CN113215564B - Iron-based wear-resistant composite material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Iron-based wear-resistant composite material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN113215564B
CN113215564B CN202110477978.7A CN202110477978A CN113215564B CN 113215564 B CN113215564 B CN 113215564B CN 202110477978 A CN202110477978 A CN 202110477978A CN 113215564 B CN113215564 B CN 113215564B
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iron
powder
micron
based alloy
composite
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CN113215564A (en
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王强
杨驹
牛文娟
张康
李洋洋
毛轩
王永刚
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Xian University of Architecture and Technology
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Xian University of Architecture and Technology
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
    • C23C24/103—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
    • B22F1/0003—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
    • B22F1/142—Thermal or thermo-mechanical treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/78—Combined heat-treatments not provided for above
    • C21D1/785—Thermocycling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D10/00—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation
    • C21D10/005—Modifying the physical properties by methods other than heat treatment or deformation by laser shock processing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
    • C21D6/04—Hardening by cooling below 0 degrees Celsius
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
    • C23F17/00—Multi-step processes for surface treatment of metallic material involving at least one process provided for in class C23 and at least one process covered by subclass C21D or C22F or class C25
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
    • B22F2202/03—Treatment under cryogenic or supercritical conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2301/35—Iron
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/25—Oxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/25—Oxide
    • B22F2302/253—Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)

Abstract

The invention discloses an iron-based wear-resistant composite material and a preparation method thereof, wherein the preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing an iron-based wear-resistant composite coating on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material by using iron-based composite powder by using a laser cladding method to obtain a composite; polishing and cleaning the surface of the composite; then, carrying out laser impact to realize surface enhancement treatment of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating; carrying out circulating heat treatment on the complex with the surface subjected to laser shock to eliminate residual stress; the iron-based composite powder is micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The iron-based composite powder is obtained by uniformly mixing powder and micron FeCrNiSiB powder, performing liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment and drying, and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.05-10% of micron La2O3Powder, 0.1-45% micron Al2O3Powder and 50-95% of micron FeCrNiSiB powder. The composite coating with good performance is prepared on the surface of the iron-based alloy material, so that the service life of the iron-based alloy matrix is prolonged, and the composite coating has great significance for repairing and reconstructing engineering machinery.

Description

Iron-based wear-resistant composite material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of wear-resistant materials, and particularly relates to an iron-based wear-resistant composite material and a preparation method thereof.
Background
In the fields of mechanical manufacturing, petroleum and coal, rail transit, electronic chips and the like, because the working environment of parts is complex and severe and long-time operation needs to be guaranteed, the equipment is worn, scratched, corroded and the like, and the parts finally lose efficacy or even are scrapped. The relevant data shows that the cost of machine damage, failure and scrapping due to corrosion and wear, etc. in the industry, is up to several billion dollars each year. Meanwhile, the data also show that the quantity of scrapped engineering mechanical equipment per year is up to 150 thousands, which not only means that a large quantity of scrapped mechanical equipment is caused by improper maintenance per year, but also causes great pressure on the natural environment, and is not beneficial to the sustainable development of the industry.
In order to realize sustainable development, the engineering machinery can be recycled after being repaired and reproduced, and the production and manufacturing cost and the energy pressure are reduced.
Laser cladding is an important technical means in the remanufacturing field, can realize surface additive manufacturing of a base material, and treats the surface of a defect in a low-cost mode, so that the service life of parts can be prolonged, and the higher cost of replacing equipment or parts is reduced. The iron-based alloy has good comprehensive performance and higher cost performance, and can be widely applied to the remanufacturing process of laser cladding and effectively remanufactured on different base materials. However, the process parameters of laser cladding depend on a single alloy, so that the prepared coating has the problems of uneven stress, thick columnar crystals, easy cracking and the like, the comprehensive mechanical property of the coating is seriously influenced, and the protective effect of the coating on a base material is reduced. The influence on the wear resistance is the most serious, and for parts in long-term service, the index is particularly important, and long-term vibration, wear and scratch can cause the coating to gradually extend to macrocracks in the form of microcracks, and finally the service life of the coating is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide the iron-based wear-resistant composite material and the preparation method thereof.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of an iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises the following steps:
preparing an iron-based wear-resistant composite coating on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material by using iron-based composite powder by using a laser cladding method to obtain a composite;
polishing and cleaning the surface of the composite;
performing laser shock on the surface of the polished and cleaned composite body to realize surface enhancement treatment of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating;
carrying out circulating heat treatment on the complex with the surface subjected to laser shock to eliminate residual stress;
the iron-based composite powder is micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The iron-based composite powder is obtained by uniformly mixing powder and micron FeCrNiSiB powder, performing liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment and drying, and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: the iron-based composite powder contains: 0.1 to 1.5 percent of micron La 2O3Powder, 1-20% micron Al2O3Powder and the balance of micron FeCrNiSiB powder.
Preferably, the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 10-70%, the scanning speed is 1-10 mm/s, the laser power is 500-5000W, the powder feeding speed is 10-60 g/min, the powder feeding gas and the protective gas are inert gases, the powder feeding pressure is 1-10 bar or gravity powder feeding, the diameter of a light spot is 2-15 mm, the deposition temperature is 1000-3000 ℃, and the cladding distance is 3-20 mm; when the iron-based alloy matrix material is a bar, the rotating speed is 5 r/min-20 r/min.
Preferably, after the surface of the composite body is polished, the surface roughness Ra of the composite body is less than or equal to 0.5 μm.
Preferably, during the laser shock process, the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 500 nm-2000 nm, the pulse width is 10 ns-50 ns, the spot diameter is 3 mm-15 mm, the spot overlap ratio is 10% -70%, and the repetition frequency is 1 Hz-10 Hz.
