CN112946778B - Method for early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity monitoring - Google Patents
Method for early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity monitoring Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity, which comprises the following steps: 1) defining a monitoring area, and acquiring the development distribution condition of underground karst pipelines/fractures in the monitoring area, and the main runoff direction and dynamic characteristics of underground water; a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone is defined; respectively arranging monitoring points at the intersection points of the karst pipelines/cracks, the interaction positions of the karst pipelines/cracks and the boundaries of the soil layer disturbance zone or the soil cave development zone, and the two sides of the ascertained soil cave along the runoff direction of the underground water on the two sides of the soil cave; 2) setting a monitoring well at a monitoring point and acquiring turbidity and flow data of underground water; 3) calculating the accumulated loss C of the covering soil body in each monitoring well through the acquired datai(ii) a 4) Calculating an early warning threshold value C of karst collapse; 5) c is to beiAnd respectively comparing the obtained values with C and carrying out karst collapse early warning. The method has high early warning precision and is more suitable for monitoring and early warning of karst collapse under the condition that soil layer disturbance or soil holes exist.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity, and belongs to the technical field of prediction.
Background
Karst collapse is one of main geological disasters in a karst area, has the characteristics of concealment, outburst, repeatability and the like, and is an effective technical means for reducing and avoiding karst collapse damage by monitoring and early warning.
The prior commonly used karst collapse monitoring and early warning method comprises a direct monitoring and early warning method and an indirect early warning method. The direct early warning method is characterized in that instrument equipment is used for directly monitoring deformation of a rock-soil body of a subsided body, and early warning is carried out when the deformation value of the rock-soil body is close to a collapse threshold value of a top plate of a soil cave. The indirect monitoring and early warning mode is to monitor the factor triggering the karst collapse and realize early warning by establishing the corresponding relation between the triggering factor and the deformation and damage of the rock and soil body.
A method for carrying out karst collapse early warning by utilizing underground water turbidity monitoring belongs to an indirect early warning method. The invention with publication number CN110210059A provides a karst ground collapse prediction method based on karst water dynamics, which specifically comprises establishing a karst water level and water quality dynamic monitoring grid, dynamically monitoring indexes such as karst water level, water quantity, turbidity and main chemical components in real time, and defining collapse danger area range of the karst ground by analyzing monitoring results of each observation well at the same time and monitoring data changes of the same observation well at different times, specifically when the turbidity of the karst water in any observation well is suddenly increased or the water chemistry index is obviously changed, defining collapse danger area of the karst ground in the area between the observation well and the observation well at the upstream of the karst water movement direction. Although the method is simple and effective, the condition that karst collapse occurs is immediately achieved without the sudden increase of the turbidity of the karst water or obvious change of water chemical indexes, so the accuracy and precision of the method are questionable.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity with higher early warning precision.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity comprises the following steps:
1) demarcating a monitoring area, and laying monitoring points, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1) acquiring the development distribution condition of underground karst pipelines/fractures in a monitored area and the main runoff direction and dynamic characteristics of underground water;
1.2) circling a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone;
1.3) respectively arranging monitoring points at the intersection point of the karst pipeline/crack, the interaction position of the karst pipeline/crack and the boundary of a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone, and the two sides of the soil cave along the groundwater runoff direction by the ascertained soil cave;
2) setting monitoring wells at monitoring points, wherein the depth of each monitoring well is such that karst pipelines/fractures are completely exposed (namely, the monitoring wells penetrate through a soil-rock interface), and respectively obtaining the turbidity T1 of the fourth system underground water in each monitoring welliAnd a flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd a flow rate Q2i；
3) Calculating the accumulated loss C of the covering soil body in each monitoring well according to the following formula (1)i；
Ci＝(Q1iT1i+Q2iT2i)t (1)
Wherein, CiThe accumulated loss of the covering layer soil body in the ith monitoring well is expressed in mg; q1iThe flow of fourth series of underground water in the ith monitoring well is expressed in the unit of L/s; t1iRepresenting the turbidity of the fourth series of underground water in the ith monitoring well, wherein the unit is mg/L; q2iThe flow of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well is expressed in the unit of L/s; t2iRepresenting the turbidity of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well, and the unit is mg/L; t represents the monitoring time in units of s; i is an index of the number of monitoring wells;
4) calculating an early warning threshold value C of karst collapse according to the following formula (2) by utilizing a soil cave limit balance arch theory;
C＝2πb3ρ/(3f) (2)
wherein C represents an early warning threshold value of karst collapse, and the unit is mg; b represents the radius of the minimum soil cave (also called minimum collapse pit) which is detected in the monitoring area and has the unit of cm; rho represents the natural density of the soil body and has the unit of g/cm3(ii) a f is an empirical coefficient and takes the value of 0.8-1;
5) c is to beiRespectively compared with C when CiAnd when the temperature is close to or equal to C, carrying out karst collapse early warning on the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof.
