CN112913559B - Chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of chestnut-shade-resistant millet key growth stages - Google Patents

Chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of chestnut-shade-resistant millet key growth stages Download PDF

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CN112913559B
CN112913559B CN202110143279.9A CN202110143279A CN112913559B CN 112913559 B CN112913559 B CN 112913559B CN 202110143279 A CN202110143279 A CN 202110143279A CN 112913559 B CN112913559 B CN 112913559B
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刘丹
崔燕娇
李素英
李承宗
赵子龙
刘正理
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QIANXI COUNTY JINDI CHESTNUT FOOD Co.,Ltd.
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Tangshan Normal University
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Abstract

The invention discloses a chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of chestnut-shade-resistant millet key growth stages, which is characterized in that a chestnut-millet key growth stage comprehensive database is established, the Chinese chestnut-millet growth process database is compared and analyzed, so that the chestnut and millet key development stages are coincided, and then a fertilizer and water management measure for mutual benefiting symbiosis of chestnuts and millet is determined according to a chestnut and millet fertilizer and water demand rule and a pest and disease occurrence rule, so that the common high yield of chestnuts and millet and the cooperative complementary effect of pest control are realized, the unit land planting benefit is greatly improved, and the pest and disease damage of chestnuts mainly comprising red spiders is reduced. The present invention realizes the mutual benefit and symbiosis of chestnut and millet, and makes chestnut and millet capable of raising yield and increasing value.

Description

Chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of chestnut-shade-resistant millet key growth stages
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method for breeding a new shade-resistant millet variety and matching key growth stage coupling and key management measures of chestnuts and millet under a chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting mode.
Background
Chinese chestnut planting area is about 1000 ten thousand mu in China, total yield is about 150 ten thousand tons, 24 provinces and cities in 31 province and city autonomous regions in China are planted, the annual output is over 100 ten thousand kilograms, 20 counties and cities in Beijing jin Ji area account for 9 counties and cities and account for 45 percent of the whole country, the Chinese chestnut industry becomes the dominant characteristic industry of the areas and plays a very important role in the economic development of counties and territories.
The Chinese chestnut planting areas are mountain areas and counties, the shortage of land resources is a common characteristic of the areas, and due to the lack of suitable interplanting crops, a large amount of land under the Chinese chestnut tree is abandoned year by year, weeds grow excessively, the pest and disease damage is serious, particularly the damage of red spiders is aggravated year by year, so that the yield of Chinese chestnuts and other fruit products is reduced, the fruit damage rate is increased year by year, the quality is reduced year by year, the income of farmers is seriously influenced, and the great influence is exerted on the brands of the Chinese chestnuts and other products in the Jingdong province; the three-dimensional planting of new crop varieties which can normally grow under trees and can reduce the damage of diseases and pests such as red spiders to fruits is urgently needed, so that the quality of the fruits and the crops under the trees is improved, the efficient utilization of the land under the trees is realized, the difficult problems of land shortage and difficult development of the agriculture-related industry in the areas are solved, the income of farmers is improved, and the progress of running for the farmers is accelerated.
In order to solve the problems, farmers spontaneously plant crops such as soybean, peanut, corn, sorghum and the like under trees, but because the chestnut garden is mostly in shallow hilly areas and has poor soil quality and is dry and rainy, the soybean and the peanut need to grow on soil with better soil quality, and because of the lack of shade-resistant soybean and peanut varieties, the soybean and flower growth vigor under chestnut trees is poor, the yield is low and the yield per unit area is less than 75 kg/mu, and because the growth periods of the soybean and the peanut are longer, the walnut picking is influenced, and the coupling of key growth stages is difficult to realize; the plants of the corns and the broomcorn are high, and due to the lack of shade-resistant varieties, the plants are interplanted with the chestnut trees, the stems are thin and weak, the lodging resistance is avoided, the yield is low and unstable, the problems that the growth period is long, the walnut picking is influenced, and the coupling of the key growth period is difficult to realize exist also exist. Therefore, the mutual benefit symbiosis of fruit trees, soybeans, peanuts, corns and sorghum cannot be achieved. Because these crops are not suitable for three-dimensional interplanting with fruit trees such as walnut, the Chinese chestnut garden is abandoned in soil and weeds are grown.
The millet is a summer seeding crop, the growing season almost overlaps with the Chinese chestnut, the plant is short, the drought resistance, the water saving, the barren resistance, the stress resistance are strong, the economic benefit is high, and compared with the crops such as corn and wheat, the millet has obvious advantages and is suitable for three-dimensional interplanting with the Chinese chestnut. However, not all millet varieties are suitable for three-dimensional interplanting with fruit trees such as Chinese chestnuts, and test results show that: most varieties are interplanted with the Chinese chestnuts, and due to the lack of illumination, the plants become high (10-20 cm higher than the field), the diseases are serious, the leaves become yellow and dry too early, the solidity is poor, the yield per mu is low and is less than 120 kg; meanwhile, some breeding materials are screened, and are interplanted with the chestnuts, compared with the field, the plant height is almost unchanged, the green branches and the green leaves are mature, the yield is equivalent to that of the field after 10-age chestnut three-dimensional interplantation, and the yield is slightly reduced compared with the field after 15-age chestnut three-dimensional interplantation, but the materials have the problems of low yield, deviation of disease resistance and the like, so that a new millet variety/hybrid with good shade resistance is urgently needed to be cultivated, technical support in the aspect of variety is provided for the development of the three-dimensional interplantation of the chestnuts, the problem that a large amount of land under a chestnut garden is idle, wasted, and serious pest and grass damage is solved, the quality improvement of the chestnuts and the yield increase of the millet are realized, the planting benefit of farmers is improved, and a feasible way is provided for the enlargement of the millet planting area and the restoration and development of the millet industry.