Preferably, the cyclic heat treatment process comprises the following steps:
s1, heating the composite body with the surface subjected to laser shock to 350-400 ℃ at a heating rate of 10-20 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 30-60 min to make the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating uniform;
s2, heating the iron-based composite coating to 400-650 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 200-500 min to ensure that the whole temperature of the iron-based composite coating is uniform and the residual stress is eliminated;
S3, cooling to room temperature at a cooling rate of 5-10 ℃/min;
and S4, circulating the processes of temperature rising, heat preservation and temperature reduction (namely S1-S3) for 3-10 times.
Preferably, the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process of the iron-based composite powder comprises the following steps:
preserving the heat of the iron-based composite powder in liquid nitrogen for 5-20 min at the temperature of-130 to-196 ℃; and after the heat preservation is finished, heating to room temperature at the heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, circulating the heat preservation and heating process for 5-30 times, and finishing the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process.
Preferably, the micron La2O3The grain size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 mu m, micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of the FeCrNiSiB is 10-50 mu m, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 mu m.
Preferably, the micron FeCrNiSiB powder comprises the following chemical components in percentage by mass: 5% -30% of Cr; 3% -13% of Ni; 1% -10% of Si; b1% -5%; the balance of Fe.
Preferably, the preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material further comprises a pretreatment process of the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material, wherein the pretreatment process comprises the following steps: degreasing an iron-based alloy matrix material, then ultrasonically cleaning the iron-based alloy matrix material by using ethanol as a solution, then polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material to a mirror surface state, and then polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material to ensure that the surface roughness Ra of the iron-based alloy matrix material is less than or equal to 0.5 mu m; subsequently, cleaning and vacuum drying the iron-based alloy matrix material;
And (3) applying the iron-based alloy matrix material with the surface subjected to pretreatment to laser cladding.
The invention also provides an iron-based wear-resistant composite material, which is prepared by the preparation method, comprises an iron-based alloy matrix material and a composite coating on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material, and meets the condition that the thickness of the coating is not less than 0.1 mm.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
in the preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material, the iron-based composite powder comprises micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder, wherein the main material is the micron FeCrNiSiB powder, silicon element and boron element are added on the basis of iron-chromium alloy, so that the impurity elements in the laser cladding process can form slag with the impurity elements to float on the surface of a molten pool, the porosity of the laser cladding coating is reduced, and the density of the coating is increased. In addition, the addition of the silicon element and the boron element also has the effects of improving the quality of grain boundaries and strengthening crystal grains. Micron La in iron-based composite powder2O3The powder is uniformly distributed in the coating, and the rare earth element La in the coating can form an intermetallic compound with a high melting point with Fe, Cr and Ni elements, and the intermetallic compound is used as a non-spontaneous nucleation center to promote the refinement of crystal grains. Meanwhile, due to micron La 2O3The powder has higher melting point and higher hardness, and the hardness and the wear resistance of the coating can be effectively improved in a dispersion strengthening mode. Micron ceramic particle Al in iron-based composite powder2O3Can be used as a hard phase to further refine the structure and strengthen the hardness and the durability of the coatingWear performance. The iron-based composite powder can be used for designing different micron La aiming at different iron-based alloy matrix materials2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The proportion of the powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder realizes the targeted preparation of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating and effectively protects the iron-based alloy matrix. Because the iron-based alloy matrix and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are both alloys taking iron base as a main component, the micron FeCrNiSiB powder has good compatibility, namely the expansion coefficients of the powder material and the matrix material are close, so that the micron FeCrNiSiB powder material can form good metallurgical bonding with the iron-based alloy matrix. According to the preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material, the iron-based composite powder is cladded on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material by utilizing laser cladding and using a laser beam with high energy density, so that the iron-based composite coating with higher hardness and wear resistance is formed. The iron-based composite powder is innovatively subjected to circulating cryogenic treatment, the number of shear bands of the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder material is obviously increased, namely the plastic deformation capacity of the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder material is increased, the combination of particles in the laser cladding process can be increased through better plastic deformation capacity, and the combination strength of the coating is improved. Wherein, laser shock and cyclic heat treatment are innovatively added in the post-treatment stage of the coating to serve as further regulation and control of the coating performance. The laser impact is used for special treatment of the strengthened coating, the compactness of the coating can be effectively enhanced, the grain refinement of the coating subjected to the laser impact is obvious, the porosity is obviously reduced, the hardness and the wear resistance of the coating are improved, and the service life of the coating is prolonged. The cyclic heat treatment is used as the last step for regulating and controlling the performance of the coating, plays an important role, determines different cyclic heat treatment processes according to different base materials and the appearance of the finally prepared coating, and ensures that the finally prepared coating has uniform tissue and excellent comprehensive performance. The rare earth oxide has good physical and chemical properties, so that the rare earth oxide can be used for refining grains, improving the uniformity of a microstructure and improving the mechanical properties of a coating or a composite material. Wherein the micron La 2O3La in the powder is a typical grain boundary segregation element and surface active element, and has pinningThe effect can inhibit the growth of crystal grains, achieve the effect of refining the crystal grains, improve the uniformity and the surface hardness of the microstructure of a coating or a composite material and improve the tribological performance of the coating or the composite material. Micron Al2O3The powder has better powder compatibility, can be used as hard particles to exist in the coating, increases the plastic deformation among the particles, and further improves the mechanical property of the coating. But micron La2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The addition amount of the powder has a better range (0.1-1.5 percent of micron La)2O3Powder, 1-20% micron Al2O3Powder and the balance of micron FeCrNiSiB powder). In this interval, micron La2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The powder can exert the performance advantage of the powder, but exceeds the interval, namely micron La2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The powder may deteriorate the texture of the coating and impair the mechanical properties of the coating due to the aggregation and uneven distribution of the powder. The service life of the iron-based alloy matrix can be prolonged, and the method has great significance for repairing and reconstructing engineering machinery.
