CN112964587A - Centrifugal model test device and method for simulating dam break of concrete panel dam - Google Patents
Centrifugal model test device and method for simulating dam break of concrete panel dam Download PDFInfo
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- CN112964587A CN112964587A CN202110173000.1A CN202110173000A CN112964587A CN 112964587 A CN112964587 A CN 112964587A CN 202110173000 A CN202110173000 A CN 202110173000A CN 112964587 A CN112964587 A CN 112964587A
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Abstract
The invention discloses a centrifugal model test device and a method for simulating dam break of a concrete panel dam.A rectangular weir for overflow is arranged on one side wall of a model box, and an indicator light panel is arranged on the side wall of the model box above the rectangular weir; the model box is internally provided with a rockfill material, the upstream side of the rockfill material is connected with a gypsum board, a plurality of photoresistors are embedded in the rockfill material at the downstream of the gypsum board in a layering way, and each photoresistor is electrically connected with an indicator light on an indicator light panel; and high-speed high-definition cameras for observing gypsum boards, rockfill materials and indicator light panels are respectively arranged in the model boxes. The invention can realize the dam break test of the concrete panel dam, the erosion damage of dam break water flow to rockfill materials is shown by visual optical signals, the erosion path and the erosion range of the water flow can be conveniently deduced through the lighting sequence of the indicator lamps, and the invention has important reference significance for the research of the dam break mechanism.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of geotechnical engineering devices, in particular to a centrifugal model test device and method for simulating dam break of a concrete panel dam.
Background
The concrete faced dam is a kind of earth-rock dam using riverbed sand gravel as main material, and its upstream is made up by using reinforced concrete faced slab, toe board and various joint water-stopping structures to make seepage-proofing treatment, and after having been compacted, it has higher strength and deformation modulus. Under the washing of overtopping water flow, if dam break occurs, serious threat is caused to the life and property safety of the downstream people. Therefore, the study on the dam break mechanism of the panel dam has important significance for predicting dam break disasters of the panel dam, and making early warning and emergency plan for the dam break of the panel dam.
Because the dam types such as concrete face dams, earth-rock dams, core-wall dams and the like have different structures, materials and damage modes, and have obvious differences in quality, density and form, the damage mechanisms of the dam types are completely different, and the damage mechanisms of the dam types can not be researched by using simulation methods of other dam types during tests.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a centrifugal model test device and a method for simulating the dam break of a concrete panel dam aiming at the fact that a device for simulating and researching the dam break mechanism of the concrete panel dam does not exist in the prior art, so that the device and the method can be more in line with the actual dam break process of the concrete panel dam, the test process is closer to the test condition, and the test basis is provided for the discussion of the dam break mechanism of the concrete panel dam.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that:
a centrifugal model test device for simulating dam break of a concrete panel dam comprises a model box, wherein a water inlet is formed in one side wall of the model box, a rectangular weir for overflow is formed in the other side wall opposite to the water inlet, and an indicator panel is arranged on the side wall of the model box above the rectangular weir; the method comprises the following steps that (1) rockfill materials are arranged in a model box, a gypsum board is connected to the upstream side of the rockfill materials, a plurality of photoresistors are buried in the rockfill materials at the downstream of the gypsum board in a layered mode according to the depth direction of a panel dam, and each photoresistor is electrically connected with an indicator light on an indicator light panel;
and high-speed high-definition cameras for observing gypsum boards, rockfill materials and indicator light panels are respectively arranged in the model boxes.
The invention utilizes the space-time amplification effect generated by the centrifugal machine to enable the model and the prototype side slope to be in the same stress state, can ensure that the test process and the result can truly reflect the dam break process of the panel dam, and has important reference significance for the dam break mechanism research of the panel dam.
After the centrifugal machine is accelerated step by step, the gypsum board is gradually destroyed along with the overflow of water flow, the rockfill material is continuously lost under the action of the impulsive force of the water flow, and the photoresistor at the eroded rockfill material is exposed immediately. According to the characteristics of the photoresistor, the resistance of the photoresistor is sharply reduced when the photoresistor is exposed to visible light, and the indicator light connected with the photoresistor emits light. The photoresistor is firstly exposed at the position which is firstly flushed, the indicating lamps sequentially emit light along with the sequence of the exposure of the photoresistor, the position of the exposed photoresistor in the rockfill material can be determined according to the coordinates of the light-emitting indicating lamps, and then the water flow flushing path and range can be clarified. The whole test process and the light emitting sequence of the indicator light are shot and recorded by the high-speed high-definition camera two and three times.