In addition, the three-dimensional interplanting of chestnut and millet requires that two crops of chestnut and millet are simultaneously planted on the same land, only the key fertilizer and water requiring stages of the two crops are overlapped, namely the key development stages are basically consistent, field management such as fertilizer, water, pest control and the like can be simultaneously carried out, and complementation or mutual promotion of some aspects of chestnut and millet can be formed, so that mutual benefit symbiosis is achieved, otherwise, various management are inconsistent, not only is the management labor and time consuming, but also the management measures which are beneficial to one plant exist, but also the possibility of the other plant is inhibited, and the three-dimensional planting effect of chestnut and millet is difficult to embody, so that the method for ensuring the key management measures of chestnut and millet to be consistent under the three-dimensional interplanting of chestnut and millet is urgently needed to be invented.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method for Chinese chestnut-shade-resistant millet with cooperative matching in key growth stages.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows.
The method is characterized in that a Chinese chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of key growth stages of Chinese chestnuts and millet is adopted, a Chinese chestnut-millet key growth stage comprehensive database is established, the Chinese chestnut-millet growth process database is compared and analyzed, key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are overlapped, and then a fertilizer and water management measure for mutual benefit and symbiosis of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet is determined according to a fertilizer and water demand rule and a pest and disease damage occurrence rule of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet, so that the common high yield of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet and a pest and disease control cooperative complementary effect are realized, the planting benefit of a unit land is greatly improved, and the pest and disease damage of the Chinese chestnuts mainly caused by red spiders is reduced.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the method specifically comprises the following operation steps:
B. ensuring that the key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut and the millet are coincident: the method comprises the following steps of (1) enabling a new millet variety to coincide with a key growth stage of a Chinese chestnut through 5 steps of establishing a new shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid suitable for three-dimensional interplanting of the Chinese chestnut in a development process database suitable for a chestnut interplanting area, establishing a Chinese chestnut variety growth process database matched with the new millet variety/hybrid, establishing a Chinese chestnut/millet growth process comparison database, establishing a key phenological period corresponding relation database, determining a suitable sowing period of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid and establishing a key growth stage association coincidence database;
C. ensuring the consistency of key fertilizer and water management measures: by constructing, tracking and regulating a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet, the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are ensured to be coincident, and key fertilizer and water management measures capable of meeting the development requirements of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are established;
D. establishment of complementarity in pest control and natural disaster resistance: according to the occurrence rule of spider pests on the chestnuts and the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves, a method for reducing the harm of the chestnuts and improving the quality of the chestnuts by attracting red spiders through the millet is established; according to the characteristics of damage to millet caused by natural disasters such as strong wind, strong rain, hail and the like, a method for reducing the damage to millet caused by the disastrous weather by Chinese chestnuts is established.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the step B comprises the following sub-steps:
b-1, establishing a database of the Chinese chestnut breeding process: establishing a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut based on growth processes of different Chinese chestnut varieties in suitable production areas;
b-2 establishment of a shade-resistant new millet variety/hybrid seed breeding process database suitable for chestnut and grain three-dimensional interplanting: establishing a database of each key development stage of the shade-resistant millet variety based on the breeding process of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid in a proper chestnut production area;
b-3, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the Chinese chestnut, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the Chinese chestnut key growth stage database established by B-1;
b-4, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the millet, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the database of the key growth period of the millet established by B-2;
and B-5, through the comparative analysis of the B-1 database and the B-2 database, ensuring that the proper sowing period and 3-4 development stage coupling points of the millet with consistent key fertilizer and water demand periods of the Chinese chestnut and the millet determined by B-3 and B-4.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the step C comprises the following sub-steps:
c-1, tracking, investigating and regulating the coupling points of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet determined by the B-5 to ensure that the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are coincided;
c-2 adopts consistent management measures according to the key development stage determined by C-1, and ensures that the measures of fertilizer and water management and pest control are consistent.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the step D comprises the following sub-steps:
D. establishment of complementarity in pest control and natural disaster resistance:
d-1, establishing a method for reducing the harm of the Chinese chestnuts and improving the quality of the Chinese chestnuts by attracting red spiders through the millet according to the occurrence rule of the Chinese chestnut red spiders and other insect pests and combining the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves;
