CN113186730B - 一种单向导湿材料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

一种单向导湿材料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN113186730B
CN113186730B CN202110366242.2A CN202110366242A CN113186730B CN 113186730 B CN113186730 B CN 113186730B CN 202110366242 A CN202110366242 A CN 202110366242A CN 113186730 B CN113186730 B CN 113186730B
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hydrophilic
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moisture
fiber membrane
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CN113186730A (zh
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赵景
王先锋
严伟安
李鹏慧
闫建华
于晖
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Wuyi University
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种单向导湿材料及其制备方法和应用。该单向导湿材料包括基体层和亲水性纤维膜。其中，基体层为内层，其平均孔径大于亲水性外层纤维膜的平均孔径，形成了孔径梯度作用，有利于水分的传导。本发明的单向导湿纤维膜中，经过亲水整理的亲水性纤维膜和基体层、包覆在基体层表面的疏水性聚合物内层共同构成了表面润湿梯度，有利于水分在表面能差异的驱动下从疏水层向亲水层单向传导。同时，亲水性纤维膜的纤维具有取向性，并且静电纺丝所制备的纤维的比表面积较传统纤维更大，利于水分沿着取向方向快速扩散，进一步提升了材料的速干效果。本发明还提供了上述单向导湿材料的制备方法和应用。

Description

一种单向导湿材料及其制备方法和应用
技术领域
本发明属于功能性纺织材料技术领域，具体涉及一种单向导湿材料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
随着科技的进步和消费观念的转变，人们对服装面料的需求已经不仅仅局限于简单的蔽体和结实耐穿，对面料的时尚性、美观性和舒适性也提出了更高的要求，舒适性方面，导湿排汗面料越来越受到重视。
人在运动时，汗液通过织物转移到大气主要有两种途径。一是皮肤表面汗液与织物直接接触，并以液态水的形式润湿织物的内侧，从而被织物吸收，由于纱线或纤维之间存在大量孔径，可形成毛细管效应，最后织物内的汗液就借助于毛细管效应传递到织物的外侧，散发到大气中。二是皮肤表面的汗液蒸发成水汽，这些水汽被织物中的纤维表面吸收，并在织物内侧凝聚成液态水，最后散发到大气中。通过以上两种方式可以看出，织物完成导湿排汗的过程，简单来说就是润湿、吸湿、扩散、蒸发，具体而言便是利用织物中的毛细管效应，将人体排出的汗液经吸收、转移、扩散等方式快速传递到织物表面蒸发，从而使织物具备导湿排汗功效。织物、纤维的导湿排汗性能与众多因素有关，如聚合物本身的性质、纤维表面的平滑程度、纤维的宏观形态结构(如中空、微孔等)以及长丝的构成方式、织物的编织结构等。
相关技术中，在进行剧烈的户外运动时，人体会产生大量的汗液，而传统的织物因吸湿、保湿性好，难以达到预期的吸湿快干效果，从而会引起强烈的不适感。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的上述技术问题之一。为此，本发明提供了一种单向导湿材料，该单向导湿材料包括基体层和亲水性纤维膜。其中，基体层的平均孔径大于亲水性纤维膜的平均孔径，形成了孔径梯度作用，有利于水分的传导；另一方面，亲水纤维膜的纤维具有取向性，利于水分沿着取向方向快速扩散，进一步提升了材料的速干效果。
本发明的第一方面提供了一种单向导湿材料，包括基体层，所述基体层的一侧表面设有亲水性纤维膜，所述基体层的另一侧表面渗透有疏水性聚合物；
所述基体层的平均孔径大于所述亲水性纤维膜的平均孔径。
本发明还提供了上述单向导湿材料的制备方法。
本发明还提供了上述单向导湿材料的应用。
本发明的单向导湿材料，至少具有以下有益效果：
本发明的单向导湿材料，包括基体层和亲水性纤维膜。其中，基体层为内层，其平均孔径大于亲水性外层纤维膜的平均孔径，形成了孔径梯度作用，有利于水分的传导。
本发明的单向导湿材料中，经过亲水整理的亲水性纤维膜和基体层、包覆在基体层表面的疏水性聚合物内层共同构成了表面润湿梯度，有利于水分在表面能差异的驱动下从疏水层向亲水层单向传导。同时，亲水性纤维膜的纤维具有取向性，并且静电纺丝所制备的纤维的比表面积较传统纤维更大，利于水分沿着取向方向快速扩散，进一步提升了材料的速干效果。
此外，亲水性纤维膜由于纤维具有取向性，并且静电纺丝制备的纤维膜比表面积较传统纤维更大，水分也更容易沿着纤维的取向方向传导和扩散，水分在亲水纤维膜上的快速传导和扩散则进一步促进了水分从基体层向亲水性纤维膜的快速连续传导，从而使得材料具有优良的单向导湿性能。可以料想的是，一些情况下，若缺乏水分在亲水纤维膜上的取向性的快速传导和扩散，有可能会导致发生反渗，从而影响材料整体的导湿效果，而本发明的单向导湿纤维膜巧妙地解决了这一问题。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述单向导湿材料的水分蒸发速率为0.4g/h～1.0g/h。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述单向导湿材料沿疏水性聚合物一侧向亲水性纤维膜一侧的透湿通量为10kg/m2/d～20kg/m2/d。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述单向导湿材料的比表面积为1m2/g～10m2/g。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述亲水性纤维膜的平均孔径为1.0μm～5.0μm。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述基体层的平均孔径为10.0μm～70μm。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述基体层的厚度为20μm～60μm。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述亲水性纤维膜的厚度为40μm～120μm。
