CN113045845B - 一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法,特点是双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质由上层承压层和下层极化层组成,上层承压层是由垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到,下层极化层是由平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到,其制备方法为:将TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液浇铸到下层极化层上形成掺杂有垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维的上层承压层,将上层承压层与下层极化层的厚度比控制为(0.5‑5):1后,置于真空干燥箱干燥后加热,迅速放入冰水浴中进行淬火处理,然后置于真空干燥箱中干燥后得到复合介质,优点是可以同时提高极化和击穿场强。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于介质电容器领域,尤其是涉及一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法。
背景技术
对于线性电介质材料来说,能量密度的计算可以表示为,根据此公式也可以也看出介电常数或击穿强度E b 的增强可以造成能量密度的提高。所以为了满足现代电子电力系统发展的需求,追求高介电常数、高击穿强度、低能量损耗的电介质材料是提升电介质电容器的储能能力的重中之重。为了获得具有优异的储能性能的介质电容器,人们把具有高介电常数的无机纳米陶瓷材料引入到具有高击穿强度的聚合物基体中形成无机/聚合物复合材料,集两种材料的优点于一身。研究发现,陶瓷填料的形貌对于复合材料的储能性能具有极大的影响。因此,多种多样的(0维,1维,2维)纳米填料被填充到各种类型(铁电性、线性)的聚合物基质中以追求优异的储能特性。
一维(1D)纳米线目前广泛应用。当纳米纤维沿着垂直于外部电场的平面方向排布时,纳米纤维可以作为电荷和障碍物的散射中心,在击穿过程中会增加击穿电树枝的弯曲程度,从而增大击穿路径的长度,所以相对于纯有机聚合物基体来说,击穿强度得到了提升。当纳米纤维沿外电场方向取向排布时可以大幅提高复合材料的介电常数(极化)及储能性能,在介电复合材料中呈现出巨大的优势。根据相场模型解释的介电击穿行为,竖直取向(平行于电场方向)的纳米线使电场更加集中,纳米线的偶极子沿电场方向高度取向,导致较高的介电常数,比随机的面内排布的纳米线复合材料的电极化强度更高。但是由于击穿路径变短,导致纳米线复合材料的击穿强度下降。
大部分单层复合材料薄膜的介电常数和击穿场强之间存在着不可协调的矛盾。根据聚合物基介质电容器的研究现状来看,单层的纳米复合材料介电常数的提升通常以牺牲聚合物击穿强度为代价,因为加入的高介电常数的无机材料产生的巨大介电差异会导致局部电场畸变严重,从而降低击穿场强。所以单一无机材料与聚合物复合无法同时满足介电常数和击穿场强的提高。多层结构设计引起了人们的广泛关注,在结构设计中引入具有高介电常数的极化层和具有高绝缘性的承压层,使得复合材料的极化和击穿场强都能得到有效的提高,进而有效地提升储能密度。但是如何设计极化层和承压层结构,以及找到调控极化层和承压层的方法来缓解介电常数和击穿场强的矛盾是研究难点。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种能同时提高极化和击穿场强的TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案为:一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质,所述的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质由上层承压层和下层极化层组成,所述的上层承压层是由垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维(TO NWs)填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到,所述的下层极化层是由平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列(TNA) 填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到。
优先的,所述的上层承压层与所述的下层极化层的厚度比为(0.5-5):1。