d-2, according to the characteristics of damage to the millet caused by natural disasters such as strong wind, strong rain, hail and the like, establishing a method for reducing the damage to the millet caused by the disastrous weather by using Chinese chestnuts; the complementation of the Chinese chestnut and the millet on the aspect of resisting plant diseases and insect pests and natural disasters is realized, and the mutual benefit symbiosis of the Chinese chestnut and the millet is realized.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the method specifically comprises the following operation steps:
B. ensuring that the key growth stages of the new Chinese chestnut and millet varieties are coincident:
b-1, establishing a database of the Chinese chestnut breeding process: establishing a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut based on growth processes of different Chinese chestnut varieties in suitable production areas;
b-2 establishment of a shade-resistant new millet variety/hybrid seed breeding process database suitable for chestnut and grain three-dimensional interplanting: establishing a database of each key development stage of the shade-resistant millet variety based on the breeding process of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid in a proper chestnut production area;
b-3, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the Chinese chestnut, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the Chinese chestnut key growth stage database established by B-1;
b-4, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the millet, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the database of the key growth period of the millet established by B-2;
b-5, through the comparative analysis of the B-1 database and the B-2 database, ensuring that the millet suitable sowing period and 3-4 development stage coupling points, which are determined by B-3 and B-4 and have consistent key fertilizer and water demand periods of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet;
C. ensuring the consistency of key fertilizer and water management measures:
c-1, tracking, investigating and regulating the coupling points of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet determined by the B-5 to ensure that the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are coincided;
c-2, according to the key development stage determined by C-1, adopting consistent management measures to ensure that the measures of fertilizer and water management and pest control are consistent;
D. pest control and natural disaster resistance are complemented:
d-1, establishing a method for reducing the harm of the Chinese chestnuts and improving the quality of the Chinese chestnuts by attracting red spiders through the millet according to the occurrence rule of the Chinese chestnut red spiders and other insect pests and combining the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves;
d-2, according to the characteristics of damage to the millet caused by natural disasters such as strong wind, strong rain, hail and the like, establishing a method for reducing the damage to the millet caused by the disastrous weather by using Chinese chestnuts; the complementation of the Chinese chestnut and the millet on the aspect of resisting plant diseases and insect pests and natural disasters is realized, and the mutual benefit symbiosis of the Chinese chestnut and the millet is realized.
As a preferred technical scheme, the method adopts a novel shade-resistant millet variety to perform chestnut-grain three-dimensional interplanting, adopts a brand-new multi-channel collaborative fusion breeding method for breeding the novel shade-resistant millet variety, and performs systematic and accurate breeding of the novel shade-resistant millet variety based on comprehensive indexes including character indexes, molecular indexes and hybridization indexes.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps: a-1 identification and screening of shade-tolerant germplasm resources: selecting germplasm resources based on the prior art, respectively planting the germplasm resources under a field and a chestnut tree, and screening to obtain shade-resistant germplasm resources by comparing key development stages under two planting conditions; excavation of A-2 shade-tolerant gene and development of practical molecular markers: taking the shade-tolerant germplasm resources and the shade-intolerant germplasm resources screened by the A-1 as materials, taking the booting leaf as a test material, and acquiring transcriptome information through RNA-Seq; further acquiring a series of shade-tolerant marks by a molecular biology technology; a-3 creation of shade-tolerant breeding materials: preparing a series of hybridization combinations by using shade-tolerant resources screened by A-1 as materials; innovate the sterile line and the restorer line of shade-tolerant type by using a series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed by A-2; breeding a new shade-resistant A-4 variety: based on the serial shade-tolerant restoring line created by A-3, a new shade-tolerant variety or a restoring line is obtained; based on the shade-tolerant sterile progeny created by A-3, obtaining a shade-tolerant sterile line; using a shade-resistant sterile line and a restoring line as materials to obtain shade-resistant hybrid seeds; the breeding of new shade-resistant millet varieties is realized through multi-step comprehensive operation;
as a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps:
a-1, screening and identifying shade-tolerant germplasm resources: selecting germplasm resources with utilization value based on the prior art, respectively planting the germplasm resources in a field and a chestnut tree with the age of more than 10, and screening the germplasm resources with small difference of photosynthetic efficiency, plant height and fruiting property by comparing photosynthetic efficiency, plant height, fruiting property and additional characters of a key development stage of at least two years continuously under two planting conditions, namely a booting stage, so as to obtain shade-resistant germplasm resources;
a-2, excavation of shade-tolerant genes and development of practical molecular markers: 2-3 parts of shade-resistant germplasm resources and 2-3 parts of non-shade-resistant germplasm resources screened by A-1 are taken as materials, and the blades at the booting stage are taken as test materials, so that transcriptome information is obtained through RNA-Seq; obtaining differential expression genes through differential expression analysis of two types of material genes; performing gene function analysis by bioinformatics analysis and evolution analysis; cloning the gene with prominent function; detecting the gene sequence of the gene by gene sequencing to obtain a series of shade-tolerant marks;