本发明的第二方面提供了制备上述单向导湿材料的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：将亲水性纤维膜沉积到基体层一侧表面，得到复合材料；
S2：将所述复合材料浸入水性亲水剂中进行改性处理，烘干；
S3：在步骤S2处理后的复合材料基体层另一侧表面喷涂疏水性聚合物。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，步骤S1中，所述基体层的材料包括无纺布和普通织物。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述无纺布为聚乳酸无纺布、聚丙烯无纺布或聚乙烯无纺布，所述的织物包括普通棉织物和麻织物。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，步骤S1中，具体可以为：
将亲水但不溶于水的聚合物溶解在有机溶剂中，配制成均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的亲水性微纳米纤维膜，然后将亲水性微纳米纤维膜沉积到基体层上。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，亲水性微纳米纤维膜的取向度为0.6～0.9。
其中，亲水但不溶于水的聚合物包括聚丙烯腈、纤维素、醋酸纤维素和尼龙6。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，当聚合物为聚丙烯腈时，溶剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、二甲基亚砜以及N-甲基吡咯烷酮中至少的一种。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，当聚合物为纤维素时，溶剂为氯化锂和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、4-甲基吗啉-N-氧化物、水和三氟乙酸中的至少一种。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，当聚合物为醋酸纤维素时，溶剂为丙酮、乙酸、二氯甲烷和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中的至少一种。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，当聚合物为尼龙6时，溶剂为甲酸、乙酸、硫酸和氯酚中的至少一种。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，静电纺丝参数为：电压10kV～40kV，接收距离10cm～30cm，灌注速度1mL/h～5mL/h，温度10℃～30℃，相对湿度70％～90％。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述水性亲水剂包括多巴胺、亲水性硅油、聚醚改性有机硅乳液和聚酯-聚醚类嵌段共聚物。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述聚醚改性有机硅乳液包括TF-629C和TF-366。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述水性亲水剂的固含量为10％～20％，浓度为1wt％～5wt％。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述疏水性聚合物包括聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、含氟聚氨酯、聚硅氧烷和脂肪酸。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述疏水性聚合物的浓度为1wt％～3wt％。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，步骤S3中，喷涂可以为电喷。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，电喷的时间可以为30min～90min。
本发明的第三方面提供了单向导湿材料在服装制备中的应用。
根据本发明的一些实施方式，所述服装包括运动服。
附图说明
图1是实施例1中制备的聚丙烯腈纤维膜的扫描电镜图。
图2是实施例1中电喷聚氨酯溶液后的纤维膜表面微观形貌图。
图3是实施例1中电喷聚氨酯溶液后的纤维膜表面的单根纤维微观形貌图。
具体实施方式
以下是本发明的具体实施例，并结合实施例对本发明的技术方案作进一步的描述，但本发明并不限于这些实施例。
实施例1
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将聚丙烯腈(相对分子质量90000)溶解在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中配制质量分数为8wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的聚丙烯腈微纳米纤维，将其沉积到厚度为20μm的聚乳酸无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为30kV，接收距离为20cm，灌注速度为3mL/h，温度为25℃，相对湿度为70％，得到厚度为60μm的聚丙烯腈纤维膜，制备得到的聚丙烯腈纤维膜的电镜图片如图1所示，从图1中可以看出步骤S1制备的聚丙烯腈纤维膜具有明显的取向性；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合膜浸泡在500mL，1.21mol/L的Tris缓冲液中，加入150mg多巴胺溶液90min，于室温下使其发生聚合反应，利用去离子水对反应后的材料冲洗3次，在60℃下烘干24小时；
S3：在聚多巴胺处理后的亲水层中聚乳酸无纺布基体层另一侧表面表面电喷60min，1wt％浓度的聚氨酯溶液，使聚乳酸基体层表面形成疏水性聚氨酯包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，并将其置于130℃下进行烘干，即得单向导湿材料。
电喷聚氨酯溶液60min后的纤维膜表面微观形貌如图2所示，单根纤维形貌如图3所示。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为12kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.5kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为950，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-150；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为110mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.60g/h。