优先的,所述的上层承压层中TiO2纳米纤维的体积百分含量为5 %,下层极化层中TiO2纳米阵列的体积百分含量为50%。利用两种取向的TiO2材料,灵活地调整极化和击穿场强,能够有效缓解极化和击穿场强的矛盾,使两者相互协调。制备的材料通过排水法测量得到密度,然后计算得到加入材料的体积大小,换算成对应的体积分数含量,体积分数能直观表达掺杂材料在复合介质中的空间占比成分。
优先的,所述的上层承压层与所述的下层极化层的厚度比1:1。
优先的,所述的上层承压层与所述的下层极化层的厚度比3:1。
上述TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质的制备方法,包括下述步骤:
(1)将二氧化钛纳米粉末通过水热法合成TiO2纳米纤维(TO NWs),烘干备用;
(2)将盐酸和去离子水加入烧杯,在磁力搅拌下混合均匀,然后加入钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)继续搅拌直至变成澄清溶液,将清洗过后的导电玻璃(FTO)和澄清溶液放入反应釜内胆中,高温加热、干燥后得到TiO2纳米阵列(TNA),其中盐酸、去离子水和钛酸四丁酯的体积比为25:25:0.7;
(3)将聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)溶解在二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌得到浓度为0.1g/mL的PVDF溶液后,将TiO2纳米阵列与聚偏氟乙烯溶液按体积比1:1的比例混合后,置于60 ℃的真空干燥箱干燥8 h,自然冷却至室温后,得到掺杂有平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列的下层极化层(TNA-PVDF膜);
(4)将TiO2纳米纤维加入到N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中超声分散得到TiO2纳米纤维体积百分数为5 % 的TO NWs悬浮液后,将聚偏氟乙烯加入N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,于40℃加热溶解得到聚偏氟乙烯体积百分数为95 % 的PVDF悬浮液后,将TO NWs悬浮液与PVDF悬浮液等体积混合得到 TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液;
(5)将TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液浇铸到下层极化层上形成掺杂有垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维的上层承压层,利用刮刀将上层承压层与下层极化层的厚度比控制为(0.5-5):1后,置于60 ℃的真空干燥箱干燥12 h,随后放入200 ℃的干燥箱中加热10 min后,迅速放入冰水浴中进行淬火处理,然后置于真空干燥箱中干燥后得到TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质。
优选的,步骤(1)具体为:
(1)将二氧化钛纳米粉末均匀分散于10 M氢氧化钠水溶液中,进行超声分散30min后用磁力搅拌12 h,得到,将混合物转移到反应釜中,放入鼓风干燥箱中于200℃加热24h后取出,自然冷却后用去离子水进行离心清洗,控制转速为6500 r/min,反复清洗至中性,干燥后得到Na2Ti3O7纳米线,其中二氧化钛纳米粉末与氢氧化钠水溶液质量体积比为0.95g:45 ml;
(2)将Na2Ti3O7纳米线放入0.1 M 盐酸水溶液中浸泡4小时,得到H2Ti3O7水合物,用去离子水离心清洗数次放入干燥箱干燥后,转移到有盖的氧化铝坩埚中,置入马弗炉中,设置马弗炉的升温速率为20 ℃ min-1,升高至450 ℃保温处理3 小时,待其冷却后取出,即得到TiO2纳米纤维。
优选的,步骤(2)具体为:
(1)将25 ml盐酸、25 ml去离子水加入烧杯在磁力搅拌下混合均匀,然后加入0.7ml钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)继续搅拌直至变澄清溶液;
(2)将用丙酮、酒精和去离子水依次清洗过的导电玻璃(FTO)放入反应釜内胆中,倒入步骤(1)得到的澄清溶液,放置到鼓风干燥箱中于180 ℃,加热200分钟后,自然冷却至室温,取出反应产物,用去离子水反复冲洗三次后浸泡3小时,置于60 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥,即得到TiO2纳米阵列。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述的上层承压层与所述的下层极化层的厚度比1:1。
优选的,步骤(3)中所述的上层承压层与所述的下层极化层的厚度比3:1。