In step 2) of the method, the turbidity T1 of the fourth system groundwater in each monitoring well is respectively obtained and calculated through a turbidity sensor and a flowmeter (groundwater flowmeter) arranged in each monitoring well and a comprehensive data acquisition analyzer arranged on the ground surfaceiAnd a flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd flow rate Q2i。
In step 5) of the above process, it is preferred that when C is presentiAnd (4) carrying out karst collapse early warning on the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof when the temperature is more than or equal to kC, wherein k is an empirical safety factor, and the value is preferably 0.7-1 in the application.
Compared with the prior art, the invention is characterized in that:
1. monitoring points are arranged at specific positions (crossing points of karst pipelines/cracks, positions where the karst pipelines/cracks are interacted with boundaries of a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone, and positions where soil caves are located on two sides of the soil cave along the direction of groundwater runoff), so that collapse can be monitored more easily.
2. The karst collapse early warning is realized by monitoring the turbidity of underground water in the monitoring well and calculating the accumulated loss of the soil body of the covering layer, and then comparing the calculated accumulated loss with the early warning threshold value obtained by the theoretical calculation of the earth cave limit balance arch, so that the condition that the soil body is deformed and damaged under the action of the underground water can be directly reflected, and the early warning precision is higher.
3. The method is more suitable for monitoring and early warning karst collapse under the condition that soil layer disturbance or soil cave exists.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of monitoring point arrangement in embodiment 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the monitoring of turbidity and flow rate of the fourth family groundwater and karst groundwater in example 1 of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic view of a limiting balance arch of a soil cave.
Detailed Description
The invention will be better understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which are included, however, with the understanding that the invention is not limited to the following examples.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on groundwater turbidity comprises the following steps:
1) demarcating a monitoring area, and laying monitoring points, wherein the method specifically comprises the following steps:
1.1) acquiring the development distribution condition of underground karst pipelines/fractures in a monitored area and the main runoff direction and dynamic characteristics of underground water;
the development distribution condition of underground karst pipelines/fractures in a monitored area and the main runoff direction and dynamic characteristics of underground water can be obtained by the conventional technical methods such as geological measurement, karst underground water tracing test, drilling, geophysical prospecting and hydrogeological analysis;
1.2) circling a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone;
a geological radar and other geophysical prospecting instruments are used for detecting and scanning to define a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone;
1.3) respectively arranging monitoring points at the intersection points of karst pipelines/cracks, the positions of the karst pipelines/cracks and the boundary interaction of a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone, and the two sides of the soil cave along the direction of groundwater runoff by the explored soil cave;
monitoring points are mainly distributed at the intersection points of the karst pipelines/cracks and the interaction positions of the karst pipelines/cracks and the soil layer disturbance zone or the boundary of the soil cave development zone, and for the positions of the ascertained soil caves, the two sides of the soil caves are encrypted and monitored along the direction of groundwater runoff.
