CN113209431B - A kind of assisted breathing equipment for cardiology department - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, in particular to an auxiliary breathing device for cardiology, comprising an air supply mechanism, a driving mechanism and a position adjustment mechanism. The air supply mechanism includes a breathing mask, a pair of airbags and a pair of hoses. There are two air inlets, and the two air inlets of the breathing mask are respectively connected with the air bag through the hose, and the air bag is provided with an air supply port. Adaptive exhaust and inhalation. When the patient inhales, the pressure plate moves toward the air bag and squeezes the air bag. When the patient exhales, the patient's chest contracts, and the elasticity of the coil spring drives the pressure plate to move away from the air bag, and the air bag returns to its original shape and inhales. The gas is then circulated back and forth, so that the intake and exhaust of the airbag can keep pace with the ups and downs of the patient's chest, saving valuable emergency time in actual emergency situations.

Description

A kind of assisted breathing equipment for cardiology department

technical field

The invention relates to the technical field of medical equipment, in particular to an assisted breathing device for cardiology.

Background technique

Simple respirator, also known as resuscitation ball, air bag, leather ball, etc. It is suitable for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency situations requiring artificial respiration. It is especially used to provide pulmonary ventilation when the power supply and air supply are incomplete and emergency situations are used to provide artificial respiration for patients with sudden breathing difficulties or respiratory failure.

An existing assisted breathing apparatus for cardiology is composed of an intake valve, a compression unit (such as an air bag) and a patient valve, and is generally equipped with accessories such as a breathing mask. A resuscitation device that ventilates the patient's lungs by pressing the compression unit (such as an air bag) on the device by the operator. In actual use, there is a situation where the patient breathes spontaneously, and the fluctuation of the patient's chest can be observed. Squeeze the breathing bag and release the bag when a certain tidal volume is reached, allowing the patient to complete the exhalation action by himself, thus assisting the patient to breathe scientifically and effectively. The medical staff needs to observe and find the breathing rhythm of the patient for a period of time during the actual operation. In order to press and release the air bag regularly and adaptively, in emergency emergency situations, it is impossible to effectively ensure that medical staff can be calm and quickly find the patient's spontaneous breathing rhythm, thus wasting precious emergency time and missing the best positive On the other hand, even if the medical staff can quickly find the breathing rhythm of the patient, it will take a certain amount of time, and the rescue work of the medical staff is equivalent to a race with death, and it is urgent. Therefore, the existing assisted breathing equipment for cardiology cannot be based on the patient's autonomy. Respiratory rhythm, autonomous and adaptive compression of the air bag, for which we propose an assisted breathing device for cardiology.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The purpose of the present invention is to solve the disadvantage that the assisted breathing device for cardiology cannot press the airbag autonomously and adaptively according to the patient's spontaneous breathing rhythm in the prior art, and proposes an assisted breathing device for cardiology.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

An assisted breathing apparatus for cardiology department is designed, including an air supply mechanism, a driving mechanism and a position adjustment mechanism. The driving mechanism is used to drive the air supply mechanism to work, and the position adjustment mechanism is used to adjust the height of the driving mechanism. The air mechanism includes a breathing mask, a pair of air bags and a pair of hoses, the breathing mask is provided with two air inlets, and the two air inlets of the breathing mask are respectively communicated with the air bags through the hoses, the air bags It is located in the drive mechanism, and the drive mechanism is used to drive the airbag to exhaust and inhale.

Preferably, filter elements are installed at the air supply ports of the air bags.

Preferably, the driving mechanism includes a light carrier plate, an air cushion, a U-shaped frame, two L-shaped plates, two horizontal plates, two groups of transmission components and reset components distributed in a mirror image of the light carrier plate, and the two The L-shaped plate is respectively fixed on both sides of the U-shaped frame, the horizontal plate is fixed on the top of the L-shaped plate, the transmission assembly and the reset assembly are respectively located on the horizontal plate, and the lightweight carrier plate and the air cushion are located on the two sides. Between the horizontal plates, the air cushion is fixed on the bottom of the light carrier plate, the reset assembly is used to reset the transmission assembly, the U-shaped frame is connected with a position adjustment mechanism, and the position adjustment mechanism is used to adjust the U-shaped rack height.