与现有技术相比,本发明的优点在于:本发明一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质及其制备方法,在双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质中上层大长径比的纤维结构会有效抑制电树枝地延伸,提升了复合材料的击穿场强,下层纵向排列的纳米纤维的偶极子沿电场方向高度取向,提高了极化强度。两种定向排布的纳米纤维有效地提升了双层聚合物基电介质的整体性能,降低了介电损耗。在不改变加入的填充材料的浓度的情况下,通过调节上层承压层的厚度,调节承压层与极化层的体积分数,从而使材料的极化和击穿场强相互协调,有效地缓解了提升极化而使击穿场强降低的矛盾。通过检测可以得出复合材料中的两种取向的TiO2材料都呈定向排布,充分发挥了两种纤维提升复合材料的性能的作用。
附图说明
图1为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质以及FTO基底的X射线衍射图谱;
图2为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的扫描电镜图;
图3为不同TNA-PVDF含量的双层复合介质的介电性能;
图4为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的击穿强度威布尔分布;
图5为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的储能性能。
具体实施方式
以下结合附图实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
具体实施例一
一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质,由上层承压层和下层极化层组成,上层承压层是由垂直于电场排布的TiO2纳米纤维(TO NWs)填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到(也可用TO NWs/PVDF层表述),下层极化层是由平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列(TNA)填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到(也可用TNA-PVDF层表述),其具体制备过程如下:
1、制备TiO2纳米纤维
(1)首先将0.95 g二氧化钛纳米粉末均匀分散于45 ml 10 M氢氧化钠水溶液中,进行超声分散30 min后用磁力搅拌12 h,将混合物转移到100 ml反应釜中,放入鼓风干燥箱中,于200℃加热24 h后取出反应釜自然冷却,用去离子水进行离心清洗,转速为6500 r/min,反复清洗至中性,干燥后得到Na2Ti3O7纳米线;
(2)将合成的Na2Ti3O7纳米线放入0.1 M 盐酸水溶液中浸泡4小时,得到H2Ti3O7水合物,用去离子水离心清洗数次放入干燥箱干燥后,转移到有盖的氧化铝坩埚中,置入马弗炉中,设置马弗炉的升温速率为20 ℃ min-1,升高至450 ℃保温处理3 小时,待其冷却后取出,即得到TiO2纳米纤维;
2、制备TiO2纳米阵列
(1)将25 ml盐酸、25 ml去离子水加入烧杯在磁力搅拌下混合均匀,然后加入0.7ml钛酸四丁酯(TBOT)继续搅拌直至变澄清溶液;
(2)将用丙酮、酒精和去离子水依次清洗过后的规格为30 mm×20 mm的导电玻璃(FTO)放入100 ml的反应釜内胆中,倒入步骤(1)得到的澄清溶液,放置到鼓风干燥箱中,于180 ℃加热200分钟,反应结束后,自然冷却至室温,取出反应产物,用去离子水反复冲洗三次后浸泡3小时,放入60 ℃真空干燥箱干燥得到TiO2纳米阵列;
3、制备不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合薄膜
(1)将0.5克聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)溶解在5ml二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,搅拌24h形成均匀溶液,然后将TiO2纳米阵列与聚偏氟乙烯溶液按体积比1:1的比例混合后,再置于60 ℃的真空干燥箱干燥8 h,自然冷却至室温后,得到掺杂有平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列的下层极化层(TNA-PVDF膜);
(2)将TiO2纳米纤维加入到N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中超声分散得到TiO2纳米纤维体积百分数为5 % 的TO NWs悬浮液后,将聚偏氟乙烯加入N,N二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,于40℃加热溶解得到聚偏氟乙烯体积百分数为95 % 的PVDF悬浮液后,将TO NWs悬浮液与PVDF悬浮液等体积混合得到 TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液;