a-3, creation of a shade-tolerant breeding material sterile line and a restorer line: preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened by the A-1 as materials; utilizes a series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed by A-2, and innovatively selects shade-tolerant sterile lines and restorer lines by the aid of the molecular markers
A-4, breeding of a new shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid: based on the serial shade-tolerant restoring line created by A-3, stable high-quality and high-yield shade-tolerant offspring are bred through continuous directional selection, namely the bred new shade-tolerant variety or restoring line; based on the shade-tolerant sterile progeny created by A-3, through continuous directional selection, breeding high-quality shade-tolerant progeny with stable agronomic characters and outstanding economic characters, namely the bred shade-tolerant sterile line; the shade-tolerant sterile line and the restoring line are used as materials to prepare a series of new hybrid combinations, and the shade-tolerant, high-yield, stress-resistant and quality of the new hybrid combinations are identified through a series of intermediate tests, and the obvious expression is selected shade-tolerant hybrid seeds.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps:
(1) identifying and screening shade-resistant millet germplasm resources: adopting test materials in the western world and simultaneously planting in a field and a 10-age chestnut tree, measuring the plant height, the fertility, the photosynthetic efficiency and the yield performance of 153 parts of germplasm resources, performing comparative analysis, screening 9 parts of new varieties/germplasm resources with good shade resistance, namely 'Jigu 32, 56229, 3495, 51950, 56950, JK4-95, HK229, 56A and 51A', and planting in the 10-age chestnut tree to show the photosynthetic rate, the plant height and the fertility which are not reduced compared with the field;
(2) excavation and marker development of shade-tolerant genes: selecting sword-like trefoil leaves in the booting stage by taking the shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji-valley 32 and JK4-95 screened in the step (1) and non-shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji-valley 31 and FK-1 as materials, and acquiring transcriptome information of the sword-like trefoil leaves through RNA-Seq; obtaining differential expression genes through differential expression analysis of two types of material genes; further speculating the function of the biological information analysis and evolution analysis; cloning genes with partially outstanding functions; then, gene sequencing is carried out to find out the gene sequence of the marker and develop a series of shade-tolerant markers;
(3) creating a shade-tolerant breeding material sterile line and a restorer line: preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened in the step (1) as materials; innovating a shade-tolerant sterile line and a restorer line by using the series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed in the step (2) and through molecular marker-assisted selection;
(3-1) creation of shade-tolerant sterile line: 1) taking 56A and 51A as female parents and KM200 and KM117 as male parents to prepare a first hybrid generation; 2) continuously preparing a three-way crossing combination by using the great homology 29 and 206083 as female parents and using a first generation of hybrid prepared in summer as a male parent; 3) then carrying out continuous 4-generation southern breeding and northern breeding, and selecting shade-tolerant offspring according to the molecular marker to breed new sterile lines DZ40A and DZ 386A;
(3-2) creation of shade-tolerant restorer: 1) taking the great homology 32 and the P423 as female parents and the JK4-95 and the HK229 as male parents to prepare a first hybrid generation; 2) planting the first generation of the hybrid; 3) then, carrying out continuous 4-generation north-south breeding, and selecting shade-tolerant offspring according to the molecular marker to breed new shade-tolerant restorer line HK808 and HK 838;
(4) and (3) breeding of shade-tolerant new species/hybrid: and (3) preparing a series of new hybrid combinations by using the series of shade-tolerant sterile lines created in the step (3-1) as female parents and the series of shade-tolerant restoration lines created in the step (3-2) as male parents, and identifying shade-tolerant hybrids 40808 and 386838 which have good shade-tolerant performance, high yield, stress resistance and quality through a series of intermediate tests.
Adopt the produced beneficial effect of above-mentioned technical scheme to lie in: the invention provides a breeding method of a new shade-resistant millet variety capable of being three-dimensionally interplanted with Chinese chestnuts, and ensures that key growth stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are basically overlapped and key management measures are completely consistent under the three-dimensional interplanted condition of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet, so that certain aspects of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet can be complemented or mutually promoted.
In the academic aspect, the invention provides technical support for carrying out extraction of genome DNA, extraction of chloroplast, extraction of mitochondria and purity identification of small-grain crop hybrids, and also provides basic technical support for carrying out deep research.
In industry, the invention realizes the mutual benefit symbiosis of the Chinese chestnut and the millet, so that the Chinese chestnut and the millet can exert the maximum yield increase and value increase potential of the Chinese chestnut and the millet, provides powerful technical support for developing three-dimensional interplanting of the Chinese chestnut and the millet, improving the quality of the Chinese chestnut and increasing the yield of the millet, finds a feasible way for developing the millet industry and recovering and developing the millet planting area, and has good social and economic benefits.
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FIG. 1 shows the three-dimensional interplanting booting stage growth of shade-tolerant millet varieties/hybrid chestnut and grains cultivated by the method of the invention in the examples.
FIG. 2 shows the three-dimensional interplanting heading period growth vigor of shade-tolerant millet varieties/hybrid chestnut and grains cultivated by the method of the invention in the examples.
FIG. 3 shows the three-dimensional interplanting filling period growth of shade-tolerant millet varieties/hybrid chestnut grains cultivated by the method of the present invention in the examples.