Further, the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 10-70%, the scanning speed is 1-10 mm/s, the laser power is 500-5000W, the powder feeding speed is 10-60 g/min, the powder feeding gas and the protective gas are inert gases, the powder feeding pressure is 1-10 bar or gravity powder feeding, the diameter of a light spot is 2-15 mm, the deposition temperature is 1000-3000 ℃, and the cladding distance is 3-20 mm; when the iron-based alloy matrix material is a bar, the rotating speed is 5 r/min-20 r/min. The laser power and the spot diameter directly determine the energy density, so the parameters of the laser power and the spot diameter correspond to each other, and the energy density cannot be too high. Since higher energy density will result in micron La 2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The particle size of (2) is burnt, and the effect of improving the performance of the coating cannot be achieved.
Further, the process of the cyclic heat treatment includes: heating the composite body with the surface subjected to laser impact to 350-400 ℃ at a heating rate of 10-20 ℃/min, preserving heat for 30-60 min to enable the integral temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform, heating the composite body to 450400-650 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, preserving heat for 200-500 min to enable the integral temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform and eliminate residual stress, then cooling to room temperature at a cooling rate of 5-107 ℃/min, and circulating the heating, preserving heat and cooling processes for 3-10 times. When the number of the circulating heat treatment is 3-10, the microstructure of the coating can be improved on the basis of no microcrack, so that 500-micron crystal grains can be refined into 20-micron crystal grains. The cyclic heat treatment can be used for heat treatment of not only small workpieces but also large-volume or complex parts.
Further, the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process of the iron-based composite powder comprises the following steps: preserving the heat of the iron-based composite powder in liquid nitrogen for 5-20 min at the temperature of-130 to-196 ℃; and after the heat preservation is finished, heating to room temperature at the heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, circulating the heat preservation and heating processes for 5-10 times, and finishing the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process. When the number of times of the circulating cryogenic treatment is 5-10 times, the number of the tissue rheological units can be increased, the plastic deformation capacity of the particles is greatly improved, the interface bonding energy between the particles and the matrix and between the particles and the particles is larger than the rebound energy, and the efficient deposition of the powder particles is realized.
Further, micron La2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 mu m, micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 10-50 μm, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 μm. Based on the above range, micron La can be ensured2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The particle diameter of the powder is smaller than that of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder, so that the micron La is2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The powder can be attached to the surface of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder like a planet, and in the deposition process of the powder, the micron La is attached to the surface of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder2O3Powder and micron Al2O3The powder can be used as heterogeneous nucleation particles or active elements to improve the structure and mechanical properties of the coating.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the preparation process of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material.
Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom of a microstructure of a conventional iron-based alloy coating.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the middle of the microstructure of a conventional iron-based alloy coating.
Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 1 in the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the middle of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 1 in the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a particle size distribution diagram of a micron FeCrNiSiB powder used in example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows the micron La used in example 1 of the present invention2O3Distribution diagram of particle size of powder.
FIG. 8 shows micron Al used in example 1 of the present invention2O3The particle size distribution diagram of the powder.
FIG. 9 is a heating schedule chart of the heat treatment cycle in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 10 is a graph comparing friction coefficients of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 11 is a graph showing the volume loss of a conventional iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating according to example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a graph comparing hardness of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 13 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the middle of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 15 is a graph comparing the friction coefficients of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 16 is a graph showing the volume loss of a conventional iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating according to example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 17 is a graph comparing hardness of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 2 of the present invention.
Fig. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 3 in the present invention.
Fig. 19 is a cross-sectional view of the middle part of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 20 is a graph comparing friction coefficients of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 21 is a graph showing the volume loss of the conventional iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention.
Fig. 22 is a graph comparing hardness of a general iron-based alloy coating layer and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating layer of example 3 according to the present invention.
Fig. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the bottom of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 4 according to the present invention.
Fig. 24 is a cross-sectional view of the middle part of the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 25 is a graph comparing friction coefficients of a general iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 26 is a graph showing the volume loss of a conventional iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating according to example 4 of the present invention.
Fig. 27 is a graph comparing hardness of a conventional iron-based alloy coating and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of example 4 of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
The invention aims to provide an iron-based wear-resistant composite material and a preparation method thereof aiming at the key problem of how to improve the wear resistance of iron-based alloy which is urgently needed to be solved in the mechanical manufacturing industry at present 2O3Micron Al2O3And micron FeCrNiSiB powder as a material, a laser cladding is used as a main coating preparation technology, and a cryogenic treatment, a laser shock and a circulating heat treatment are used as auxiliary means to prepare the wear-resistant composite coating on the iron-based alloy matrix. Not only give full play to micron La2O3Micron Al2O3And the self characteristics of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder, and develops the comprehensive application of the cryogenic treatment, the laser shock and the cyclic heat treatment technology. The service life of the iron-based alloy matrix is prolonged, and the material cost of enterprises is reduced.
The invention relates to an iron-based alloy composite coating and a preparation method thereof, in particular to an iron-based alloy protective coating cladded with powder with different particle sizes and a preparation method thereof, and specifically relates to a multiphase particle reinforced iron-based alloy protective coating and a preparation method thereof.
One of the technical schemes of the invention is as follows:
the iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises an iron-based alloy matrix material and an iron-based wear-resistant composite coating processed on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material, wherein the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating mainly comprises micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder form of the powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder consists of micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3In the iron-based composite powder formed by mixing the powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder, the weight percentage is as follows: micron La 2O30.05-10% of powder and micron Al2O30.1-45% of powder and 50-95% of micron FeCrNiSiB powder, and the sum of all the components is 100%.
Wherein, micron La2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 mu m, micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of the FeCrNiSiB powder is 10-100 mu m, and the particle size of the micro FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 mu m.
Referring to fig. 1, the preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material of the invention comprises the following steps:
step 1, pretreatment of the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material: firstly, soaking an iron-based alloy matrix material in acetone for degreasing, then placing the iron-based alloy matrix in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by taking ethanol as a solution for ultrasonic cleaning, and removing dirt and impurity particles on the surface. And (3) polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix to a mirror surface state by using water sand paper, and polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix by using polishing equipment. And then, standing the cleaned iron-based alloy matrix in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 70 ℃ for 2 hours.