实施例2
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将醋酸纤维素(乙酰基39.8wt％，羟基3.5wt％)溶解在二甲基亚砜和丙酮中配制质量分数为18wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的醋酸纤维素微纳米纤维，沉积到厚度为30μm的聚乳酸无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为20kV，接收距离为20cm，灌注速度为2mL/h，温度为20℃，相对湿度为80％，得到厚度为70μm的醋酸纤维素纤维膜；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合材料浸泡在浓度为5wt％的亲水性硅油中，于室温下浸泡30min，在100℃下进行烘干；
S3：在亲水性硅油处理后的亲水层中聚乳酸无纺布基体层另一侧表面电喷35min，2wt％浓度的聚四氟乙烯乳液，使聚乳酸基体层表面形成疏水性聚四氟乙烯包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，即得单向导湿材料。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为13kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.8kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为1000，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-180；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为130mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.70g/h。
实施例3
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将尼龙6(重均分子质量50000)溶解在甲酸中配制质量分数为10wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的尼龙6微纳米纤维，沉积到厚度为40μm的聚丙烯无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为40kV，接收距离为30cm，灌注速度为4mL/h，温度为25℃，相对湿度为90％，得到厚度为100μm的尼龙6纤维膜；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合材料浸泡在浓度为4wt％的市售亲水剂TF-629C溶液中，于室温下浸泡40min，在110℃下进行烘干；
S3：在亲水剂TF-629C处理后的亲水层中聚丙烯无纺布基体层另一侧电喷45min，3wt％浓度的聚偏氟乙烯溶液，使聚丙烯纤维层表面形成疏水性聚偏氟乙烯包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，即得单向导湿材料。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为11kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为3.0kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为1200，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-150；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为100mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.55g/h。
实施例4
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将聚丙烯腈(相对分子质量90000)溶解在N,N-二甲基乙酰胺中配制质量分数为12wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的聚丙烯腈微纳米纤维，将其沉积到厚度为30μm的聚乙烯无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为35kV，接收距离为25cm，灌注速度为3mL/h，温度为15℃，相对湿度为80％，得到厚度为80μm的聚丙烯腈纤维膜；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合膜浸泡在浓度为3wt％的市售亲水剂TF-366溶液中，于室温下浸泡40min，在105℃下进行烘干；
S3：在亲水剂TF-366处理后的亲水层中聚乙烯无纺布基体层另一侧表面电喷60min，3wt％浓度的聚硅氧烷溶液，使聚乙烯基体层表面形成疏水性聚硅氧烷包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，即得单向导湿材料。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为12kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.5kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为1300，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-170；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为115mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.80g/h。
实施例5
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将醋酸纤维素(乙酰基39.8wt％，羟基3.5wt％)溶解在二甲基亚砜和丙酮中配制质量分数为20wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的醋酸纤维素微纳米纤维，将其沉积到厚度为20μm的聚乙烯无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为20kV，接收距离为20cm，灌注速度为4mL/h，温度为20℃，相对湿度为80％，得到厚度为60μm的醋酸纤维素纤维膜；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合膜浸泡在浓度为5wt％的亲水性硅油溶液中，于室温下浸泡35min，在120℃下进行烘干；