(3)将TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液浇铸到下层极化层上形成掺杂有垂直于电场排布的TiO2纳米纤维的上层承压层,通过控制溶液滴数和刮刀的厚度来控制上层承压层的厚度,可使上层承压层与下层极化层的厚度比分别为0.5:1、1:1、3:1或者5:1,置于60 ℃的真空干燥箱干燥12 h,随后放入干燥箱中于200 ℃加热10 min后,迅速放入冰水浴中进行淬火处理后,置于真空干燥箱干燥12h后,得到不同TNA-PVDF层含量的TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质。
二、结果分析
图1为室温下不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质以及FTO基底的X射线衍射图谱,四种不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质由于所使用材料没有改变,所以峰值基本相近。与FTO衬底相比,从XRD图谱中可以很清楚的看到位于18.27o和20.31o的两个衍射峰值,分别对应PVDF基体的非极性相(020)晶面以及极性相(110)晶面。36.24o和62.93o分别是TNA的衍射峰,并且分别与标准PDF卡片(No. 01-88-1172)中金红石型TiO2的(101)和(002)晶面相吻合。从图中可以看出所制备的双层复合介质结晶程度良好。
图2为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的扫描电镜图。图2(a-d)分别为TNA-PVDF体积分数为67%、50%、25%、17%时(对应的上层承压层与下层极化层的厚度比相应为0.5:1、1:1、3:1或者5:1时)的微观形貌及厚度。TNA-PVDF层含量为67%时双层复合介质的薄膜厚度为3.5 μm左右,TNA-PVDF层含量为50%时的薄膜厚度为5 μm左右,TNA-PVDF层含量为25%时的薄膜厚度为8 μm左右,TNA-PVDF体积分数为17%时的薄膜厚度为11 μm左右。并且从图中可以看出所制备的双层复合介质中底层TNA阵列与PVDF基体相容性很好,没有明显的缺陷(空隙、孔洞等)。
图3为不同TNA-PVDF含量的双层复合介质的介电性能,图中给出了室温下4种不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的介电性能的频率依赖性。如图3(a)所示,在频率为500Hz时,介电常数ε r随着TNA-PVDF层所占体积分数的减少(上层薄膜的厚度的增加)而增加。双层复合介质的介电常数伴随着频率的增加而逐渐减小,这是由于界面极化和内部空间电荷极化跟不上外加频率的变化造成的。如图3(b)所示,双层复合介质的损耗随着频率的增加而逐渐增加。低频下,25%和17% TNA-PVDF含量的双层复合介质的介电损耗较大,这主要是由于复合薄膜的上层厚度的增加,TiO2纳米纤维的含量也相对增加,导致界面电荷容易在填料和基体之间转移,进而导致损耗的增加。
图4为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的击穿强度威布尔分布,通过线性拟合得到四种不同TNA-PVDF体积分数的双层复合介质的威布尔模量值均大于9,证实了所制备的双层复合薄膜的可靠。TNA-PVDF层体积分数为67%时,击穿强度较低。TNA-PVDF层体积分数为50 %和25 %时,特征击穿强度非常相近,两种TNA-PVDF含量的双层复合介质的上层TiO2纳米纤维充分发挥了作为散射中心阻碍击穿电树生长的作用。
图5为不同TNA-PVDF层含量的双层复合介质的储能性能。如图5(a)所示,随着电场强度的增加,各组分的放电能量密度逐渐增大。并且,随着TNA-PVDF层占据体积分数的减小,放电能量密度呈现先增加后减小的非线性趋势。在TNA-PVDF层占据体积分数为25%时,击穿场强可达到504 MV/m,此时双层复合介质的放电能量密度Ue可以达到19.70 J/cm3。在图5(b)中可以看出,随着电场强度的增加,不同组分的双层复合介质的充放电能量效率呈现下降的趋势,TNA-PVDF层所占的体积分数为67%时,放电能量效率最低。TNA-PVDF层体积分数为25%时双层复合介质的充放电效率为71.71%,比所制备的TNA-PVDF层体积分数为50%(上下层厚度比约为1:1时)双层复合介质的能量效率(77.37%)略有下降。