Step 2, preparing iron-based composite powder: (1) preparation of microparticles of micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to a certain proportion. (2) And (4) vacuum drying, namely standing the materials in a vacuum drying oven respectively for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 70-100 ℃ for 2 hours. (3) Mixing uniformly, and drying the dried micron La 2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are sequentially placed in a powder placing bin of a three-dimensional powder mixer and are placed according to a certain proportion, then the powder is mixed, the rotating speed of a main shaft of the three-dimensional powder mixer is 2.2r/min, and the mixing time is 4 hours. (4) Circulating deep cooling treatment, namely firstly uniformly mixing the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3And filling the powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder into a freezing pipe, standing the freezing pipe in liquid nitrogen, preserving heat for 5-20 min at the temperature of-130 to-196 ℃, taking out, cooling in a heat preservation box at the cooling speed of 3-10 ℃/min, preserving heat for 5-10 min after cooling to room temperature, and circulating for 5-10 times according to the process. (5) Vacuum drying, deep cooling, taking out the powder, and finally, obtaining the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are statically placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, the drying time is 30min, and the drying temperature is 50 ℃.
Step 3, laser cladding: carrying out laser cladding operation on the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder subjected to the step 2 on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material by adopting a coaxial powder feeding mode or a preset powder laying mode to form a coating with the thickness of not less than 0.1mm, wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 10-70%, the scanning speed is 1-10 mm/s, the laser power is 500-5000W, the powder feeding speed is 10-60 g/min, the powder feeding gas is high-purity nitrogen or high-purity rare gas, the shielding gas is high-purity rare gas, the powder feeding pressure is 1-10 bar or gravity powder feeding, the diameter of a light spot is 2-15 mm, the deposition temperature is 1000-3000 ℃, the cladding distance is 3-20 mm, and when the base material is a bar, the rotating speed is 5-20 r/min.
Step 4, laser shock pretreatment: the method comprises the steps of polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using water sand paper with different granularities, polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using a diamond polishing agent with the granularity of 0.5 micrometer, placing the iron-based composite coating and the substrate subjected to laser cladding in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by using ethanol as a solution, statically placing the cleaned iron-based composite coating and the cleaned substrate in a drying box for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 80 ℃ for 1 hour.
Step 5, laser shock: the laser shock is adopted to carry out enhancement treatment on the laser cladding composite coating, and the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 500 nm-2000 nm, the pulse width is 10 ns-50 ns, the spot diameter is 3 mm-15 mm, the spot overlapping rate is 10% -70%, and the repetition frequency is 1 Hz-10 Hz.
Step 6, circulating heat treatment: carrying out heat treatment on the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser impact at 400-450 ℃ in an argon environment, and specifically: firstly heating the iron-based composite coating to 350-400 ℃ at a heating rate of 10-20 ℃/min, preserving heat for 30-60 min to make the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating uniform, then heating the target to 400-450 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, preserving heat for 200-500 min to make the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating uniform and eliminate residual stress, and finally cooling the iron-based composite coating at a cooling rate of 5-10 ℃/min until the temperature is reduced to room temperature. And circulating the processes of heating, heat preservation and cooling for 3-10 times.
The ethanol adopted in the process is high-purity ethanol with the purity of not less than 99.99 percent. The acetone is high-purity acetone with the purity of not less than 99.99%. The grain size of the water sandpaper is from 80 to 2000.
The preparation process of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating integrates different raw materials and various processing technologies, has primary and secondary functions in the preparation process, gives full play to the application potential of the raw powder material to the maximum, and sets related process parameters aiming at different iron-based alloy matrix materials to ensure that the process parameters corresponding to each matrix material are the optimal process parameters. Moreover, various treatment technologies are combined, the advantages of each technology are greatly exerted, scientific arrangement is provided, and the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating with the most excellent performance is prepared at the lowest cost.
Example 1
The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises the steps of pretreating the surface of an iron-based total matrix, and then carrying out micron La treatment on the surface of the iron-based total matrix2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to a certain proportion, and are respectively subjected to vacuum drying, uniform mixing, circulating cryogenic treatment and vacuum drying treatment in sequence, then the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is prepared through laser cladding, and finally the coating is regulated and controlled through laser impact pretreatment, laser impact and circulating heat treatment, so that the coating is ensured to have excellent mechanical properties.
In the embodiment, the micrometer FeCrNiSiB powder comprises the following chemical components by mass percent: 5% of Cr; ni 2%; 1% of Si; b1 percent; the balance of Fe. The particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder shown in FIG. 6 is 50 μm-200 μm. Micron La2O3The mass content of the powder is 0.1%, and the micron La shown in figure 72O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 μm. Micron Al2O3The mass content of the powder is 1%, and the micron Al is shown in figure 82O3The particle size distribution of (B) is 10 to 100 μm.
The preparation method of the embodiment comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, pretreatment of the surface of the iron-based alloy: firstly, soaking an iron-based alloy matrix in acetone for degreasing, then placing the iron-based alloy matrix in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by taking ethanol as a solution for ultrasonic cleaning, and removing dirt and impurity particles on the surface. Firstly, polishing the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix to be flat by using 200-grade waterproof abrasive paper, then polishing the surface of the matrix to be in a mirror surface state by using 200-2000-grade waterproof abrasive paper, and polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix by using polishing equipment and a diamond polishing agent. And finally, standing the cleaned iron-based alloy matrix in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 50 ℃ for 1 h.
Step 2, preparing iron-based composite powder: (1) preparation of micrometer particles, micrometer La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are respectively prepared according to 0.1 percent, 1 percent and 98.9 percent. (2) Vacuum drying, standing in vacuum drying oven respectively, drying at 50 deg.C for 1 h. (3) Mixing uniformly, and drying the dried micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are sequentially placed in a powder placing bin of a three-dimensional powder mixer and are placed according to a certain proportion, then the powder is mixed, the rotating speed of a main shaft of the three-dimensional powder mixer is 1r/min, and the mixing time is 1 h. (4) Circulating deep cooling treatment, namely firstly uniformly mixing the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are filled into a freezing tube, the freezing tube is statically placed in liquid nitrogen for heat preservation for 10min, the heat preservation temperature is-130 ℃, the freezing tube is taken out and cooled in a heat preservation box at the cooling speed of 5 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 10min after being cooled to the room temperature, and the process is circulated for 5 times. (5) Vacuum drying, deep cooling, taking out the powder, and finally, obtaining the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are statically placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, the drying time is 30min, and the drying temperature is 50 ℃.