Preferably, the transmission assembly includes two first sliding blocks and two vertical slides, the first sliding blocks are respectively slidably arranged in the vertical sliding paths, and the first sliding blocks are respectively fixed on the light load carriers. At both ends of one side of the plate, the bottom of the vertical slideway is fixedly connected to the horizontal plate, and the transmission assembly further includes a support vertical platform, and two spaced-apart lugs are fixedly installed on the top of the support vertical platform. A fulcrum shaft is rotatably installed between each of the lugs, a lever is fixedly installed on the fulcrum shaft, and a first disc is fixedly installed at one end of the lever, and the first disc is in contact with the upper surface of the lightweight carrier plate , the other end of the lever is fixedly installed with a second wafer, the top side of the horizontal plate is provided with a movable plate, and the movable plate is provided with two first guide rods distributed at intervals, and the first guide rods pass through The movable plate and the lower end are fixed on the horizontal plate, the second disc is in contact with the upper surface of the movable plate, the distance from the first disc to the fulcrum shaft is greater than the distance from the second disc to the fulcrum shaft, the transmission assembly It also includes a pressure plate, the pressure plate is located in the L-shaped plate, the air bags are respectively located between the pressure plate and the L-shaped plate, and the air bag is fixedly connected to the L-shaped plate, and two spaced distributed air bags are fixedly installed on the pressure plate. the second guide rod, the second guide rod penetrates the L-shaped plate, the first rack is fixedly installed on the pressing plate, the rotating shaft is rotatably installed on the movable plate, and the pinion is fixedly installed on the rotating shaft, so The end of the rotating shaft is fixedly installed with a large gear, the number of teeth of the large gear is more than the number of teeth of the pinion, the large gear meshes with the first rack, the U-shaped frame is fixedly installed with a second rack, the The second rack is engaged with the pinion, the reset assembly is mounted on the support vertical platform, and the reset assembly is used to reset the fulcrum shaft.

Preferably, the reset assembly includes an L-shaped support plate and a coil spring, the L-shaped support plate is fixedly connected to the support vertical platform, one end of the fulcrum shaft penetrates the ear piece, and the inner end of the coil spring is fixedly connected to the fulcrum shaft The outer end of the coil spring is fixedly connected to the L-shaped support plate, and the coil spring can reset the fulcrum shaft.

Preferably, the position adjustment mechanism includes a U-shaped bracket, the U-shaped bracket is erected outside the U-shaped bracket, the two sides of the U-shaped bracket are provided with slideways, and the outer two sides of the U-shaped bracket are fixedly installed with The second sliders are respectively slidably arranged in the slideways, the top of the U-shaped frame is rotatably installed with a screw rod, and the upper end of the screw rod penetrates the U-shaped bracket and is threadedly connected with the U-shaped bracket.

Preferably, a turntable is fixedly installed on the top of the screw rod.

Preferably, the airbag is bonded to the L-shaped plate by glue.

The assisted breathing equipment for cardiology provided by the present invention has the beneficial effects that: through the mutual cooperation of the air supply mechanism and the driving mechanism, the ups and downs of the patient's chest cavity drive the air bag to exhaust and inhale adaptively; when the patient inhales, the pressure plate moves in the direction of the air bag. Move and squeeze the air bag, so that the air bag is exhausted and ventilated to the patient's lungs through the hose and the breathing mask. When the patient exhales air, the patient's chest shrinks, and the elasticity of the coil spring drives the pressure plate to move away from the air bag, and the air bag returns to its original state and inhaled The gas is then circulated back and forth, so that the intake and exhaust of the airbag can keep pace with the ups and downs of the patient's chest, saving precious emergency time in actual emergency situations.

Description of drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram 1 of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a second structural schematic diagram of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram 1 of the structure in the U-shaped frame 7 of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a second structural schematic diagram in the U-shaped frame 7 of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic view 1 of a driving mechanism of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a second enlarged schematic view of a driving mechanism of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 7 is an enlarged schematic diagram 3 of a driving mechanism of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

FIG. 8 is an enlarged schematic view of an airbag of an assisted breathing apparatus for cardiology according to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a working schematic diagram of a cardiology assisted breathing apparatus proposed by the present invention.