本发明结合水热法制备纳米纤维和纳米阵列,刮刀涂覆法制膜等技术,运用最直接最高效的方法,以传统PVDF为有机聚合物基底材料,从中掺杂TiO2纳米纤维和TiO2纳米阵列,制备得到双层复合介质。因为无机填料和聚合物基体之间的介电差异,会导致电场分布不均匀而降低击穿场强,所以选用了介电常数较低的TiO2纳米材料作为填充材料,又根据填料对于极化和击穿场强的影响,所以选取两种不同取向的TiO2纳米材料分别与聚偏氟乙烯基体结合,制备了双层结构的复合介质薄膜。然后通过调整双层复合介质中上层薄膜的厚度,实现TiO2纳米纤维和TiO2纳米阵列的体积占比的调整,引导极化和场强的变化,有效地协调极化和击穿场强,从而进一步提高复合介质的储能密度。
上述说明并非对本发明的限制,本发明也并不限于上述举例。本技术领域的普通技术人员在本发明的实质范围内,做出的变化、改型、添加或替换,也应属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (3)
1.一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质的制备方法,所述的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质由上层承压层和下层极化层组成,所述的上层承压层是由垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到,所述的下层极化层是由平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列填充于聚偏氟乙烯中得到,其特征在于包括下述步骤:
(1)将二氧化钛纳米粉末通过水热法合成TiO2纳米纤维,烘干备用;
(2)将盐酸和去离子水加入烧杯,在磁力搅拌下混合均匀,然后加入钛酸四丁酯继续搅拌直至变成澄清溶液,将清洗过后的导电玻璃和澄清溶液放入反应釜内胆中,高温加热、干燥后得到TiO2纳米阵列,其中盐酸、去离子水和钛酸四丁酯的体积比为25:25:0.7;
(3)将聚偏氟乙烯溶解在二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌得到浓度为0.1g/mL的PVDF溶液后,将TiO2纳米阵列与聚偏氟乙烯溶液按体积比1:1的比例混合后,置于60℃的真空干燥箱干燥8h,自然冷却至室温后,得到掺杂有平行于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米阵列的下层极化层;
(4)将TiO2纳米纤维加入到N,N二甲基甲酰胺中超声分散得到TiO2纳米纤维体积百分数为5%的TO NWs悬浮液后,将聚偏氟乙烯加入N,N二甲基甲酰胺中,于40℃加热溶解得到聚偏氟乙烯体积百分数为95%的PVDF悬浮液后,将TO NWs悬浮液与PVDF悬浮液等体积混合得到TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液;
(5)将TO NWs/PVDF悬浮液浇铸到下层极化层上形成掺杂有垂直于电场方向排布的TiO2纳米纤维的上层承压层,利用刮刀将上层承压层与下层极化层的厚度比控制为3:1后,置于60℃的真空干燥箱干燥12h,随后放入200℃的干燥箱中加热10min后,迅速放入冰水浴中进行淬火处理,然后置于真空干燥箱中干燥后得到TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(1)具体为:
(1)将二氧化钛纳米粉末均匀分散于10M氢氧化钠水溶液中,进行超声分散30min后用磁力搅拌12h,得到,将混合物转移到反应釜中,放入鼓风干燥箱中于200℃加热24h后取出,自然冷却后用去离子水进行离心清洗,控制转速为6500r/min,反复清洗至中性,干燥后得到Na2Ti3O7纳米线,其中二氧化钛纳米粉末与氢氧化钠水溶液质量体积比为0.95g:45ml;
(2)将Na2Ti3O7纳米线放入0.1M盐酸水溶液中浸泡4小时,得到H2Ti3O7水合物,用去离子水离心清洗数次放入干燥箱干燥后,转移到有盖的氧化铝坩埚中,置入马弗炉中,设置马弗炉的升温速率为20℃min-1,升高至450℃保温处理3小时,待其冷却后取出,即得到TiO2纳米纤维。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种TiO2纳米材料掺杂的双层聚偏氟乙烯复合介质的制备方法,其特征在于步骤(2)具体为:
(1)将25ml盐酸、25ml去离子水加入烧杯在磁力搅拌下混合均匀,然后加入0.7ml钛酸四丁酯继续搅拌直至变澄清溶液;
(2)将用丙酮、酒精和去离子水依次清洗过的导电玻璃放入反应釜内胆中,倒入步骤(1)得到的澄清溶液,放置到鼓风干燥箱中于180℃,加热200分钟后,自然冷却至室温,取出反应产物,用去离子水反复冲洗三次后浸泡3小时,置于60℃真空干燥箱中干燥,即得到TiO2纳米阵列。
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