Preferably, lime gridlines are uniformly and equidistantly drawn on the surfaces of the gypsum boards and the rockfill materials by using lime powder so as to facilitate observation and calculation of the damage conditions of the gypsum boards and the rockfill materials.
Preferably, the type of the photoresistors is LXD3526, and each photoresistor is subjected to waterproof treatment and then is arranged in order from upstream to downstream.
A centrifugal model test method for dam break of a concrete panel dam comprises the following steps:
manufacturing panels according to the similar criterion and the same bending strength principle, bonding the panels by marble glue, smearing anti-seepage quick-drying glue on the contact area of the panels and the side wall of the model box, and smearing vaseline on the joints between the panels and the side wall of the model box; a gap for simulating an initial break is reserved at the top of the gypsum board positioned in the middle of the panel dam;
high-speed high-definition cameras for observing gypsum boards, rockfill materials and indicator light panels are respectively arranged in the model box;
after the water supply system is started, water storage is started in the model box, and the water level in front of the panel gradually rises; when the water level reaches the top of the panel, water flow starts to flow through a reserved gap of the gypsum board over the top to wash away the rockfill material, the rockfill material is gradually damaged along with the continuous increase of water supply, the photoresistor at the damaged part is gradually exposed along with the washing of the water flow, the indicator light connected with the exposed photoresistor is correspondingly lightened on the panel and is recorded by the high-speed high-definition camera;
In step 2, as a preferred embodiment, when laying each layer of photoresistors, one photoresistor is arranged every 10cm in the transverse direction, and one photoresistor is arranged every 20cm in the longitudinal direction. A light dependent resistor is correspondingly connected with an indicator light, and the indicator light is lightened, so that the rockfill material where the light dependent resistor is located is damaged.
As a preferred embodiment, in step 2, the panel is made of cement, sand and gypsum according to the ratio of 10:1, and the elastic modulus reaches 8 Gpa. And manufacturing the panel according to the similar principle and the same bending strength principle.
In step 2, the surface of the panel and the rockfill material is uniformly and equidistantly marked with the lime powder to facilitate observing and calculating the damage condition of the panel and the rockfill material.
As a preferred embodiment, in order to avoid sudden model damage caused by rapid loading, the centrifugal acceleration in step 3 is gradually accelerated from 1g to Ng, the centrifugal acceleration increased at each stage is 5g, and the next stage is applied after the soil deformation is stable for a period of time.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention can realize the dam break test of the concrete panel dam, the erosion damage of the dam break water flow to the rockfill material is displayed visually through the optical signal, the erosion path and the range of the water flow can be deduced more conveniently through the lighting sequence of the indicator lamps, and the invention has important reference significance for the research of the dam break mechanism.
The method can really restore the dam break process of the panel dam, and can provide a test foundation for the research of the dam break mechanism of the panel dam through the damage of the gypsum board.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an experimental apparatus according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a front cross-sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a right side view configuration of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of an indicator light of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the construction of a concrete faced dam according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the connecting structure of the photo resistor and the indicator light according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic drawing of a gypsum board grid according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of grid lines of rockfill material according to the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the numbering of the photoresistors in the rockfill material region according to the present invention;
fig. 10 is a schematic view of the arrangement of the indicator lights on the indicator light panel according to the present invention.
The labels in the figure are: 1. rectangle weir, 2, water inlet, 3, high-speed high definition camera, 4, model case, 5, gypsum board, 6, pilot lamp panel, 7, photo resistance, 8, electric connecting wire, 9, rockfill material, 10, lime gridlines.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-3 and 5-6, a centrifugal model test device for simulating dam break of a concrete panel dam comprises a model box 4 made of an aluminum alloy material, wherein a water inlet 2 is formed in one side wall of the model box, a rectangular weir 1 for overflowing is formed in the other side wall opposite to the water inlet, and an indicator light panel 6 is arranged on the side wall of the model box above the rectangular weir; the method comprises the following steps that (1) rockfill materials are arranged in a model box, a gypsum board 5 is connected to the upstream side of the rockfill materials, a plurality of photoresistors 7 are buried in the rockfill materials at the downstream of the gypsum board in a layered mode according to the depth direction of a panel dam, the types of the photoresistors are LXD3526, the photoresistors at each layer are orderly arranged from the upstream to the downstream along the inner wall of the model box after being subjected to waterproof treatment, and each photoresistor is electrically connected with an indicator lamp on an;
the high-speed high-definition camera 3 used for observing the gypsum board is arranged in the model box above the gypsum board, the high-speed high-definition camera II and the high-speed high-definition camera III are arranged in the model box above the rockfill material, the high-speed high-definition camera II is used for observing the rockfill material, and the high-speed high-definition camera III is used for observing the indicator light panel.