In the figure: breathing mask 1, airbag 2, hose 3, filter element 4, light carrier plate 5, air cushion 6, U-shaped frame 7, L-shaped plate 8, second rack 9, horizontal plate 10, first slide Block 11, vertical slide 12, support vertical platform 13, lugs 14, fulcrum shaft 15, lever 16, first wafer 17, second wafer 18, movable plate 19, first guide rod 20, pressure plate 21, The second guide rod 22 , the first rack 23 , the rotating shaft 24 , the pinion gear 25 , the large gear 26 , the L-shaped support plate 27 , the coil spring 28 , the U-shaped bracket 29 , the slideway 30 , the second slider 31 , the screw rod 32 , turntable 33, foot pads 34, medical stretcher 35, patient thorax 36.

Detailed ways

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments.

Example 1:

1-9, an assisted breathing apparatus for cardiology includes an air supply mechanism, a drive mechanism and a position adjustment mechanism. The drive mechanism is used to drive the air supply mechanism to work, and the position adjustment mechanism is used to adjust the height of the drive mechanism. The mechanism includes a breathing mask 1, a pair of air bags 2 and a pair of hoses 3. The breathing mask 1 is provided with two air inlets, and the two air inlets of the breathing mask 1 are respectively communicated with the air bag 2 through the hose 3. The air bag 2 are provided with air supply ports, fasten the breathing mask 1 to the mouth and nose, and fix the breathing mask 1 with the CE method, that is, the thumb and forefinger firmly press the mask, and the other fingers press the forehead tightly, and the airbag 2 is located in the driving mechanism. and the driving mechanism is used to drive the air bag 2 to exhaust and inhale; through the cooperation between the air supply mechanism and the driving mechanism, the ups and downs of the patient's chest drive the air bag 2 to adaptively exhaust and inhale, and the air supply ports of the air bag 2 are installed at the air bag 2. There is a filter element 4, and the filter element 4 performs preliminary filtering on the air entering into the airbag 2.

Example 2:

1-9, as another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the difference from Embodiment 1 is that the driving mechanism includes a light carrier plate 5, an air cushion 6, a U-shaped frame 7, two L-shaped plates 8, two The horizontal plate 10, two groups of transmission components and reset components distributed in a mirror image with the light carrier plate 5, the two L-shaped plates 8 are respectively fixed on both sides of the U-shaped frame 7, and the horizontal plate 10 is fixed on the L-shaped plate 8. At the top, the transmission assembly and the reset assembly are respectively located on the horizontal plate 10, the light carrier plate 5 and the air cushion 6 are located between the two horizontal plates 10, the air cushion 6 is fixed on the bottom of the light carrier plate 5, and the reset assembly is used to reset the transmission assembly. , the U-shaped frame 7 is connected with the position adjustment mechanism, and the position adjustment mechanism is used to adjust the height of the U-shaped frame 7, the air cushion 6 is filled with air and placed at the patient's chest cavity 36, and the air cushion 6 is fitted with the patient's chest cavity 36, which can be Referring to Figure 9 in the accompanying drawings, the patient is lying flat on the medical stretcher 35. The transmission assembly includes two first sliders 11 and two vertical slideways 12. The first sliders 11 are slidably arranged on the vertical slideways. In the track 12, the first sliders 11 are respectively fixed on one side and two ends of the light carrier plate 5, the bottom of the vertical slideway 12 is fixed on the horizontal plate 10, and the transmission assembly also includes a supporting vertical platform 13, which supports the vertical The top of the table 13 is fixedly installed with two spaced apart lugs 14, a fulcrum shaft 15 is rotatably installed between the two lugs 14, a lever 16 is fixedly installed on the fulcrum shaft 15, and one end of the lever 16 is fixedly installed with a first wafer 17. The first wafer 17 is in contact with the upper surface of the light carrier plate 5, the other end of the lever 16 is fixedly installed with the second wafer 18, the top side of the horizontal plate 10 is provided with a movable plate 19, and the movable plate 19 is provided with two The first guide rods 20 are distributed at intervals. The first guide rods 20 pass through the movable plate 19 and the lower end is fixed on the horizontal plate 10. The second circular sheet 18 is in contact with the upper surface of the movable plate 19. The distance is greater than the distance between the second wafer 18 and the fulcrum axis 15. When the patient inhales, the expansion of the patient's chest cavity 36 drives the air cushion 6 to move upward, the light weight carrier plate 5 is lighter in weight, and the light weight carrier plate 5 moves up synchronously. The first slider 11 moves along the vertical slideway 12, and the light carrier plate 5 will not cause great compression to the chest cavity 36 of the patient. The light carrier plate 5 drives the first wafer 17 to rotate upward around the fulcrum axis 15, Referring to the lever principle, the second disc 18 rotates downward around the fulcrum shaft 15, the second disc 18 squeezes the movable plate 19 and drives the movable plate 19 to move, the movable plate 19 moves down along the first guide rod 20, and the first The force with which the two discs 18 press the movable plate 19 is multiplied, and the second disc 18 can easily drive the movable plate 19 to move.