FIG. 4 is a comparison of the three-dimensional interplanting growth of chestnut and millet in the filling period of shade-tolerant millet variety/hybrid and non-shade-tolerant millet variety cultivated by the method of the present invention in the examples; in the figure, a is the later stage of filling shade-intolerant millet and b is the later stage of filling shade-tolerant millet.
Detailed Description
The following examples illustrate the invention in detail. The raw materials and various devices used in the invention are conventional commercially available products, and can be directly obtained by market purchase.
In the following description of embodiments, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as the particular system architecture, techniques, etc., in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the present application. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that the present application may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known systems, devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present application with unnecessary detail.
It will be understood that the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising," when used in this specification and the appended claims, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
It should also be understood that the term "and/or" as used in this specification and the appended claims refers to and includes any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term "if" may be interpreted contextually as "when", "upon" or "in response to" determining "or" in response to detecting ". Similarly, the phrase "if it is determined" or "if a [ described condition or event ] is detected" may be interpreted contextually to mean "upon determining" or "in response to determining" or "upon detecting [ described condition or event ]" or "in response to detecting [ described condition or event ]".
Furthermore, in the description of the present application and the appended claims, the terms "first," "second," "third," and the like are used for distinguishing between descriptions and not necessarily for describing or implying relative importance.
Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment" or "some embodiments," or the like, means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in one or more embodiments of the present application. Thus, appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment," "in some embodiments," "in other embodiments," or the like, in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but rather "one or more but not all embodiments" unless specifically stated otherwise. The terms "comprising," "including," "having," and variations thereof mean "including, but not limited to," unless expressly specified otherwise.
Example 1 identification and screening of shade-tolerant millet germplasm resources.
2015 2016, by measuring the plant height, solidity, photosynthetic efficiency and yield performance of 153 germplasm resources, and performing comparative analysis, 9 new varieties/germplasm resources with good shade tolerance types of Jigu 32, 56229, 3495, 51950, 56950, JK4-95, HK229, 56A and 51A are screened, and the materials are planted under 10-age chestnut trees, and show slightly reduced photosynthetic rate, plant height and solidity compared with the field. And the photosynthetic rate of other materials is greatly reduced, and the plant height is obviously increased due to lack of sunlight irradiation, so that the solidity is obviously reduced.
Table 1 shows the identification results of representative shade-tolerant germplasm resources and non-shade-tolerant germplasm resources
Figure BDA0002930062450000111
Note: the illumination intensity is set according to the measurement result of the day, 9900lux is set in the field/19965 lux is set under the tree of 10 years, and the ratio of the two is 0.2
Example 2, excavation of shade-tolerant genes and marker development.
Selecting sword trefoil leaves in the booting stage in the middle of 7 months in 2016 by taking the shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji valley 32 and JK4-95 and the non-shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji valley 31 and FK-1 screened in the example 1 as materials, and acquiring transcriptome information of the sword trefoil leaves and the FK-1 through RNA-Seq; obtaining differential expression genes through differential expression analysis of two types of material genes; further speculating the function of the biological information analysis and evolution analysis; cloning genes with partially outstanding functions; and then, gene sequencing is carried out to find out the gene sequence of the marker, and a series of shade-tolerant markers are developed.
Example 3 creation of shade-tolerant Breeding Material (sterile line, restorer line)
Preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened in the example 1 as materials; by utilizing the series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed in the embodiment 2 and through the auxiliary selection of the molecular markers, the shade-tolerant sterile line and the restorer line are innovated.
1) Creating a shade-resistant sterile line: in 2016, 56A and 51A are used as female parents and KM200 and KM117 are used as male parents in summer to prepare a first hybrid generation; in 2017, the hybrid generation prepared in summer is used as a male parent and the hybrid generation prepared in south China and the great consanguinity 29 and 206083 are used as female parents, the three-cross combination is prepared continuously, and then the new sterile lines DZ40A and DZ386A are bred by continuous 4-generation south breeding and north breeding and selecting shade-resistant offspring according to molecular markers.
2) Creation of shade-resistant restoring line: in 2016, in summer, the Datong 32 and the P423 are taken as female parents, and the JK4-95 and the HK229 are taken as male parents to prepare a first hybrid generation; in 2017, in winter, the first hybrid generation is planted in Hainan, and then is bred in south breeding and north breeding of 4 continuous generations, and shade-tolerant progeny is selected according to molecular markers to breed new shade-tolerant restorer lines HK808 and HK 838.
(4) And (3) breeding of shade-tolerant new species/hybrid: preparing a series of new hybrid combinations by using the series of shade-tolerant sterile lines created in the step (3)1) as female parents and the series of shade-tolerant restoration lines created in the step (3)2) as male parents, and identifying shade-tolerant hybrids 40808 and 386838 with better shade-tolerant type, high yield, stress resistance and quality through a series of intermediate tests.