2) In thatMonitoring wells are arranged at monitoring points, the depth of each monitoring well is such that karst pipelines/fractures (namely, the monitoring wells penetrate through a soil-rock interface) are completely exposed, and the turbidity T1 of the fourth system underground water in each monitoring well is respectively obtainediAnd a flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd a flow rate Q2i。
The inclination of the monitoring well is preferably less than 1 degree and the final bore diameter of the monitoring borehole is preferably greater than or equal to 91 mm. The arrangement of the monitoring well is the same as the prior art, and specific reference can be made to the invention patent with the publication number of CN104005753A previously applied by the applicant. A sealing water stop plug is arranged in the monitoring well corresponding to the soil-rock interface, namely, water stop sealing is needed to be carried out corresponding to the soil-rock interface.
A turbidity sensor (corresponding to one of the fourth system underground water and the karst underground water) and an underground water flowmeter (corresponding to one of the fourth system underground water and the karst underground water) are arranged in each monitoring well, and are matched with a comprehensive data acquisition analyzer arranged on the ground surface to respectively acquire and calculate the turbidity T1 of the fourth system underground water in each monitoring welliAnd a flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd a flow rate Q2i(ii) a i represents an index of the number of monitor wells. The turbidity sensor has to meet a certain range, and preferably adopts a German WTW Turb 2000 turbidity sensor. The turbidity sensor is connected with a data acquisition instrument placed on the ground surface, and the turbidity and the flow of the fourth system underground water and the turbidity and the flow of the karst underground water are acquired and calculated in real time through the comprehensive data acquisition analyzer. And subsequently, calculating the accumulated loss of the covering soil body in the soil cave forming and developing process in each monitoring well by using the obtained turbidity data and the obtained flow data.
3) Calculating the accumulated loss C of the covering soil body in each monitoring well according to the following formula (1)i；
Ci＝(Q1iT1i+Q2iT2i)t (1)
Wherein, CiThe accumulated loss of the covering soil in the ith monitoring well is expressed in mg; q1iRepresenting the flow of groundwater of the fourth series in the ith monitoring wellAmount in L/s; t1iRepresenting the turbidity of the fourth series of underground water in the ith monitoring well, wherein the unit is mg/L; q2iThe flow of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well is expressed in the unit of L/s; t2iRepresenting the turbidity of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well, and the unit is mg/L; t represents the monitoring time in units of s; and i is an index of the number of the monitoring wells.
4) Calculating an early warning threshold value C of karst collapse according to the following formula (2) by utilizing a soil cave limit balance arch theory;
C＝2πb3ρ/(3f) (2)
wherein C represents an early warning threshold value of karst collapse, and the unit is mg; b represents the radius of the minimum soil cave (also called minimum collapse pit) which is detected in the monitoring area and has the unit of cm; rho represents the natural density of the soil body and has the unit of g/cm3(ii) a f is an empirical coefficient and takes any number between 0.8 and 1.
When the soil cave is formed, the soil cave is continuously enlarged and developed towards the ground surface under the actions of underground water undermining, erosion and the like, and once the top plate of the soil cave loses mechanical balance, the soil cave is collapsed on the ground surface. The theoretical calculation value of the soil volume that runs off before losing mechanical balance (collapse) with soil cave roof can be regarded as early warning threshold value C in this application, and C is V rho, and wherein, V is the volume of soil cave when soil cave roof reaches limit balance state, and the unit is cm3(ii) a A hemiellipsoid calculation can be used approximately (V-2/3 pi abc, a, b, c, the semiaxial lengths in the three directions x, y, z of the ellipsoid central plane). Since the bottom of the soil cave is usually circular, the values of a and b are usually equal, in practical application, the half-span (b) of the soil cave when the top plate of the soil cave reaches the limit equilibrium state, and c in practical application, the height (h) of the soil cave when the top plate of the soil cave reaches the limit equilibrium state. The half span (b) and the limit hole height (h) can be obtained by carrying out statistical analysis on karst collapse data of a monitored area, or can be obtained by calculation by applying the Purcher balance arch theory, according to the Purcher balance arch theory, under the condition that the soil hole reaches a limit balance state, the relation between the half span (b) and the limit hole height (h) is h ═ b/f, f is an empirical coefficient, and is related to the uniaxial compressive strength, integrity, groundwater and other factors of soil mass, and the value is 0.8 in the application1. In the actual monitoring and early warning process, the development height of the soil cave is changed, so that the limit cave height is difficult to obtain, but the half span is relatively easy, and can be obtained through scanning of a geological radar or according to the radius of the collapse pit which has occurred in the monitored area. Pp denotes the natural density of the soil in the formation of a hole, in g/cm3The method can be obtained through indoor tests, and usually, when a monitoring well is drilled for forming holes, undisturbed soil samples are obtained to carry out indoor rock-soil body physical and mechanical property routine tests, so that the natural density of a soil body is obtained. In summary, in the application, the karst collapse early warning threshold value C is 2 pi b based on the turbidity of the soil body3Rho/(3 f), wherein C represents an early warning threshold value of karst collapse and the unit is mg; b represents the minimum collapse pit radius which is proved in the monitoring area and is measured in cm; rho represents the natural density of the soil body and has the unit of g/cm3(ii) a f is an empirical coefficient and takes any number between 0.8 and 1.