The transmission assembly further includes a pressure plate 21, the pressure plate 21 is located in the L-shaped plate 8, the airbags 2 are respectively located between the pressure plate 21 and the L-shaped plate 8, and the airbag 2 is fixedly connected to the L-shaped plate 8, and the pressure plate 21 is fixedly installed with two The second guide rods 22 are distributed at intervals, the second guide rods 22 penetrate the L-shaped plate 8, the first rack 23 is fixedly installed on the pressing plate 21, the movable plate 19 is rotatably installed with a rotating shaft 24, and the rotating shaft 24 is fixedly installed with a small rack. Gear 25, a large gear 26 is fixedly installed at the end of the rotating shaft 24, the number of teeth of the large gear 26 is more than the number of teeth of the pinion 25, the large gear 26 meshes with the first rack 23, and the U-shaped frame 7 is fixedly mounted with a second rack 9. The second rack 9 meshes with the pinion 25, the reset assembly is installed on the support vertical platform 13, and the reset assembly is used to reset the fulcrum shaft 15. The movable plate 19, the rotating shaft 24, the pinion 25, and the large gear 26 are integrally arranged and Synchronous movement, when the patient's chest cavity 36 expands, the movable plate 19, the rotating shaft 24, the pinion 25, and the large gear 26 move downward synchronously, and the pinion 25 meshes with the second rack 9, so that the pinion 25 and the rotating shaft 24 rotate, and The large gear 26 rotates, and the large gear 26 drives the first rack 23 to move downward. Refer to the principle of double-speed chain acceleration, and here the number of teeth of the large gear 26 is more than the number of teeth of the pinion 25, so the displacement of the first rack 23 The displacement is larger than the displacement of the second rack 9, and is enlarged by more than two times. The first rack 23 and the pressure plate 21 are integrally arranged, so that the pressure plate 21 moves downward and squeezes the airbag 2, thereby amplifying the ups and downs of the high point of the thoracic cavity. The displacement is converted into the displacement of the pressure plate 21, so that the displacement of the pressure plate 21 is sufficient to press the airbag 2 and make it discharge a sufficient amount of gas.

The reset assembly includes an L-shaped support plate 27 and a coil spring 28. The L-shaped support plate 27 is fixed on the support vertical platform 13, one end of the fulcrum shaft 15 penetrates the lug 14, and the inner end of the coil spring 28 is fixed on the fulcrum shaft 15. The outer end of the spring 28 is fixed on the L-shaped support plate 27, and the coil spring 28 can reset the fulcrum shaft 15. By setting the reset assembly, the coil spring 28 is coiled when the lever 16 rotates around the fulcrum shaft 15.