TABLE 1 identification result of shade-tolerant type new hybrid series
Figure BDA0002930062450000121
The new hybrids 40808, 386838, 56229, 5695 and the like are used together for three-dimensional interplanting of chestnut and millet, good effect is obtained, after 8 months in 2020, in the example field of northern villages in Xingxi county, town, Xingxi city, the field detection of organization experts of provincial science and technology halls, the average yield per unit of 4 shade-resistant hybrids under 10-15-year-old Chinese chestnut trees is 406.55-495.18 kg/mu, the yield in orchard is 243.93-297.11 kg/mu, and the average yield is basically equal to that of the field; the average yield per mu of the common non-shade-resistant type rice swallow red rice is 280.63 kg/mu and 301.60 kg/mu respectively, the yield is 168.38 kg/mu and 180.96 kg/mu, and good demonstration effects are obtained.
Example 4 ensuring coincidence of the Key growth stages of Castanea mollissima and the bred new variety of millet
The method comprises the steps of establishing a Chinese chestnut breeding process database: and establishing a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut based on growth processes of different Chinese chestnut varieties in suitable production areas.
Establishment of a shade-resistant new millet variety/hybrid seed breeding process suitable for three-dimensional interplanting of chestnut and millet' association database: and establishing a database of each key development stage of the shade-resistant millet variety based on the growth process of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid in a proper chestnut production area.
And fourthly, determining the application period of key management measures according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the Chinese chestnuts by combining the Chinese chestnut key growth stage database established in the first step.
And fourthly, determining the application period of key management measures according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the foxtail millet and by combining the foxtail millet key growth stage database established in the second step.
The step of fifthly, comparing and analyzing the database, and enabling the Chinese chestnuts and the millet with consistent key fertilizer and water demand periods to be suitable for the sowing period and 3-4 development stage coupling points.
Example 5, ensure consistent key manure management measures.
Carrying out tracking investigation and regulation on the coupling points of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet determined in the step of the embodiment 4 to ensure that the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are overlapped.
According to the key development stage determined by the steps, consistent management measures are adopted, and fertilizer and water management and pest control measures are guaranteed to be consistent.
Example 6 establishment of complementarity in pest control and Natural disaster resistance
The method for attracting red spiders to reduce the harm of the Chinese chestnuts and improve the quality of the Chinese chestnuts by the aid of the millet according to the generation rule of the red spiders and other insect pests of the Chinese chestnuts and by combining the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves.
According to the characteristic that natural disasters such as strong wind, strong rain, hailstones and the like do harm to the millet, the method for reducing the harm of the disastrous weather to the millet by using the Chinese chestnuts is established. The complementation of the Chinese chestnut and the millet on the aspect of resisting plant diseases and insect pests and natural disasters is realized, and the mutual benefit symbiosis of the Chinese chestnut and the millet is realized.
Example 7, principles and discussion of the invention
One principle of the invention is that millet plants are short, the growth period is short, and the planting season is basically coincident with that of Chinese chestnuts. Compared with corn and sorghum, millet has shorter plants, generally has the plant height of 1.15-1.35m, and can grow normally under chestnut trees; compared with corn, sorghum, soybean and peanut, the millet has shorter growth period, can ensure normal maturity of the Chinese chestnut before picking under the condition of sowing in proper time, and does not influence Chinese chestnut harvest; compared with wheat and the like, the millet can be sowed in spring, late spring and summer, and the growing season is consistent with that of the Chinese chestnut; the water consumption is low, and the Chinese chestnut can be matched with the Chinese chestnut; the requirement on the fertilizer is not strict, and the Chinese chestnuts can be used for fertilizer and water management.
The second principle of the invention is that some shade-resistant germplasm resources really exist in the millet, the character is controlled by genes and can be inherited to offspring, and through series research, shade-resistant new varieties/hybrids can be created by utilizing the germplasm resources, and the varieties are more suitable for three-dimensional interplanting with the Chinese chestnut; and the crude protein content of organs such as millet leaves and the like is high, the damage of red spiders and other pests is easy to attract, so that the damage of the red spiders to Chinese chestnuts is reduced, the wax layer of the leaves is thick, the damage of the red spiders can be resisted, the yield loss is small, the quality of the Chinese chestnuts is improved, the yield of the millet is increased, and the income of common people is increased.
The third principle of the invention is that the development process of the key growth stage of the millet and the Chinese chestnut is basically consistent. Under the condition of sowing in the right time, each key growth stage can be basically coincided with the Chinese chestnut, even if partial inconsistency occurs, the coincidence can be realized through the agronomic control measures such as fertilizer and water management, and the consistency of the agronomic control measures such as ascites is further realized.
With reference to the above examples, the applicant project group has innovated a series of shade-tolerant millet breeding materials (sterile line and restorer line) by using the method of the invention, and developed shade-tolerant millet hybrids on the basis, and the basic coincidence of the key growth stages of Chinese chestnuts and millet and the consistency of key management measures are realized.
In conclusion, the method establishes a set of shade-resistant new millet variety/hybrid breeding method, and on the basis, establishes a method capable of ensuring basic coincidence of key growth stages of Chinese chestnuts and millet, consistency of key management measures and mutualism of Chinese chestnuts and millet, provides powerful technical support for three-dimensional interplanting of Chinese chestnuts and millet, quality improvement of Chinese chestnuts and yield increase of millet, and provides a feasible way for developing millet industry and recovering and developing millet planting area.