The power line for supplying power to the photoresistor supplies power along the external power supply of the rotating arm of the centrifuge, and a power supply circuit diagram is shown in fig. 4.
The uniform and equidistant lime grid lines 10 are used on the surfaces of the gypsum boards and the rockfill materials as shown in figures 7-8 to facilitate observation and calculation of the damage conditions of the gypsum boards and the rockfill materials.
As shown in fig. 9 and 10, each photo resistor and each indicator light are numbered one by one as the coordinate axis increases. In the model, the direction orthogonal to the seam between the panels is a horizontal row, and the panels are arranged in a row in the indicator light panel. After the centrifugal machine is accelerated step by step, the gypsum board is gradually destroyed along with the overflow of water flow, the rockfill material is continuously lost under the action of the impulsive force of the water flow, and the photoresistor at the eroded rockfill material is exposed immediately. According to the characteristics of the photoresistor, the resistance of the photoresistor is sharply reduced when the photoresistor is exposed to visible light, and the indicator light connected with the photoresistor emits light. The photoresistor is firstly exposed at the position which is firstly flushed, the indicating lamps sequentially emit light along with the sequence of the exposure of the photoresistor, the position of the exposed photoresistor in the rockfill material can be determined according to the coordinates of the light-emitting indicating lamps, and then the water flow flushing path and range can be clarified. The whole test process and the light emitting sequence of the indicator light are shot and recorded by the high-speed high-definition camera two and three times.
Example 2
A centrifugal model test method for dam break of a concrete panel dam mainly comprises the following steps:
And sampling and sorting the dam slope ratio and the hydrological data of the concrete panel on site to make the centrifugal model as same as the actual situation as possible. A plurality of different positions are selected in a plurality of exploration lines of the rockfill material of the on-site panel dam, and a plurality of groups of undisturbed samples are selected for grading test. The rockfill material is stone, the grain size is from several mm to several tens cm, and the porosity is about 20%. The model material directly selects the original rockfill material on site, the rockfill material is crushed and sieved to obtain the gradation after the scaling similar to the scaling on site, and the similarity ratio N of the centrifugal model and the slope on site is determined according to the similarity criterion by combining the scale of the panel dam, the site form and the load capacity condition of the centrifugal machine, wherein the similarity criterion and the similarity ratio N are determined according to the prior art, and the description is omitted.
And 2, preparing a concrete panel dam centrifugal model as shown in fig. 9. The rockfill material adopts a layered filling method, the stacking height of each layer is 10cm, the photoresistors are arranged between the layers, when the photoresistors are arranged on each layer, the photoresistors are transversely arranged at intervals of 10cm and longitudinally arranged at intervals of 20cm, and because the photoresistors are very small, the outer diameter of each photoresistor is only about 3mm, the dam break water cannot be influenced. Correspondingly connecting each photosensitive resistor with an indicator light, enabling one photosensitive resistor to correspond to one indicator light, grouping and connecting the photosensitive resistors in parallel, arranging each indicator light in order and at equal intervals, and numbering according to the position of the photosensitive resistor.
The rockfill materials are built in layers and compacted in a filling manner, so that light is prevented from accidentally entering and affecting the photoresistor. The photoresistors are distributed in the rockfill material transversely, vertically and longitudinally at equal intervals, and the photoresistors and the electric wires are subjected to waterproof treatment and are arranged in order along the downstream direction of the dam body.
The panel is manufactured according to the similar criterion and the principle that the bending strength is the same, the panel is manufactured by utilizing cement, sand and gypsum according to the mass ratio of 10:1, and the manufacturing method belongs to the prior art and is not repeated. And (3) smearing anti-seepage quick-drying glue on the contact area of the panel and the side wall of the model box so as to ensure that water cannot leak along the side wall of the model box to influence the test result. The gypsum boards are bonded by marble glue, and vaseline is coated on the joints between the boards for water seepage prevention treatment. Since the water pressure increases with increasing depth, the thickness of each plate increases uniformly in the depth direction of the panel dam. A5 cm deep notch is reserved at the top of the middle gypsum board to simulate an initial break.
The surface of the panel and the rockfill material are uniformly and equidistantly provided with the lime powder to draw grid lines so as to conveniently observe and calculate the damage condition of the panel and the rockfill material.