Working principle: When the patient inhales, the expansion of the patient's chest cavity 36 drives the air cushion 6 to move upward, the light carrier plate 5 moves up synchronously, the first slider 11 moves along the vertical slide 12, and the light carrier plate 5 drives the first slider 11. A disc 17 rotates upward around the fulcrum shaft 15, referring to the lever principle, the second disc 18 rotates downward around the fulcrum shaft 15, the second disc 18 squeezes the movable plate 19 and drives the movable plate 19 to move, and the movable plate 19 moves along the The first guide rod 20 moves downward, and the force with which the second disc 18 presses the movable plate 19 is multiplied. The large gear 26 moves downward synchronously, the pinion 25 meshes with the second rack 9, so that the pinion 25 and the shaft 24 rotate, and the large gear 26 rotates, and the large gear 26 drives the first rack 23 to move downward. The principle of chain acceleration, and here the number of teeth of the large gear 26 is more than the number of teeth of the pinion 25, so the displacement of the first rack 23 is greater than the displacement of the second rack 9, and the first rack 23 and the pressure plate 21 are integrally arranged , so that the pressure plate 21 moves downward and squeezes the air bag 2, so that the air bag 2 is exhausted and ventilated to the patient's lungs through the hose 3 and the breathing mask 1. When the patient exhales air, the patient's chest cavity 36 contracts. The elastic force drives the pressure plate 21 to move to the side away from the airbag 2, and the first wafer 17 rotates downward around the fulcrum axis 15, so that the lightweight carrier plate 5 and the air cushion 6 move downward and are always attached to the patient's chest cavity 36 during the movement process. On the other hand, the airbag 2 returns to its original state and inhales gas, and then reciprocates, so that the air intake and exhaust of the airbag 2 can keep pace with the ups and downs of the patient's chest cavity 36, which saves precious emergency time in actual emergency situations.

Considering the different body shapes of patients, it is necessary to adjust the position of the air cushion 6 and make it fit on the chest cavity 36 of the patient. The position adjustment mechanism includes a U-shaped bracket 29, which is erected outside the U-shaped bracket 7, and the U-shaped bracket 29 is two There are slideways 30 on both sides, and second sliders 31 are fixedly installed on both outer sides of the U-shaped frame 7. The second sliders 31 are respectively slidably arranged in the slideways 30, and a screw 32 is rotatably installed on the top of the U-shaped frame 7. The upper end of the screw rod 32 penetrates the U-shaped bracket 29 and is threadedly connected with the U-shaped bracket 29. The top of the screw rod 32 is fixedly installed with a turntable 33, and the bottom ends of the U-shaped bracket 29 are fixedly installed with foot pads 34. The foot pads 37 are used to increase the device The airbag 2 is bonded to the L-shaped plate 8 by glue, and the capacity of the airbag 2 is three liters. By setting the position adjustment mechanism, the rotating turntable 33 can drive the screw 32 to rotate, so that the U-shaped frame 7 Move up and down along the vertical direction, and make the air cushion 6 fit on the patient's chest.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to this. The equivalent replacement or change of the inventive concept thereof shall be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. The auxiliary breathing equipment for the cardiology department is characterized by comprising an air supply mechanism, a driving mechanism and a position adjusting mechanism, wherein the driving mechanism is used for driving the air supply mechanism to work, the position adjusting mechanism is used for adjusting the height of the driving mechanism, the air supply mechanism comprises a breathing mask (1), a pair of air bags (2) and a pair of hoses (3), two air inlets are formed in the breathing mask (1), the two air inlets of the breathing mask (1) are respectively communicated with the air bags (2) through the hoses (3), the air bags (2) are located in the driving mechanism, and the driving mechanism is used for driving the air bags (2) to exhaust and inhale;

the driving mechanism comprises a light-weight carrier plate (5), an air cushion (6), a U-shaped frame (7), two L-shaped plates (8), two transverse plates (10), and two groups of transmission assemblies and reset assemblies which are distributed in a mirror image mode by using the light-weight carrier plate (5), wherein the two L-shaped plates (8) are fixedly connected to two sides in the U-shaped frame (7) respectively, the transverse plates (10) are fixedly connected to the tops of the L-shaped plates (8), the transmission assemblies and the reset assemblies are located on the transverse plates (10) respectively, the light-weight carrier plate (5) and the air cushion (6) are located between the two transverse plates (10), the air cushion (6) is fixedly connected to the bottom of the light-weight carrier plate (5), the reset assemblies are used for resetting the transmission assemblies, the U-shaped frame (7) is connected with a position adjusting mechanism, and the position adjusting mechanism is used for adjusting the height of the U-shaped frame (7);