In the above embodiments, the descriptions of the respective embodiments have respective emphasis, and reference may be made to the related descriptions of other embodiments for parts that are not described or illustrated in a certain embodiment.
The above-mentioned embodiments are only used for illustrating the technical solutions of the present invention, and not for limiting the same; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; such modifications and substitutions do not substantially depart from the spirit and scope of the embodiments of the present invention, and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. The chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method with cooperative matching of chestnut-shade-resistant millet key growth stages is characterized by comprising the following steps of: the method is characterized in that a Chinese chestnut-millet key growth period comprehensive database is established, the Chinese chestnut and millet key development stages are overlapped based on comparison and analysis of a Chinese chestnut and millet growth process database, and then a Chinese chestnut and millet mutualism fertilizer and water management measure is determined according to a Chinese chestnut and millet fertilizer and water demand rule and a pest and disease occurrence rule, so that the common high yield of Chinese chestnuts and millet and the synergistic effect of pest control are realized, the planting benefit of a unit land is greatly improved, and the pest and disease damage of Chinese chestnuts mainly comprising red spiders are reduced;
the method specifically comprises the following operation steps:
B. ensuring that the key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut and the millet are coincident: the method comprises the following steps of (1) enabling a new millet variety to coincide with a key growth stage of a Chinese chestnut through 5 steps of establishing a new shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid suitable for three-dimensional interplanting of the Chinese chestnut in a development process database suitable for a chestnut interplanting area, establishing a Chinese chestnut variety growth process database matched with the new millet variety/hybrid, establishing a Chinese chestnut/millet growth process comparison database, establishing a key phenological period corresponding relation database, determining a suitable sowing period of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid and establishing a key growth stage association coincidence database;
C. ensuring the consistency of key fertilizer and water management measures: by constructing, tracking and regulating a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet, the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are ensured to be coincident, and key fertilizer and water management measures capable of meeting the development requirements of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are established;
D. establishment of complementarity in pest control and natural disaster resistance: according to the occurrence rule of spider pests on the chestnuts and the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves, a method for reducing the harm of the chestnuts and improving the quality of the chestnuts by attracting red spiders through the millet is established; according to the characteristics of damage to millet caused by natural disasters such as strong wind, strong rain and hail, a method for reducing the damage to millet caused by the disastrous weather by using Chinese chestnuts is established;
the step B comprises the following sub-steps:
b-1, establishing a database of the Chinese chestnut breeding process: establishing a database of key growth stages of the Chinese chestnut based on growth processes of different Chinese chestnut varieties in suitable production areas;
b-2 establishment of a shade-resistant new millet variety/hybrid seed breeding process database suitable for chestnut and grain three-dimensional interplanting: establishing a database of each key development stage of the shade-resistant millet variety based on the breeding process of the shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid in a proper chestnut production area;
b-3, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the Chinese chestnut, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the Chinese chestnut key growth stage database established by B-1;
b-4, constructing a database according to the fertilizer and water requirement rule of the millet, and determining the application period of key management measures by combining the database of the key growth period of the millet established by B-2;
b-5, obtaining proper sowing periods and 3-4 development stage coupling points of the millet which enable key fertilizer and water demand periods of the Chinese chestnut and the millet determined by B-3 and B-4 to be consistent through comparative analysis of the B-1 database and the B-2 database;
the step C comprises the following sub-steps:
c-1, tracking, investigating and regulating the coupling points of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet determined by the B-5 to ensure that the key development stages of the Chinese chestnuts and the millet are coincided;
c-2, according to the key development stage determined by C-1, adopting consistent management measures to ensure that the measures of fertilizer and water management and pest control are consistent;
the step D comprises the following sub-steps:
D. establishment of complementarity in pest control and natural disaster resistance:
d-1, establishing a method for reducing the harm of Chinese chestnuts and improving the quality of the Chinese chestnuts by attracting red spiders through millet according to the occurrence rule of the red spider pests of the Chinese chestnuts and combining the characteristics of shade-resistant leaves;
d-2, establishing a method for reducing the damage of the disastrous weather to the millet by using the Chinese chestnuts according to the damage characteristics of the natural disasters of strong wind, strong rain and hail to the millet; the complementation of the Chinese chestnut and the millet on the aspect of resisting plant diseases and insect pests and natural disasters is realized, and the mutual benefit symbiosis of the Chinese chestnut and the millet is realized.
2. The chestnut-shade-tolerant millet key growth stage cooperative matching chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: the method adopts a novel shade-resistant millet variety to perform chestnut-grain three-dimensional interplanting, adopts a brand-new multi-channel collaborative fusion breeding method for breeding the novel shade-resistant millet variety, and performs systematic and accurate breeding of the novel shade-resistant millet variety based on comprehensive indexes including character indexes, molecular indexes and hybridization indexes.