5) C is to beiRespectively compared with C when CiAnd when the temperature is close to or equal to C, carrying out karst collapse early warning on the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof.
In this application, it is preferred when CiAnd (4) when the temperature is more than or equal to kC, performing karst collapse early warning in the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof, wherein k is an empirical safety factor, and is preferably any number between 0.7 and 1 in specific application.
Claims (3)
1. A method for monitoring and early warning karst collapse based on underground water turbidity comprises the following steps:
1) demarcating a monitoring area, laying monitoring points, and specifically comprising:
1.1) acquiring the development distribution condition of underground karst pipelines/fractures in a monitored area and the main runoff direction and dynamic characteristics of underground water;
1.2) circling a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone;
1.3) respectively arranging monitoring points at the intersection point of the karst pipeline/crack, the interaction position of the karst pipeline/crack and the boundary of a soil layer disturbance zone or a soil cave development zone, and the two sides of the soil cave along the groundwater runoff direction by the ascertained soil cave;
2) monitoring wells are arranged at monitoring points, the depth of each monitoring well is such that karst pipelines/fractures are completely exposed, and the turbidity T1 of the fourth-system underground water in each monitoring well is obtained respectivelyiAnd a flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd a flow rate Q2i；
3) Calculating the accumulated loss C of the covering soil body in each monitoring well according to the following formula (1)i；
Ci＝(Q1iT1i+Q2iT2i)t (1)
Wherein, CiThe accumulated loss of the covering soil in the ith monitoring well is expressed in mg; q1iThe flow of fourth series of underground water in the ith monitoring well is expressed in the unit of L/s; t1iRepresenting the turbidity of fourth series of underground water in the ith monitoring well, wherein the unit is mg/L; q2iThe flow of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well is expressed in the unit of L/s; t2iRepresenting the turbidity of the karst underground water in the ith monitoring well, and the unit is mg/L; t represents the monitoring time in units of s; i is an index of the number of monitoring wells;
4) calculating an early warning threshold value C of karst collapse according to the following formula (2) by utilizing a soil cave limit balance arch theory;
C＝2πb3ρ/(3f) (2)
wherein C represents an early warning threshold value of karst collapse, and the unit is mg; b represents the radius of the minimum soil cave which is detected in the monitoring area and has the unit of cm; rho represents the natural density of the soil body and has the unit of g/cm3(ii) a f is an empirical coefficient and takes the value of 0.8-1;
5) c is to beiRespectively compared with C when CiAnd when the temperature is close to or equal to C, carrying out karst collapse early warning on the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2), the comprehensive data is obtained by a turbidity sensor and a flow meter arranged in each monitoring well and arranged on the surfaceRespectively acquiring and calculating the turbidity T1 of the fourth series of underground water in each monitoring well according to the acquisition analyzeriAnd flow rate Q1iAnd the turbidity T2 of karst groundwateriAnd a flow rate Q2i。
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, in step 5), when C is reachediAnd (5) when the temperature is more than or equal to kC, performing karst collapse early warning in the ith monitoring well and the peripheral area thereof, wherein k is an experience safety coefficient, and the value is 0.7-1.
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