the transmission assembly comprises two first sliding blocks (11) and two vertical sliding ways (12), the first sliding blocks (11) are respectively arranged in the vertical sliding ways (12) in a sliding mode, the first sliding blocks (11) are respectively fixedly connected to two ends of one side of the light carrier plate (5), and the bottoms of the vertical sliding ways (12) are fixedly connected to the transverse plate (10);

the transmission assembly further comprises a supporting vertical table (13), two lug plates (14) distributed at intervals are fixedly mounted at the top of the supporting vertical table (13), a fulcrum shaft (15) is rotatably mounted between the two lug plates (14), a lever (16) is fixedly mounted on the fulcrum shaft (15), a first wafer (17) is fixedly mounted at one end of the lever (16), the first wafer (17) is in surface contact with the upper surface of the light-weight carrier plate (5), a second wafer (18) is fixedly mounted at the other end of the lever (16), a movable plate (19) is arranged on one side of the top end of the transverse plate (10), two first guide rods (20) distributed at intervals are arranged on the movable plate (19), the first guide rods (20) penetrate through the movable plate (19), the lower end of each first guide rod is fixedly connected to the transverse plate (10), the second wafer (18) is in surface contact with the upper surface of the movable plate (19), and the distance from the first wafer (17) to the fulcrum shaft (15) is greater than the distance from the second wafer (18) to the fulcrum shaft (15);

drive assembly still includes clamp plate (21), clamp plate (21) are located L shaped plate (8), gasbag (2) are located respectively between clamp plate (21) and L shaped plate (8), just gasbag (2) link firmly on L shaped plate (8), fixed mounting has two interval distribution's second guide bar (22) on clamp plate (21), L shaped plate (8) are run through in second guide bar (22), fixed mounting has first rack (23) on clamp plate (21), rotatable mounting has pivot (24) on fly leaf (19), fixed mounting has pinion (25) in pivot (24), pivot (24) tip fixed mounting has gear wheel (26), the number of teeth of gear wheel (26) is greater than the number of teeth of pinion (25), gear wheel (26) and first rack (23) meshing, fixed mounting has second rack (9) on U-shaped frame (7), second rack (9) and pinion (25) meshing, the subassembly that resets is installed on erecting platform (13), just the subassembly that resets is used for resetting fulcrum axle (15).

2. An auxiliary breathing apparatus for cardiology department according to claim 1, wherein a filter element (4) is installed at each gas supply port of the balloon (2).

3. An intracardiac assisted breathing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the repositioning assembly comprises an L-shaped support plate (27) and a coil spring (28), the L-shaped support plate (27) is attached to the support platform (13), one end of the fulcrum shaft (15) extends through the tab (14), the inner end of the coil spring (28) is attached to the fulcrum shaft (15), the outer end of the coil spring (28) is attached to the L-shaped support plate (27), and the coil spring (28) can reposition the fulcrum shaft (15).

4. The assisted respiration equipment for the cardiology department according to claim 1, wherein the position adjustment mechanism includes a U-shaped support (29), the U-shaped support (29) is erected outside the U-shaped frame (7), slides (30) have been all seted up to U-shaped support (29) both sides, the equal fixed mounting in both sides has second slider (31) outside U-shaped frame (7), second slider (31) slide respectively and set up in slide (30), the rotatable screw rod (32) of installing in U-shaped frame (7) top, U-shaped support (29) is run through and U-shaped support (29) threaded connection in screw rod (32) upper end.

5. An auxiliary breathing apparatus for cardiology department according to claim 4, wherein a turntable (33) is fixedly mounted on the top of the screw (32).

6. A breathing assistance device for cardiology department according to claim 1, wherein the balloon (2) is glued to the L-shaped plate (8) by glue.

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