Step 3, laser cladding: carrying out laser cladding operation on the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder subjected to the step 2 on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material by adopting a preset powder laying mode to form a coating with the thickness of 1.2mm, wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 10%, the scanning speed is 1mm/s, the laser power is 500W, the powder feeding speed is 10g/min, the powder feeding gas is high-purity nitrogen, the shielding gas is high-purity rare gas, the powder feeding pressure is 1bar, the diameter of a light spot is 2mm, the deposition temperature is 1000 ℃, the cladding distance is 3mm, the base material is a bar material, and the rotating speed is 10 r/min.
Step 4, laser shock pretreatment: the method comprises the steps of firstly polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding to be in a flat state by using water sand paper with the brand number of 100, then polishing the surface to be in a mirror surface state by using water sand paper with the brand number of 200-2000, then polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using a diamond polishing agent with the granularity of 0.5 micrometer, then placing the iron-based composite coating and the substrate subjected to laser cladding in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by using ethanol as a solution, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning, standing the cleaned iron-based composite coating and the substrate subjected to laser cladding in a drying box for drying treatment, wherein the drying temperature is 50 ℃, and the drying time is 1 hour.
Step 5, laser shock: the laser shock is adopted to carry out enhancement treatment on the laser cladding composite coating, and the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 500nm, the pulse width is 10ns, the spot diameter is 3mm, the spot overlapping rate is 10%, and the repetition frequency is 1 Hz.
And 6, circulating heat treatment: carrying out heat treatment on the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser impact at 450 ℃ in an argon environment, firstly heating the temperature to 400 ℃ at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 60min to enable the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform, then heating the target to 450 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 500min to enable the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform and simultaneously eliminate residual stress, finally, carrying out cooling treatment on the iron-based composite coating at a cooling rate of 7 ℃/min until the temperature is reduced to room temperature, and circulating the process for 3 times.
As can be seen from FIGS. 2 and 3, the microstructure of the conventional Fe-based alloy coating is mainly coarse columnar crystals and dendrites, the width of the columnar crystals is 5-10 μm, and the length of the columnar crystals is extremely long. As can be seen from figures 4 and 5, the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is mainly fine isometric crystals, the dendrites are about 5 microns, and the structure is uniform and compact.
As can be seen from fig. 10, the friction coefficient of the conventional iron-based alloy coating is approximately stabilized at 0.29, and the friction coefficient of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of the present invention is approximately stabilized at 0.25. As can be seen from FIG. 11, the volume wear of the conventional Fe-based alloy coating is 310X 10 -3mm-3The volume abrasion of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is 106 multiplied by 10-3mm-3. Researches prove that the wear of the coating in the actual use process can be reduced due to smaller friction coefficient and volume wear, and the service life of the coating can be prolonged.
As can be seen from fig. 12, the hardness of the conventional iron-based alloy coating is approximately stabilized at 425hv0.3, and the hardness of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating of the invention is approximately stabilized at 639 hv0.3. Since the hardness value is determined by the initial plastic deformation resistance and the sustained plastic deformation resistance, the higher the strength of the material, the higher the plastic deformation resistance. The method reflects that the deformation resistance of the material is higher in the actual use process, and is beneficial to prolonging the service life of the finished material.
Example 2
The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises the steps of pretreating the surface of an iron-based total matrix, and then carrying out micron La treatment on the surface of the iron-based total matrix2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to a certain proportion, and are respectively subjected to vacuum drying, uniform mixing, circulating cryogenic treatment and vacuum drying treatment in sequence, then the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is prepared through laser cladding, and finally the coating is regulated and controlled through laser impact pretreatment, laser impact and circulating heat treatment, so that the coating is ensured to have excellent mechanical properties.
In the embodiment, the micrometer FeCrNiSiB powder comprises the following chemical components by mass percent: 10% of Cr; ni 4%; 3% of Si; b2%; the balance of Fe. Micron La2O3The mass content of the powder is 0.5 percent, and the micron La is2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 μm. Micron Al2O3The mass content of the powder is 5 percent, and the micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of (B) is 10 to 100 μm. The rest is micron FeCrNiSiB powder, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 mu m. The preparation method of the embodiment comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, pretreatment of the surface of the iron-based alloy: firstly, soaking an iron-based alloy matrix in acetone for degreasing, then placing the iron-based alloy matrix in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by taking ethanol as a solution for ultrasonic cleaning, and removing dirt and impurity particles on the surface. And (3) polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix to a mirror surface state by using water sand paper, and polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix by using polishing equipment. And then, standing the cleaned iron-based alloy matrix in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 100 ℃ for 5 hours.
Step 2, preparing iron-based composite powder: (1) preparation of microparticles of micron La2O3Powder, micron Al 2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are respectively prepared according to 0.5 percent, 5 percent and 94.5 percent. (2) Vacuum drying, standing in vacuum drying oven respectively, drying at 100 deg.C for 5 hr. (3) Mixing, and mixing the dried micrometer La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are sequentially placed in a powder placing bin of a three-dimensional powder mixer and are placed according to a certain proportion, then the powder is mixed, the rotating speed of a main shaft of the three-dimensional powder mixer is 5r/min, and the mixing time is 5 hours. (4) Circulating deep cooling treatment, namely firstly uniformly mixing the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are filled into a freezing tube, the freezing tube is statically placed in liquid nitrogen for heat preservation for 30min, the heat preservation temperature is-196 ℃, the freezing tube is taken out and cooled in a heat preservation box at the cooling speed of 5 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 30min after being cooled to the room temperature, and the process is circulated for 10 times. (5) Vacuum drying, deep cooling, taking out the powder, and finally, obtaining the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are statically placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, the drying time is 5 hours, and the drying temperature is 100 ℃.
