CN113099763A - Method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice - Google Patents
Method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice Download PDFInfo
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- CN113099763A CN113099763A CN202110372042.8A CN202110372042A CN113099763A CN 113099763 A CN113099763 A CN 113099763A CN 202110372042 A CN202110372042 A CN 202110372042A CN 113099763 A CN113099763 A CN 113099763A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2101/00—Agricultural use
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice, belonging to the technical field of agriculture. Applying soil regulator during the cultivation period and before heading, and spraying the diluent of foliar regulator after the green turning, tillering and grouting periods of the rice. The invention achieves good cadmium reduction effect, improves the utilization efficiency of rice nitrogen, reduces the application of nitrogen fertilizer, and reduces the synchronous compound effect of non-point source pollution and the like caused by excessive nitrogen fertilizer input; meanwhile, the chalkiness degree and the long-chain starch content of the rice are reduced, and the quality of the rice is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice, belonging to the technical field of agriculture.
Background
At present, the technology for reducing cadmium of rice mainly comprises the steps of adding lime to adjust pH, increasing the organic matters to persist Cd in different forms, applying silicon, iron, zinc and selenium fertilizers to form antagonistic action with Cd, further reducing Cd absorption of crops, and reducing Cd absorption by rice breeding gene regulation or natural breeding. However, these methods can not simultaneously achieve the effects of improving the quality of rice, increasing the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, improving soil, regulating the growth of rice and further reducing the nitrogen non-point source pollution of soil while reducing cadmium in rice.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing rice cadmium reduction method has single effect and cannot increase the soil nitrogen utilization efficiency while reducing cadmium, and the method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice is provided, so that the absorption of cadmium in rice can be reduced, the soil nitrogen utilization efficiency can be improved, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium utilization efficiency can be improved, the application amount of chemical fertilizers can be reduced, and the crop resistance can be improved; the content of phenolic acid in the soil is adjusted, and certain soil diseases of the rice are reduced; change the microbial composition of soil.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice, which is implemented by applying a soil conditioner and a leaf surface conditioner during the cultivation period of the rice in the following specific steps:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 0.8-1.2 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 15-20cm, uniformly mixing, and adding water for transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 200-300 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the rice is turned green, diluting the leaf surface regulator according to the proportion of 1:500-800, spraying the diluent of 250-560L leaf surface regulator per mu for 5-7 days per time; in the tillering stage, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:500-800, and spraying 960L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 5-7 days per mu; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at the ratio of 1:800-1000, spraying 800-1200L of the diluted foliar regulator solution per mu for 5-7 days per time;
the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The foliar regulator is prepared by mixing and fermenting fresh pericarp, molasses 1/3 weight of the fresh pericarp and purified water 3-4 times of the weight of the fresh pericarp at normal temperature for 3-4 months, wherein the fresh pericarp consists of equal amount of pericarp of papaya, pineapple and mango.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile and fermenting for 37-50 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and a middle layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the middle layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the middle layer is 1:2, and the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the middle layer is 1: 2; the soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 6-8 parts of bagasse, 2-4 parts of sugar mud, 2-4 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 1-3 parts of plant ash, 2-4 parts of fresh weeds (the weeds are common local weeds such as hirsute, setaria viridis, phyllanthus, dandelion, laggera odorata, ophiopogon japonicus and the like), 2-4 parts of rapeseed oil 0.5, 0.5-1 part of peanut meal, 0.5-1 part of soybean meal, 0.5-1 part of rice bran and 1-3 parts of bamboo forest humus; the foliar regulator residue is prepared by mixing, fermenting and filtering fresh pericarp, molasses 1/3 weight of the fresh pericarp and purified water 3-4 times of the weight of the fresh pericarp, wherein the fresh pericarp consists of equal amount of papaya peel, pineapple peel and mango peel.
The height and thickness of the fermentation pile are 1 m.