S3：在亲水性硅油处理后的亲水层中聚乙烯无纺布基体层另一侧表面电喷50min，3wt％浓度的聚苯乙烯溶液，使聚乙烯纤维层表面形成疏水性聚苯乙烯包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，即得单向导湿材料。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为14kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.0kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为1300，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-190；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为120mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.76g/h。
实施例6
本实施例制备了一种单向导湿材料，具体步骤为：
S1：将尼龙6(重均分子质量50000)溶解在甲酸中配制质量分数为11wt％的均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的尼龙6微纳米纤维，沉积到厚度为30μm的聚丙烯无纺布基体层一侧表面，纺丝电压为30kV，接收距离为30cm，灌注速度为4mL/h，温度为25℃，相对湿度为90％，得到厚度为120μm的尼龙6纤维膜；
S2：将步骤S1制备的复合材料浸泡在在浓度为3wt％的聚醚改性有机硅溶液中，于室温下浸泡40min，在110℃下进行烘干；
S3：在聚醚改性有机硅处理后的亲水层中聚丙烯无纺布基体层另一侧表面电喷55min，2wt％浓度的含氟聚氨酯溶液，使聚丙烯纤维层表面形成疏水性含氟聚氨酯包裹层，构筑表面润湿梯度和孔径梯度结构，即得单向导湿材料。
依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为11.5kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.9kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为1150，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-160；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为128mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.68g/h。
对比例1
本对比例制备了一种单向导湿材料，与实施例1的区别在于，没有经过步骤S2的处理。
在标准条件下对其性能进行测试，依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的透湿通量为11.8kg/m2/d，沿亲水层向疏水层的透湿通量为2.3kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿疏水层向亲水层的单向传递指数为650，沿亲水层向疏水层的单向传递指数为-130；沿疏水层向亲水层的耐水压为0mmH2O，亲水层向疏水层的耐水压为120mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.40g/h。
对比例2
本对比例制备了一种单向导湿材料，与实施例1的区别在于，没有经过步骤S3的处理。
在标准条件下对其性能进行测试，依据国标GB/T12704.2-2009正杯法测试该材料沿基材层向纤维膜层的透湿通量为12.5kg/m2/d，沿纤维膜层向基材层的透湿通量为2.7kg/m2/d。
依据国标GB/T21655.2-2019测试该材料沿基材层向纤维膜层的单向传递指数为260，沿纤维膜层向基材层的单向传递指数为-30；沿基材层向纤维膜层的耐水压为0mmH2O，纤维膜向基材层的耐水压为8mmH2O。
依据国标GB/T21655.1-2008测试该材料的水分蒸发速率为0.20g/h。
上面结合实施例对本发明作了详细说明，但是本发明不限于上述实施例，在所属技术领域普通技术人员所具备的知识范围内，还可以在不脱离本发明宗旨的前提下作出各种变化。

Claims (6)

1.一种单向导湿材料的制备方法，其特征在于，
所述单向导湿材料包括基体层，所述基体层的一侧表面设有亲水性纤维膜，所述基体层的另一侧表面渗透有疏水性聚合物；
所述基体层的平均孔径大于所述亲水性纤维膜的平均孔径；
所述亲水性纤维膜的纤维具有取向性，所述亲水性纤维膜的取向度为0.6~0.9；
所述疏水性聚合物的浓度为1wt%~3wt%；
所述单向导湿材料的水分蒸发速率为0.4g/h~1.0g/h；
所述单向导湿材料沿疏水性聚合物一侧向亲水性纤维膜一侧的透湿通量为10kg/(m2·d)~20kg/(m2·d)；
所述亲水性纤维膜的平均孔径为1.0mm~5.0mm；
所述基体层的平均孔径为10.0mm~70mm；
所述单向导湿材料的制备方法包括以下步骤：
S1：将亲水性纤维膜沉积到基体层一侧表面，得到复合材料；
S2：将所述复合材料浸入水性亲水剂中进行改性处理，烘干；
S3：在步骤S2处理后的复合材料基体层另一侧表面喷涂疏水性聚合物；
步骤S1中，将亲水且不溶于水的聚合物溶解在有机溶剂中，配制成均相纺丝溶液，通过静电纺丝技术制备具有取向结构的亲水性纤维膜，然后将亲水性纤维膜沉积到基体层上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述水性亲水剂为多巴胺、亲水性硅油和聚酯-聚醚类嵌段共聚物中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述水性亲水剂为聚醚改性有机硅乳液。
4.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述疏水性聚合物为聚氨酯、聚苯乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚偏氟乙烯-六氟丙烯、含氟聚氨酯和聚硅氧烷中的一种。
5.如权利要求1至4任一项所述制备方法制备的单向导湿材料在服装制备中的应用。
6.根据权利要求5所述的应用，其特征在于，所述服装包括运动服。
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