Step 3, laser cladding: carrying out laser cladding operation on the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder subjected to the step 2 on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material in a coaxial powder feeding mode to form a coating with the thickness of not less than 1.3mm, wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 70%, the scanning speed is 10mm/s, the laser power is 5000W, the powder feeding speed is 60g/min, the powder feeding gas is high-purity rare gas, the shielding gas is high-purity rare gas, the powder feeding pressure is 10bar, the diameter of a light spot is 15mm, the deposition temperature is 3000 ℃, and the cladding distance is 20 mm. The base material is a bar material, and the rotating speed is 20 r/min.
Step 4, laser shock pretreatment: the method comprises the steps of polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding to be in a flat state by using 100-grade water sand paper, polishing the surface to be in a mirror surface state by using 200-2000-grade water sand paper, polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using a diamond polishing agent with the granularity of 0.5 micrometer, placing the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser cladding and a substrate in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by using ethanol as a solution, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning, standing the cleaned iron-based composite coating subjected to laser cladding and the substrate in a drying box for drying treatment, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃, and the drying time is 5 hours.
Step 5, laser shock: the laser shock is adopted to carry out enhancement treatment on the laser cladding composite coating, and the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 2000nm, the pulse width is 50ns, the spot diameter is 15mm, the spot overlapping rate is 70%, and the repetition frequency is 10 Hz.
And 6, circulating heat treatment: and (2) carrying out heat treatment on the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser impact at 500 ℃ in an argon environment, firstly heating the temperature to 450 ℃ at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 90min to enable the integral temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform, then heating the target to 450 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 1000min to enable the integral temperature of the iron-based composite coating to be uniform and simultaneously eliminate residual stress, finally, carrying out cooling treatment on the iron-based composite coating at a cooling rate of 7 ℃/min until the temperature is reduced to room temperature, and circulating the process for 5 times.
As can be seen from fig. 13 and 14, the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 2 of the present invention is mainly fine equiaxed crystals, the size of dendrites is about 5 μm, and the structure is uniform and dense.
As can be seen from fig. 15, the friction coefficient of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 2 of the present invention was stabilized at approximately 0.22. As can be seen from fig. 16, the volume wear of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 2 of the invention is 136 × 10-3mm-3. The study proves that theThe friction coefficient and the volume abrasion can reduce the abrasion of the coating in the actual use process, and the service life of the coating can be prolonged.
As can be seen from fig. 17, the hardness of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 2 of the present invention was stabilized at about 645 hv0.3. Since the hardness value is determined by the initial resistance to plastic deformation and the resistance to continued plastic deformation, the higher the strength of the material, the higher the resistance to plastic deformation. The reflection is that the deformation resistance of the material is higher in the actual use process, which is beneficial to prolonging the service life of the finished material.
Example 3
The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises the steps of pretreating the surface of an iron-based total matrix, and then carrying out micron La treatment on the surface of the iron-based total matrix2O3Powder, micron Al 2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to a certain proportion, and are respectively subjected to vacuum drying, uniform mixing, circulating cryogenic treatment and vacuum drying treatment in sequence, then the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is prepared through laser cladding, and finally the coating is regulated and controlled through laser impact pretreatment, laser impact and circulating heat treatment, so that the coating is ensured to have excellent mechanical properties.
In the embodiment, the micrometer FeCrNiSiB powder comprises the following chemical components by mass percent: 25% of Cr; ni 10%; 7% of Si; b4 percent; and the balance of Fe. Micron La2O3The mass content of the powder is 1 percent, and the micron La2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 μm. Micron Al2O3The mass content of the powder is 15 percent, and the micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of (B) is 10 to 100 μm. The rest is micron FeCrNiSiB powder, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 mu m.
The preparation method of the embodiment comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, pretreatment of the surface of the iron-based alloy: firstly, soaking an iron-based alloy matrix in acetone for degreasing, then placing the iron-based alloy matrix in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by taking ethanol as a solution for ultrasonic cleaning, and removing dirt and impurity particles on the surface. And (3) polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix to a mirror surface state by using water sand paper, and polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix by using polishing equipment. And then, standing the cleaned iron-based alloy matrix in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 80 ℃ for 2 hours.
Step 2, preparing iron-based composite powder: (1) preparation of micrometer particles, micrometer La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to 1 percent, 15 percent and 84 percent respectively. (2) Vacuum drying, standing in vacuum drying oven respectively, drying at 100 deg.C for 5 hr. (3) Mixing uniformly, and drying the dried micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are sequentially placed in a powder placing bin of a three-dimensional powder mixer and are placed according to a certain proportion, then the powder is mixed, the rotating speed of a main shaft of the three-dimensional powder mixer is 3r/min, and the mixing time is 3 h. (4) Circulating deep cooling treatment, namely firstly uniformly mixing the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are filled into a freezing tube, the freezing tube is statically placed in liquid nitrogen for heat preservation for 20min, the heat preservation temperature is minus 156 ℃, the freezing tube is taken out and cooled in a heat preservation box at the cooling speed of 6 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 30min after being cooled to the room temperature, and the process is circulated for 5 times. (5) Vacuum drying, deep cooling, taking out the powder, and finally, obtaining the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are statically placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, the drying time is 3h, and the drying temperature is 100 ℃.
Step 3, laser cladding: and (3) carrying out laser cladding operation on the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder subjected to the step (2) on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material by adopting a coaxial powder feeding mode to form a coating with the thickness of 1.0 mm. Wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 20%, the scanning speed is 5mm/s, the laser power is 1000W, the powder feeding speed is 20g/min, the powder feeding gas is high-purity rare gas, the shielding gas is high-purity rare gas, the powder feeding pressure is 5bar, the diameter of a light spot is 5mm, the deposition temperature is 2000 ℃, and the cladding distance is 20 mm. The base material is a plate.