And designing a model box according to the determined similarity ratio N, wherein the design method of the model box is the prior art and is not described herein again. As shown in FIG. 2, the effective size of the mold box in this example is 1200X 400X 800mm, and the side panels, top panel and bottom panel of the mold box are all 6061T6 high strength aluminum alloy plates with a thickness of 65 mm. All through bolted connection between the model case each side board, the seam crossing is equipped with the sealing strip, ensures not to take place to leak. The water supply system outside the model box is externally connected with 4 water storage tanks, water can be supplied into the model box through the water inlet of the model box, the water supply system is arranged outside the centrifugal machine chamber and uninterruptedly supplies water into the model box, the abrasion of the high-speed rotation process of the centrifugal machine is reduced, the actual test operation is safer and more stable, and the water supply speed can be manually adjusted. The water supply system and the centrifuge belong to the prior art, and are not described in detail herein.
A rectangular weir for overflowing is arranged on the side panel of the model box, an included angle of 30 degrees is formed between the downstream surface of the rectangular weir and the upstream vertical surface, the width of the rectangular weir is 280mm, and the distance from the bottom end of the rectangular weir to the bottom of the model box is 200 mm. And a pore pressure sensor is arranged in front of the rectangular weir to measure the overflow front water head. And calculating the breach flow by the overflow front water head by using a weir flow formula.
The overflow flow Q is calculated by the formula:
in the formula: l is the width of the rectangular weir; h is a weir front water head without a travelling flow velocity water head; n is a similarity ratio; g is the acceleration of gravity; wherein the coefficient of lateral contraction sigmacFlow coefficient sigmafAll according to the Zinjin formula:
in the formula: p is the height of the rectangular weir; b is the net width in the model box.
According to the invention, the water flow in the dam break process of the panel dam can be calculated through the rectangular weir, and the method has important significance for the construction of the panel dam and the disaster prediction in reality.
A high-speed high-definition camera arranged in the model box can extract video images frame by frame, a first camera and a second camera are respectively positioned above the center lines of the gypsum board and the downstream rockfill material, the direction of a lens is orthogonal to the directions of the surface of the gypsum board and the surface of the rockfill material, a third camera is arranged, and the change condition of an indicator light on an indicator light panel on the side wall of the model box is observed. And ensuring that the test process can be completely shot and analyzing the test details.
And 3, after the model box is arranged, hoisting the model box into the hanging basket, and testing the circuit and the high-speed high-definition camera to ensure that the circuit and the video monitoring system work normally. After the centrifugal machine is weighted, the centrifugal machine starts to accelerate step by step, so that the model and the actual situation are in the same stress state; and after the centrifugal acceleration is stabilized to the target acceleration, starting a water supply system, and injecting water into the reservoir area through a water inlet at the top of the model box. In order to avoid sudden damage of the model caused by rapid loading, the centrifugal acceleration is gradually accelerated from 1g to Ng, the centrifugal acceleration increased at each stage is 5g, and the next stage is applied after the soil body is deformed and stabilized for a period of time.
After the water supply system is started, water storage is started in the model box, and the water level in front of the panel gradually rises. When the water level reaches the top of the panel, water flow starts to flow through the reserved gap of the gypsum board overtop, and the rockfill material is washed. Along with the continuous increase of water supply, the rockfill material destroys gradually, and the photoresistor of the destroyed part exposes gradually along with the washing of water flow, and the indicator light connected with the exposed photoresistor lights up on the panel correspondingly and is recorded by the high-speed high-definition camera.
Along with the erosion of reservoir water, the elevation of the downstream dam body is continuously reduced, and the gypsum board still plays a role in retaining water under the support of the downstream dam body which is not eroded. Along with the erosion of water flow to the dam body at the downstream of the supporting panel, the hanging length of the panel is larger and larger, and when the hanging length of the panel is too large and cannot bear the combined action of self weight and water load, the panel is broken. The above process is repeated, and the panels are successively eroded and successively broken.
And 4, observing in the image monitoring system, and judging that the breach is stable when the breach does not continue to develop any more, so that the test can be considered to be finished. And closing the water supply system after the test is finished. The camera is opened all the time, records the dam break process of the panel, the scouring process of the rockfill material and the lighting process of the indicating lamp module. And analyzing the light-emitting sequence of the indicator lights to deduce the water flow scouring path and range.