The preparation method of the foliar regulator provided by the invention comprises the following specific preparation steps: mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water according to the weight parts of the raw materials, wherein the fermentation period is 3-4 months at normal temperature; the fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow stable fermentation period, the stirring is carried out for 5-10 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day in the fermentation early stage, and the fermentation early stage is 30-40 days; and (3) sealing for anaerobic fermentation for 60-80 days in the slow-speed stable fermentation period, successfully fermenting when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, the fermentation pile is fermented for 15 to 20 days, the temperature of the leaf surface conditioner residue reaches 55 to 60 ℃, and the pile is turned after the leaf surface conditioner residue is kept for 7 to 10 days; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermentation pile for 15-20 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 35-40 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
The weight parts and the weight ratio of the raw materials and the preparation process parameters can be determined according to actual requirements.
The invention provides a technology for matching a leaf surface regulator with a soil regulator, which is characterized in that microbial flora is cultured through slow-cycle fermentation of the leaf surface regulator, materials of the leaf surface regulator are degraded to form micromolecule amino acid and organic mineral substances, enzymes and natural hormones beneficial to plant growth are generated by utilizing secondary metabolites of microorganisms, and the absorption of rice to Cd is regulated by regulating the growth dynamics of rice and the transport mechanism of Cd in rice bodies. The soil conditioner reduces the available efficiency of Cd in soil by adjusting the oxidation-reduction potential of the soil and the organic carbon and nitrogen components of the soil; the input of the soil conditioner also changes the community composition and structure of soil microorganisms, and improves the utilization efficiency of soil nitrogen, thereby reducing the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and reducing the non-point source nitrogen pollution of the paddy field caused by excessive fertilizer.
The preparation method is simple and easy to implement, the raw materials are environment-friendly, the cost is low, the effect of replacing chemical fertilizers with the regulator is realized, the good cadmium reduction effect is achieved, the utilization efficiency of rice nitrogen is improved, the application of nitrogen fertilizers is reduced, and the synchronous compound effect of non-point source pollution and the like caused by excessive nitrogen fertilizer input is reduced; meanwhile, the chalkiness degree of the rice is reduced, and the quality of the rice is improved.
Researchers have conducted a large number of experiments for a long time, and the growth characteristics and the quality of the rice treated by the fertilizer are superior to those of the rice treated by the fertilizer, and the characteristics are as follows:
1. the experimental data shown in the attached figures 2-7 show that the effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the rice soil treated by the two methods and the nitrogen content in the rice plant bodies are not obviously different in each growth period of the rice, but the phosphorus and potassium content of the rice plant treated by the method is higher than that of the plant treated by the conventional fertilizer, so that the method can ensure the supply of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to the rice, simultaneously improve the utilization efficiency of the phosphorus and potassium by the rice, and is beneficial to the growth of the rice.
2. The experimental data according to fig. 8-10 show that the rice treated by the present invention has the same whole rice rate and amylose content as those treated by the conventional chemical fertilizer, while the chalkiness degree of the rice treated by the present invention is significantly lower than that treated by the conventional chemical fertilizer, which indicates that the present invention has the function of increasing the nutrition level of rice.
3. The experimental data shown in the attached figures 11 to 16 show that the content of the soil phenolic acid in the rice treated by the method is different from that of the fertilizer, so that the content and the composition of the soil phenolic acid are changed, the content and the proportion of the soil phenolic acid in the rice treated by the method are adjusted, and the effect of inhibiting certain soil-borne diseases is indicated.
4. The experimental data shown in the attached figures 17-19 show that the content difference between the soil bacteria treated by the method and the soil bacteria treated by the fertilizer is not large, but the soil bacteria treated by the method are more than those treated by the fertilizer, so that the method has the effect of improving the rotting rate of plant residues, and further improves the utilization efficiency of soil nutrients.