Step 4, laser shock pretreatment: the method comprises the steps of polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding to be in a flat state by using 100-grade water sand paper, polishing the surface to be in a mirror surface state by using 200-2000-grade water sand paper, polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using a diamond polishing agent with the granularity of 0.5 micrometer, placing the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser cladding and a substrate in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by using ethanol as a solution, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning, standing the cleaned iron-based composite coating subjected to laser cladding and the substrate in a drying box for drying treatment, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃, and the drying time is 5 hours.
Step 5, laser shock: the laser shock is adopted to carry out enhancement treatment on the laser cladding composite coating, and the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 1000nm, the pulse width is 20ns, the spot diameter is 5mm, the spot lap-joint rate is 30 percent, and the repetition frequency is 5 Hz.
And 6, circulating heat treatment: and (2) carrying out heat treatment on the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser impact at 550 ℃ in an argon environment, firstly heating the temperature to 550 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 60min to ensure that the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating is uniform, then heating the target to 600 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃/min, preserving the heat for 1000min to ensure that the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating is uniform and the residual stress is eliminated, finally, carrying out cooling treatment on the iron-based composite coating at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min until the temperature is reduced to room temperature, and circulating the process for 7 times.
As can be seen from fig. 18 and 19, the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention is mainly fine isometric crystals, the size of dendrites is about 5 μm, and the structure is uniform and dense.
As can be seen from fig. 20, the friction coefficient of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention was substantially stabilized at 0.20. As can be seen from fig. 21, the volume wear of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention was 115 × 10 -3mm-3. Researches prove that the smaller friction coefficient and volume abrasion can reduce the abrasion of the coating in the actual use process, and is beneficial to improving the coatingService life of the layer.
As can be seen from fig. 22, the hardness of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 3 of the present invention was stabilized at 674 hv0.3. Since the hardness value is determined by the initial resistance to plastic deformation and the resistance to continued plastic deformation, the higher the strength of the material, the higher the resistance to plastic deformation. The reflection is that the deformation resistance of the material is higher in the actual use process, which is beneficial to prolonging the service life of the finished material.
Example 4
The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material comprises the steps of pretreating the surface of the iron-based total matrix, and then carrying out micron La treatment2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are prepared according to a certain proportion, and are respectively subjected to vacuum drying, uniform mixing, circulating cryogenic treatment and vacuum drying treatment in sequence, then the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating is prepared through laser cladding, and finally the coating is regulated and controlled through laser impact pretreatment, laser impact and circulating heat treatment, so that the coating is ensured to have excellent mechanical properties.
In the embodiment, the micron fecrniib powder comprises the following chemical components by mass percent: 30% of Cr; ni 13%; 10% of Si; b5 percent; the balance of Fe. Micron La 2O3The mass content of the powder is 1.5 percent, and the micron La is used2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1-10 μm. Micron Al2O3The mass content of the powder is 20 percent, and the micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of (B) is 10 to 100 μm. The rest is micron FeCrNiSiB powder, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50-200 mu m.
The preparation method of the embodiment comprises the following specific steps:
step 1, pretreatment of the surface of the iron-based alloy: firstly, soaking an iron-based alloy matrix in acetone for degreasing, then placing the iron-based alloy matrix in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by taking ethanol as a solution for ultrasonic cleaning, and removing dirt and impurity particles on the surface. And (3) polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix to a mirror surface state by using water sand paper, and polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix by using polishing equipment. And then, standing the cleaned iron-based alloy matrix in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment at the drying temperature of 80 ℃ for 2 hours.
Step 2, preparing iron-based composite powder: (1) preparation of microparticles of micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are respectively prepared according to 1.5 percent, 20 percent and 78.5 percent. (2) Vacuum drying, standing in vacuum drying oven respectively, drying at 100 deg.C for 5 hr. (3) Mixing uniformly, and drying the dried micron La 2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are sequentially placed in a powder placing bin of a three-dimensional powder mixer and are placed according to a certain proportion, then the powder is mixed, the rotating speed of a main shaft of the three-dimensional powder mixer is 10/min, and the mixing time is 10 hours. (4) Circulating deep cooling treatment, namely firstly uniformly mixing the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are filled into a freezing tube, the freezing tube is statically placed in liquid nitrogen for heat preservation for 30min, the heat preservation temperature is-100 ℃, the freezing tube is taken out and cooled in a heat preservation box at the cooling speed of 10 ℃/min, the temperature is preserved for 50min after being cooled to the room temperature, and the process is circulated for 5 times. (5) Vacuum drying, deep cooling, taking out the powder, and finally, obtaining the micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The powder and the micron FeCrNiSiB powder are statically placed in a vacuum drying oven for drying treatment, the drying time is 5 hours, and the drying temperature is 100 ℃.
Step 3, laser cladding: and (3) carrying out laser cladding operation on the iron-based wear-resistant composite powder subjected to the step (2) on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material by adopting a coaxial powder feeding mode to form a coating with the thickness of 0.9 mm. Wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 50%, the scanning speed is 15mm/s, the laser power is 3000W, the powder feeding speed is 30g/min, the powder feeding gas is high-purity rare gas, the shielding gas is high-purity rare gas, the powder feeding pressure is 15bar, the diameter of a light spot is 10mm, the deposition temperature is 2500 ℃, and the cladding distance is 20 mm. The base material is a plate.
Step 4, laser shock pretreatment: the method comprises the steps of firstly polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding to be in a flat state by using water sand paper with the brand number of 100, then polishing the surface to be in a mirror surface state by using water sand paper with the brand number of 200-2000, then polishing the surface subjected to laser cladding by using a diamond polishing agent with the granularity of 0.5 micrometer, then placing the iron-based composite coating and the substrate subjected to laser cladding in an ultrasonic cleaning bin by using ethanol as a solution, carrying out ultrasonic cleaning, standing the cleaned iron-based composite coating and the substrate subjected to laser cladding in a drying box for drying treatment, wherein the drying temperature is 100 ℃, and the drying time is 5 hours.