Claims (8)
1. A centrifugal model test device for simulating dam break of a concrete panel dam is characterized by comprising a model box, wherein one side wall of the model box is provided with a water inlet, the other side wall opposite to the water inlet is provided with a rectangular weir for overflow, and an indicator light panel is arranged on the side wall of the model box above the rectangular weir; the method comprises the following steps that (1) rockfill materials are arranged in a model box, a gypsum board is connected to the upstream side of the rockfill materials, a plurality of photoresistors are buried in the rockfill materials at the downstream of the gypsum board in a layered mode according to the depth direction of a panel dam, and each photoresistor is connected with an indicator lamp wire on an indicator lamp panel;
and high-speed high-definition cameras for observing gypsum boards, rockfill materials and indicator light panels are respectively arranged in the model boxes.
2. The centrifugal model test device for simulating dam break of concrete panel dam as claimed in claim 1, wherein lime gridlines are drawn uniformly and equidistantly on the surface of gypsum board and rockfill material with lime powder.
3. The centrifugal model test device for simulating dam break of concrete panel dam as claimed in claim 1, wherein the model of the photo-resistor is LXD3526, and each photo-resistor is arranged regularly from upstream to downstream after being subjected to waterproof treatment.
4. A centrifugal model test method for dam break of a concrete panel dam is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, surveying and measuring parameters of rockfill and panel materials of an on-site concrete panel dam, and configuring gypsum boards and rockfill materials with physical and mechanical properties similar to those of the on-site panel dam; selecting on-site rockfill materials, grinding and sieving the rockfill materials to manufacture a centrifugal model;
step 2, preparing a concrete panel dam centrifugal model; the rockfill material adopts a layered filling method, the photoresistors are distributed among layers, and the rockfill material is layered and built, filled and compacted to prevent light from accidentally entering and influencing the photoresistors; when each layer of photoresistors is laid, the transverse intervals and the longitudinal intervals of each photoresistor are equal, and each photoresistor is connected with the indicator lamps in a one-to-one correspondence mode;
manufacturing panels according to the similar criterion and the same bending strength principle, bonding the panels by marble glue, smearing anti-seepage quick-drying glue on the contact area of the panels and the side wall of the model box, and smearing vaseline on the joints between the panels and the side wall of the model box; a gap for simulating an initial break is reserved at the top of the gypsum board positioned in the middle of the panel dam;
high-speed high-definition cameras for observing gypsum boards, rockfill materials and indicator light panels are respectively arranged in the model box;
step 3, after the model box is arranged, connecting a water supply system, and after the model box is hung into the hanging basket, testing a circuit and a high-speed high-definition camera to ensure that the circuit and the video monitoring system work normally; after the centrifugal machine is weighted, the centrifugal machine is accelerated step by step, so that the centrifugal model and the concrete panel dam in the actual situation are in the same stress state; after the centrifugal acceleration is stabilized to the target acceleration, a water supply system is started, and water is injected into the reservoir area through a water inlet in the top of the model box;
after the water supply system is started, water storage is started in the model box, and the water level in front of the panel gradually rises; when the water level reaches the top of the panel, water flow starts to flow through a reserved gap of the gypsum board over the top to wash away the rockfill material, the rockfill material is gradually damaged along with the continuous increase of water supply, the photoresistor at the damaged part is gradually exposed along with the washing of the water flow, the indicator light connected with the exposed photoresistor is correspondingly lightened on the panel and is recorded by the high-speed high-definition camera;
step 4, observing in the image monitoring system, judging that the breach is stable when the breach does not continue to develop, ending the test, and closing the water supply system after the test is ended; and analyzing the light-emitting sequence of the indicator lights to deduce the water flow scouring path and range.
5. The centrifugal model test method for dam break of concrete panel dam as claimed in claim 4, wherein in step 2, when laying each layer of photoresistors, one photoresistor is arranged every 10cm in the transverse direction, and one photoresistor is arranged every 20cm in the longitudinal direction.
6. The centrifugal model test method for the dam break of the concrete panel dam as claimed in claim 5, wherein in step 2, the panel is made of cement, sand and gypsum according to the mass ratio of 10:1: 1.
7. The centrifugal model test method for concrete panel dam break of claim 6, wherein in step 2, the surface of the panel and the rockfill material are uniformly and equidistantly lined with lime powder.
8. The centrifugal model test method for break of concrete panel dam according to claim 7, wherein in step 3, the centrifugal acceleration is gradually accelerated from 1g to Ng, the centrifugal acceleration increased at each stage is 5g, and the next stage is applied after the soil body is deformed and stabilized for a period of time.
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