5. The experimental data shown in the attached figures 20-23 show that the rice SOD treated by the method has high activity, the method is beneficial to improving the resistance of the rice, and the soluble protein is improved, so that the method improves the resistance to heavy metals by adjusting the content of the rice protein, and further reduces the content of the rice cadmium.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the comparison of cadmium content between rice treated with the present invention and rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the comparison of the nitrogen content of rice treated with the present invention and that of rice treated with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the comparison of the available nitrogen content of soil after treatment with the present invention and after treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the comparison of phosphorus content between rice treated with the present invention and rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the comparison of the available phosphorus content of soil after treatment with the present invention and after treatment with a fertilizer.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the comparison of potassium content between rice treated with the present invention and rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the comparison of the effective potassium content of soil after treatment with the present invention and after treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the comparison of the rice dressing percentage of rice treated with the present invention and that of rice treated with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing comparison of the chalkiness degree of rice after the treatment according to the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing the comparison of amylose content of rice after treatment with the present invention and after treatment with a fertilizer.
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the comparison of p-hydroxybenzoic acid content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and that after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 12 is a graph showing the comparison of coumaric acid content of rice treated with the present invention and with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 13 is a graph showing comparison of the vanillic acid content of rice after the treatment according to the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 14 is a graph showing the comparison of ferulic acid content between rice treated with the present invention and rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 15 is a graph showing the comparison of syringic acid content of rice after the treatment of the present invention and that after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 16 is a graph showing the comparison of the cinnamic acid content of rice treated with the present invention and that of rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 17 is a graph showing the comparison of the bacterial content of rice treated with the present invention and that of rice treated with a fertilizer.
FIG. 18 is a graph showing the comparison of the fungal content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 19 is a graph showing comparison of actinomycetes content in rice after the treatment of the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 20 is a graph showing the comparison of the superoxide dismutase content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 21 is a graph showing the comparison of the soluble protein content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and that after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 22 is a graph showing the comparison of starch content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and that after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
FIG. 23 is a graph showing the comparison of the soluble sugar content of rice after the treatment with the present invention and after the treatment with a chemical fertilizer.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the technology and products not shown in the embodiments are all conventional products available in the art or commercially.
Example 1: as shown in FIGS. 1-23, the method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of soil for rice, which applies soil conditioner and foliar conditioner during the cultivation period of rice, is implemented as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 0.8 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing 15 cm, uniformly mixing, adding water and transplanting rice seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 200 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the green turning of the rice, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:500, and spraying 250L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 7 days/time; diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:500 during the tillering stage, and spraying 500L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 7 days per time; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at a ratio of 1:800, and spraying 800L of a diluent of the foliar regulator per mu for 7 days per time; the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The leaf surface regulator is prepared by mixing and fermenting 2kg of fresh papaya peel, 2kg of pineapple peel, 2kg of mango peel, 2kg of molasses and 18kg of purified water. Mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water, and fermenting at room temperature for 4 months. The fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow-speed stable fermentation period, and the fermentation early stage needs to be stirred for 10 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day, so that the fermentation liquid overflow caused by excessive gas production in the fermentation early stage is avoided. And (3) carrying out anaerobic fermentation in a sealed manner in a slow-speed stable fermentation period, wherein the early fermentation period is 40 days, the slow-speed stable fermentation period is 80 days, the fermentation is successful when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering and stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile with the height and thickness of 1m and fermenting for 37 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and an intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the intermediate layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, and the leaf surface conditioner residues play a role in inducing fermentation.
The soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 7 parts of bagasse, 3 parts of sugar mud, 3 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 2 parts of plant ash, 3 parts of Harpagophytum procumbens with fresh seeds removed, 1 parts of rapeseed oil, 1 part of peanut meal, 1 part of soybean meal, 1 part of rice bran and 2 parts of bamboo forest humus.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, the fermentation pile is fermented for 15 days, and when the temperature of the leaf surface conditioner residue reaches 60 ℃, the pile is turned after the temperature is kept for 7 days; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermented pile for 15 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 40 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 2: as shown in FIGS. 1-23, the method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of soil for rice, which applies soil conditioner and foliar conditioner during the cultivation period of rice, is implemented as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 1.2 tons/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 20 centimeters, uniformly mixing, and adding water for transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 300 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the green turning of the rice, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:800, and spraying 560L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 5 days per mu; diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:800 during the tillering stage, and spraying 960L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 5 days/time; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at a ratio of 1:1000, and spraying 1200L of a diluent of the foliar regulator for 5 days per mu; the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The leaf surface regulator is prepared by mixing and fermenting 1kg of papaya peel, 1kg of pineapple peel, 1kg of mango peel, 1kg of molasses and 12kg of purified water. Mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water, and fermenting at normal temperature for 3 months. The fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow-speed stable fermentation period, and the fermentation early stage needs to be stirred for 5 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day, so that the fermentation liquid overflow caused by excessive gas production in the fermentation early stage is avoided. And (3) carrying out anaerobic fermentation in a sealed manner in a slow-speed stable fermentation period, wherein the early fermentation period is 30 days, the slow-speed stable fermentation period is 60 days, the fermentation is successful when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering and stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile with the height and thickness of 1m and fermenting for 50 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and an intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the intermediate layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, and the leaf surface conditioner residues play a role in inducing fermentation.
The soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 6 parts of bagasse, 2 parts of sugar mud, 2 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 1 part of plant ash, 2 parts of fresh setaria viridis without seeds, 0.5.5 parts of rapeseed oil, 0.5 part of peanut meal, 0.5 part of soybean meal, 0.5 part of rice bran and 1 part of bamboo forest humus.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, and the fermentation pile is fermented for 20 days. Keeping the temperature of the leaf surface regulator residues at 55 ℃ for 10 days, and turning the piles; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermented pile for 20 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 35 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 3: as shown in FIGS. 1-23, the method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of soil for rice, which applies soil conditioner and foliar conditioner during the cultivation period of rice, is implemented as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 1 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 18 centimeters, uniformly mixing, adding water and transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 250 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the green turning of the rice, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:700, and spraying 480L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 6 days per mu; diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:700 during the tillering stage, and spraying 800L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 6 days per time; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at a ratio of 1:900, and spraying 1000L of a diluent of the foliar regulator per mu for 6 days per time; the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The leaf surface regulator is prepared by mixing and fermenting 1.5kg of papaya peel, 1.5kg of pineapple peel, 1.5kg of mango peel, 1.5kg of molasses and 15.75kg of purified water. Mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water, and fermenting at normal temperature for 115 days. The fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow-speed stable fermentation period, and the fermentation early stage needs to be stirred for 10 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day, so that the fermentation liquid overflow caused by excessive gas production in the fermentation early stage is avoided. And (3) carrying out anaerobic fermentation in a sealed manner in a slow-speed stable fermentation period, wherein the early fermentation period is 40 days, the slow-speed stable fermentation period is 75 days, the fermentation is successful when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering and stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile with the height and thickness of 1m and fermenting for 42 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and an intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the intermediate layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, and the leaf surface conditioner residues play a role in inducing fermentation.
The soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 8 parts of bagasse, 4 parts of sugar mud, 4 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 3 parts of plant ash, 4 parts of fresh deluge with seeds removed, 1 parts of rapeseed oil, 1 part of peanut meal, 0.6 part of soybean meal, 0.5 part of rice bran and 3 parts of humus of bamboo forest.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, the fermentation pile is fermented for 18 days, and when the temperature of the leaf surface conditioner residue reaches 58 ℃, the fermentation pile is kept for 8 days, and the pile is turned; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermented pile for 16 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 37 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 4: as shown in FIGS. 1-23, the method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of soil for rice, which applies soil conditioner and foliar conditioner during the cultivation period of rice, is implemented as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 1 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 18 centimeters, uniformly mixing, adding water and transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from the booting to the heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 270 kg/mu
(3) Spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the green turning of the rice, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:700, and spraying 480L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 7 days/time per mu; diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:700 during the tillering stage, and spraying 800L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 7 days/time; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at a ratio of 1:900, and spraying 1000L of a diluent of the foliar regulator per mu for 7 days per time; the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The leaf surface regulator is prepared by mixing, fermenting and filtering 3kg of papaya peel, 3kg of pineapple peel, 3kg of mango peel, 3kg of molasses and 27kg of purified water. Mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water, and fermenting at normal temperature for 105 days. The fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow-speed stable fermentation period, and the fermentation early stage needs to be stirred for 8 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day, so that the fermentation liquid is prevented from overflowing due to excessive gas production in the fermentation early stage. And (3) carrying out anaerobic fermentation in a sealed manner in a slow-speed stable fermentation period, wherein the early fermentation period is 35 days, the slow-speed stable fermentation period is 70 days, the fermentation is successful when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering and stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile with the height and thickness of 1m and fermenting for 46 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and an intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the intermediate layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, and the leaf surface conditioner residues play a role in inducing fermentation.
The soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 6.5 parts of bagasse, 3.5 parts of sugar mud, 3 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 2.2 parts of plant ash, 2.5 parts of fresh bamboo grass with seeds removed, 0.7.7 parts of rapeseed oil, 0.7 part of peanut meal, 0.7 part of soybean meal, 0.7 part of rice bran and 2.6 parts of humus soil of bamboo forest.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, the fermentation pile is fermented for 20 days, and when the temperature of the leaf surface conditioner residue reaches 56 ℃, the pile is turned after the temperature is kept for 9 days; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermented pile for 17 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 38 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
Example 5: as shown in FIGS. 1-23, the method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of soil for rice, which applies soil conditioner and foliar conditioner during the cultivation period of rice, is implemented as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 1.1 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 18 cm, uniformly mixing, and adding water for transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 210 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the rice is turned green, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:650, and spraying 300L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 6 days per mu; diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:750 during the tillering stage, and spraying 860L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator per mu for 7 days/time; during the grouting period, diluting the foliar regulator at a ratio of 1:900, and spraying 1000L of a diluent of the foliar regulator per mu for 7 days per time; the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
The leaf surface regulator is prepared by mixing, fermenting and filtering 3kg of papaya peel, 3kg of pineapple peel, 3kg of mango peel, 3kg of molasses and 27kg of purified water. Mixing fresh papaya peel, pineapple peel, mango peel, molasses and purified water, and fermenting at normal temperature for 105 days. The fermentation period is divided into a fermentation early stage and a slow-speed stable fermentation period, and the fermentation early stage needs to be stirred for 8 minutes at a rotating speed of 20r/min every day, so that the fermentation liquid is prevented from overflowing due to excessive gas production in the fermentation early stage. And (3) carrying out anaerobic fermentation in a sealed manner in a slow-speed stable fermentation period, wherein the early fermentation period is 35 days, the slow-speed stable fermentation period is 70 days, the fermentation is successful when the fermentation liquid is placed in a barrel at normal temperature and a white film is formed in the barrel, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquid, filtering the fermentation liquid through a 0.45-micron filter membrane, and storing the fermentation liquid at normal temperature in a dark place. And after the fermentation is finished, carrying out vacuum filtration on the fermentation liquor to obtain the leaf surface regulator residue.
The soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering and stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile with the height and thickness of 1m and fermenting for 46 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and an intermediate layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the intermediate layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the intermediate layer is 1:2, and the leaf surface conditioner residues play a role in inducing fermentation.
The soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 7.5 parts of bagasse, 2.8 parts of sugar mud, 3.5 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 2.6 parts of plant ash, 3 parts of dandelion with fresh seeds removed, 0.6.6 parts of rapeseed oil, 0.6 part of peanut meal, 0.6 part of soybean meal, 0.6 part of rice bran and 1 part of bamboo forest humus.
The soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residue are staggered and layered according to a certain proportion to form a fermentation pile, the fermentation pile is fermented for 20 days, and when the temperature of the leaf surface conditioner residue reaches 56 ℃, the pile is turned after the temperature is kept for 9 days; and (3) after turning over the pile, continuing fermenting the fermented pile for 17 days, and uniformly mixing the soil conditioner material and the leaf surface conditioner residues when the temperature of the soil conditioner material is 38 ℃ to obtain the soil conditioner.
While the invention has been described with reference to the drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for reducing cadmium and improving soil nitrogen efficiency of rice is characterized by comprising the following steps: the soil conditioner and the leaf surface conditioner are applied during the cultivation period of the rice, and the specific implementation method is as follows:
(1) uniformly spreading the soil conditioner on the surface of a paddy field at the dosage of 0.8-1.2 ton/mu after ploughing and sunning the paddy field, ploughing by 15-20cm, uniformly mixing, and adding water for transplanting seedlings;
(2) during the period from booting to heading, the soil conditioner is applied once as an additional fertilizer, and the application amount is 200-300 kg/mu;
(3) spraying a diluent of a leaf surface regulator after the rice turns green, at a tillering stage and a grouting stage: after the rice is turned green, diluting the leaf surface regulator according to the proportion of 1:500-800, spraying the diluent of 250-560L leaf surface regulator per mu for 5-7 days per time; in the tillering stage, diluting the leaf surface regulator at a ratio of 1:500-800, and spraying 960L of diluent of the leaf surface regulator for 5-7 days per mu; during the grouting period, the foliar regulator is diluted according to the proportion of 1:800-1000, and 800-1200L of the diluted foliar regulator is sprayed for 5-7 days per mu.
2. The method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the diluent of the leaf surface conditioning agent is a mixed solution of the leaf surface conditioning agent and purified water.
3. The method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the foliar regulator is prepared by mixing fresh pericarp, molasses 1/3 weight of the fresh pericarp and purified water 3-4 times of the weight of the fresh pericarp, and fermenting at normal temperature for 3-4 months, wherein the fresh pericarp is composed of equal amount of pericarp of papaya, pineapple and mango.
4. The method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the soil conditioner is prepared by staggered layering stacking of soil conditioner materials and leaf surface conditioner residues to form a fermentation pile and fermenting for 37-50 days; the fermentation heap is divided into a bottom layer, a sealing layer and a middle layer, wherein the bottom layer and the sealing layer are both soil conditioner materials, the middle layer is formed by stacking leaf surface conditioner residues and the soil conditioner materials in a weight ratio of 1:8 layer by layer, the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the bottom layer to the soil conditioner materials of the middle layer is 1:2, and the weight ratio of the soil conditioner materials of the sealing layer to the soil conditioner materials of the middle layer is 1: 2; the soil conditioner material is prepared by mixing 6-8 parts of bagasse, 2-4 parts of sugar mud, 2-4 parts of carbonized rice hulls, 1-3 parts of plant ash, 2-4 parts of fresh wild grass for removing seeds, 0.5-1 part of rapeseed oil 0.5, 0.5-1 part of peanut meal, 0.5-1 part of soybean meal, 0.5-1 part of rice bran and 1-3 parts of humus soil of bamboo forest by weight; the foliar regulator residue is prepared by mixing, fermenting and filtering fresh pericarp, molasses 1/3 weight of the fresh pericarp and purified water 3-4 times of the weight of the fresh pericarp, wherein the fresh pericarp consists of equal amount of papaya peel, pineapple peel and mango peel.
5. The method for reducing cadmium and improving nitrogen efficiency of rice as claimed in claim 4, wherein: the height and thickness of the fermentation pile are 1 m.
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