Step 5, laser shock: the laser shock is adopted to carry out enhancement treatment on the laser cladding composite coating, and the laser shock parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 2000nm, the pulse width is 30ns, the spot diameter is 6mm, the spot overlapping rate is 50%, and the repetition frequency is 15 Hz.
Step 6, circulating heat treatment: carrying out heat treatment on the iron-based composite coating subjected to laser impact at 650 ℃ in an argon environment, firstly heating the temperature to 450 ℃ at a heating rate of 10 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 80min to ensure that the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating is uniform, then heating the target to 600 ℃ at a heating rate of 5 ℃/min, keeping the temperature for 1000min to ensure that the overall temperature of the iron-based composite coating is uniform and the residual stress is eliminated, finally, carrying out cooling treatment on the iron-based composite coating at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min until the temperature is reduced to room temperature, and circulating the process for 10 times. The parts not involved in the present invention are the same as or can be implemented using the prior art.
As can be seen from fig. 23 and 24, the microstructure of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 4 of the present invention is mainly fine equiaxed crystals, the size of dendrites is about 5 μm, and the structure is uniform and dense.
As can be seen from fig. 25, the friction coefficient of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 4 of the present invention was stabilized at approximately 0.21. As can be seen from fig. 26, the volume wear of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 4 of the present invention is 97 × 10-3mm-3. Researches prove that the wear of the coating in the actual use process can be reduced due to smaller friction coefficient and volume wear, and the improvement is facilitatedService life of the coating.
As can be seen from fig. 27, the hardness of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating in example 4 of the present invention is substantially stabilized at 669 hv0.3. Since the hardness value is determined by the initial resistance to plastic deformation and the resistance to continued plastic deformation, the higher the strength of the material, the higher the resistance to plastic deformation. The method reflects that the deformation resistance of the material is higher in the actual use process, and is beneficial to prolonging the service life of the finished material.

Claims (8)

1. The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
preparing an iron-based wear-resistant composite coating on the surface of an iron-based alloy matrix material by using iron-based composite powder by using a laser cladding method to obtain a composite;
Polishing and cleaning the surface of the composite;
performing laser impact on the surface of the polished and cleaned composite body to realize surface enhancement treatment of the iron-based wear-resistant composite coating;
carrying out circulating heat treatment on the complex with the surface subjected to laser shock to eliminate residual stress;
the iron-based composite powder is micron La2O3Powder, micron Al2O3The iron-based composite powder is obtained by uniformly mixing powder and micron FeCrNiSiB powder, performing liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment and drying, and comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 0.1 to 1.5 percent of micron La2O3Powder, 1-20% micron Al2O3Powder and the balance of micron FeCrNiSiB powder;
in the laser impact process, the laser impact parameters are as follows: the laser wavelength is 500 nm-2000 nm, the pulse width is 10 ns-50 ns, the diameter of a light spot is 3 mm-15 mm, the overlapping rate of the light spot is 10% -70%, and the repetition frequency is 1 Hz-10 Hz;
the cyclic heat treatment process comprises the following steps:
s1, heating the composite body with the surface subjected to laser shock to 350-400 ℃ at a heating rate of 10-20 ℃/min, and preserving heat for 30-60 min;
s2, heating the target to 400-450 ℃ at a heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, and keeping the temperature for 200-500 min;
s3, cooling to room temperature at a cooling rate of 5-10 ℃/min;
S4, the process of S1-S3 is circulated for 3-10 times.
2. The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material according to claim 1, wherein the parameters of the laser cladding process are as follows: the lapping rate is 10-70%, the scanning speed is 1-10 mm/s, the laser power is 500-5000W, the powder feeding speed is 10-60 g/min, the powder feeding gas and the protective gas are inert gases, the powder feeding pressure is 1-10 bar or gravity powder feeding is carried out, the diameter of a light spot is 2-15 mm, the deposition temperature is 1000-3000 ℃, and the cladding distance is 3-20 mm; when the iron-based alloy matrix material is a bar, the rotating speed is 5 r/min-20 r/min.
3. The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material according to claim 1, wherein the surface roughness Ra of the composite body is less than or equal to 0.5 μm after the surface of the composite body is polished.
4. The method for preparing the iron-based wear-resistant composite material according to claim 1, wherein the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process of the iron-based composite powder comprises the following steps:
preserving the heat of the iron-based composite powder in liquid nitrogen for 5-20 min at the temperature of-130 to-196 ℃; and after the heat preservation is finished, heating to room temperature at the heating rate of 5-10 ℃/min, circulating the heat preservation and heating process for 5-10 times, and finishing the liquid nitrogen circulating cryogenic treatment process.
5. The method for preparing the iron-based wear-resistant composite material of claim 1, wherein the micron La is added2O3The particle size distribution of the powder is 0.1 to 10 mu m, and micron Al2O3The particle size distribution of the FeCrNiSiB powder is 10 to 50 mu m, and the particle size of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder is 50 to 200 mu m.
6. The preparation method of the iron-based wear-resistant composite material of claim 1, wherein the chemical components of the micron FeCrNiSiB powder comprise, by mass: cr 5-30%; ni3% -13%; si1% -10%; b1% -5%; the balance of Fe.
7. The method for preparing the iron-based wear-resistant composite material according to claim 1, further comprising a pretreatment process of the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material, wherein the pretreatment process comprises the following steps: degreasing an iron-based alloy matrix material, then ultrasonically cleaning the iron-based alloy matrix material by using ethanol as a solution, then polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material to a mirror surface state, and then polishing the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material to ensure that the surface roughness Ra of the iron-based alloy matrix material is less than or equal to 0.5 mu m; subsequently, cleaning and vacuum drying the iron-based alloy matrix material;
the iron-based alloy matrix material with the surface pretreated is used for laser cladding.
8. An iron-based wear-resistant composite material, characterized in that the iron-based wear-resistant composite material is prepared by the preparation method of any one of claims 1 to 7, comprises an iron-based alloy matrix material and a composite coating on the surface of the iron-based alloy matrix material, and the thickness of the composite coating is not less than 0.1 mm.
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