，再扩大运输消纳半径，是更加经济可行的办法。
反渗透海水淡化技术是一种利用反渗透膜，通过对海水施加高压，将纯水从海水中分离出来的新技术，可以有效缓解、解决沿海地区、海岛、海船等的淡水资源匮乏问题。然而，大部分海水淡化工程对于反渗透浓液缺少行之有效的处置方法，大多直排回海洋。由于浓液的浓度是海水的3-4倍，将对排水口的海洋生态造成破坏。因此，需要将之稀释后，再排放更符合环保理念。而由于海水淡化所在地本身缺乏淡水资源，所以利用河水稀释反渗透浓液是本末倒置的不现实方案。
因此，本发明利用正渗透技术，制备复合正渗透膜，以沼液为原料液，反渗透浓液为汲取液，使纯水透过正渗透膜，稀释了反渗透浓液的同时，完成了沼液的浓缩。既解决了反渗透浓液的排放问题，也解决了沼液的浓缩减量问题。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法。将沼液池中沼液经不锈钢式过滤机粗滤、陶瓷膜微滤后，调节pH，通过正渗透膜系统，以海水淡化反渗透浓液为汲取液，将纯水从沼液中汲取到反渗透浓液中，对沼液浓缩减量后进行有机肥复配，同时，反渗透浓水被稀释后排放回海洋，避免浓盐水排放对海洋环境的影响。本发明不仅能完成两种液体的协同利用，并且由于正渗透过程不耗能，较一般的沼液浓缩过程（例如DTRO反渗透膜浓缩），更加节能环保。
本发明通过下列技术方案实现：
将沼液池中沼液取出，加入助滤剂，用不锈钢过滤机进行粗滤，所使用的助滤剂为活性炭、硅藻土、珍珠岩的一种或几种的混合物，目数为50-200，操作压力0-5bar，助滤剂添加量以在压滤机筛网上形成滤饼层为准。
过滤机出料进入陶瓷膜超滤装置前，投加六偏磷酸钠作为阻垢剂，投加量为4-20mg/L进行过滤，膜平均孔径为0.05um，操作压力控制在0-5bar。
在调节池，对超滤装置出料添加药剂为硫酸或硝酸，将pH调节为6.0-6.8。
制备复合正渗透膜，将15-21%聚砜，0.5-1.5%聚乙二醇及1-2%松木生物炭溶于氮甲基吡咯烷酮，完全溶解后超声2-5h。利用非溶剂致相转化成膜法制备平板膜，凝固浴为纯水或30-50%的乙醇溶液。
界面聚合反应，选择层由含2%间苯二胺、0.1%Alpha-CD的水溶液与含0.5%均苯三甲酰氯的正己烷溶液界面聚合而成。
以海水淡化反渗透浓液为汲取液，上述调节池中的沼液为原料液，运行正渗透膜系统。所述正渗透膜系统的膜组件为平板式、碟管式、管式或中空纤维式，材质为以聚偏氟乙烯、聚砜、聚醚砜为基质的聚酰胺复合膜，无需施加操作压力。
正渗透的原料液出水为沼液浓缩液，向其中添加15-25%硝酸钾，0.1-0.2%吐温-80，3-5%尿素，硫酸钙，硫酸镁、0.01-0.02%有机硅等营养物质，复配成液体有机肥。
正渗透的汲取液出水为稀释过的反渗透浓液，可以直接排放回海里。
与现有的其他技术相比，本发明的优点及技术效果主要有：1）正渗透膜制备过程，将生物炭和环糊精分别用于基膜和选择层的制备，亲水性高，水通量高，抗污染效果好。
2）本发明同时完成两种潜在污染源的资源化无害化利用，反渗透浓液得以无害化排放，沼液浓缩减量。
3）现有的沼液纳滤、反渗透等浓缩工艺，都需要较高操作压力，耗能较高，本发明利用正渗透过程，纯水自然渗透过膜，不耗能，更加节能环保。
4）相较于利用合成的汲取液或氯化钠溶液，本发明无需汲取液回收这一高耗能步骤；相较于利用海水或者苦咸水等作为汲取液，本发明所用汲取液的渗透压更高，沼液浓缩效率更高，且由于反渗透浓水在海水淡化过程中已经过预处理，无需再次预处理，节约了成本。
附图说明
图1海水淡化反渗透浓液和沼液的协同利用工艺流程示意图。
图中，1-沼液，2-沼液储存池，3-不锈钢过滤机，4-陶瓷膜超滤装置，5-调节池，6-正渗透膜装置，7-沼液肥复配池，8-反渗透浓液，9-反渗透浓液稀释液，10-浓缩沼液。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法，工艺流程图如图1所示，按照如下操作步骤进行：
沼液预处理：沼液在沼液池中自然沉降，取上清液，添加2kg硅藻土进入不锈钢过滤机，过滤机容量为200L,开回流泵和回流阀充分循环，直至过滤机网板上形成滤饼层。打开滤液出口阀门，放出滤清液，泵入陶瓷膜进水桶。
陶瓷膜超滤：向进水桶中加入阻垢剂，剂量为5-20mg/L,主要成分是六偏磷酸钠。陶瓷膜组件前端的增压给水泵材质是304不锈钢，流量Q为25m3/h，所用的陶瓷膜过滤器由两支陶瓷膜串联（3芯装/支），陶瓷膜过滤操作压力为5Mpa。陶瓷膜出水泵入pH调节池，计算所需添加酸液量，并实时监控pH至6-6.8。
正渗透膜系统浓缩：调节池的沼液为原料液，1M氯化钠溶液为模拟反渗透浓液，正渗透膜选择致密层面向原料液的模式，采用逆流的方式，利用正渗透进行沼液浓缩，24小时膜通量维持在6-9LMH,膜污染不明显，1平米膜面积可浓缩200L沼液至4倍。
Claims (4)
1.一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法，包括正渗透膜的制备与应用，其特征在于，将沼液池中沼液不锈钢过滤机粗滤、陶瓷膜微滤后，调节pH，制备复合正渗透膜，设计正渗透膜系统，以海水淡化反渗透浓液为汲取液，将水从沼液中汲取到反渗透浓液中，对沼液浓缩减量后进行有机肥复配，同时，反渗透浓水被稀释后排放回海洋，避免浓盐水排放对海洋环境的影响。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法，所述复合正渗透膜的基膜铸膜液含15-21%聚砜，0.5-1.5%聚乙二醇及1-2%松木生物炭，选择层由含2%间苯二胺、0.1%Alpha-CD的水溶液与含0.5%均苯三甲酰氯的正己烷溶液界面聚合而成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法，其特征是，在沼液预处理过程中，所述不锈钢过滤机粗滤过程中，所使用的助滤剂为活性炭、硅藻土、珍珠岩的一种或几种，目数为50-200，操作压力0-5bar；所述陶瓷膜微滤装置的过滤精度为0.05um，操作压力为0-5bar；所述pH调节过程添加药剂为硫酸和硝酸，最终pH为6.0-6.8。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种沼液的正渗透浓缩利用方法，其特征在于：向沼液浓缩液中添加硝酸钾、吐温-80、尿素、硫酸钙、硫酸镁、有机硅营养物质，复配成液体有机肥。
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