3. The chestnut-shade-tolerant millet key growth stage cooperative matching chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method according to claim 2, characterized in that: the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps: a-1 identification and screening of shade-tolerant germplasm resources: selecting germplasm resources based on the prior art, respectively planting the germplasm resources under a field and a chestnut tree, and screening to obtain shade-resistant germplasm resources by comparing key development stages under two planting conditions; excavation of A-2 shade-tolerant gene and development of practical molecular markers: taking the shade-tolerant germplasm resources and shade-intolerant germplasm resources screened by the A-1 as materials, taking the booting leaf as a test material, and acquiring transcriptome information through RNA-Seq; further acquiring a series of shade-tolerant marks by a molecular biology technology; a-3 creation of shade-tolerant breeding materials: preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened by the A-1 as materials; creating a shade-tolerant sterile line and a restorer line by using a series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed by A-2; breeding a new shade-resistant A-4 variety: based on the serial shade-tolerant restoring line created by A-3, a new shade-tolerant variety or a restoring line is obtained; based on the shade-tolerant sterile progeny created by A-3, obtaining a shade-tolerant sterile line; using a shade-resistant sterile line and a restoring line as materials to obtain shade-resistant hybrid seeds; and the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety is realized through multi-step comprehensive operation.
4. The chestnut-shade-tolerant millet key growth stage cooperative matching chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method according to claim 2, characterized in that: the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps:
a-1, screening and identifying shade-tolerant germplasm resources: selecting germplasm resources with utilization value based on the prior art, respectively planting the germplasm resources in a field and a chestnut tree with the age of more than 10, and screening the germplasm resources with small difference of photosynthetic efficiency, plant height and fruiting property by comparing photosynthetic efficiency, plant height, fruiting property and additional characters of a key development stage of at least two years continuously under two planting conditions, namely a booting stage, so as to obtain shade-resistant germplasm resources;
a-2, excavation of shade-tolerant genes and development of practical molecular markers: 2-3 parts of shade-resistant germplasm resources and 2-3 parts of shade-intolerant germplasm resources screened by A-1 are taken as materials, and booting stage leaves are taken as test materials, so that transcriptome information is obtained through RNA-Seq; obtaining differential expression genes through differential expression analysis of two types of material genes; performing gene function analysis by bioinformatics analysis and evolution analysis; cloning the gene with prominent function; detecting the gene sequence of the gene by gene sequencing to obtain a series of shade-tolerant marks;
a-3, creation of a shade-tolerant breeding material sterile line and a restorer line: preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened by the A-1 as materials; utilizing a series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed by A-2, and creating a shade-tolerant sterile line and a restorer line through molecular marker-assisted selection;
a-4, breeding of a new shade-resistant millet variety/hybrid: based on the serial shade-tolerant restoring line created by A-3, stable high-quality and high-yield shade-tolerant offspring are bred through continuous directional selection, namely the bred new shade-tolerant variety or restoring line; based on the shade-tolerant sterile progeny created by A-3, through continuous directional selection, breeding high-quality shade-tolerant progeny with stable agronomic characters and outstanding economic characters, namely the bred shade-tolerant sterile line; the shade-tolerant sterile line and the restoring line are used as materials to prepare a series of new hybrid combinations, and the shade-tolerant, high-yield, stress-resistant and quality of the new hybrid combinations are identified through a series of intermediate tests, so that the selected shade-tolerant hybrid seeds with outstanding performance are obtained.
5. The chestnut-shade-tolerant millet key growth stage cooperative matching chestnut-millet three-dimensional interplanting method according to claim 2, characterized in that: the breeding of the new shade-resistant millet variety at least comprises the following steps:
(1) identifying and screening shade-resistant millet germplasm resources: adopting test materials in the western world and simultaneously planting in a field and a 10-age chestnut tree, measuring the plant height, the fertility, the photosynthetic efficiency and the yield performance of 153 parts of germplasm resources, performing comparative analysis, screening 9 parts of new varieties/germplasm resources with good shade resistance, namely 'Jigu 32, 56229, 3495, 51950, 56950, JK4-95, HK229, 56A and 51A', and planting in the 10-age chestnut tree to show the photosynthetic rate, the plant height and the fertility which are not reduced compared with the field;
(2) excavation and marker development of shade-tolerant genes: selecting sword-leaved clover leaves in the booting stage by taking the shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji-valley 32, JK4-95 and the non-shade-resistant germplasm resources Ji-valley 31 and FK-1 screened in the step (1) as materials, and acquiring transcriptome information of the sword-leaved clover leaves through RNA-Seq; obtaining differential expression genes through differential expression analysis of two types of material genes; the functions of the plants are further speculated through bioinformatics analysis and evolution analysis; cloning genes with partially outstanding functions; then, gene sequencing is carried out to find out the gene sequence of the marker and develop a series of shade-tolerant markers;
(3) creating a sterile line and a restorer line of shade-tolerant breeding materials: preparing a series of hybrid combinations by using the shade-tolerant resources screened in the step (1) as materials; creating a shade-tolerant sterile line and a restorer line by utilizing the series of shade-tolerant molecular markers developed in the step (2) and through molecular marker-assisted selection;
(3-1) creation of the shade-tolerant sterile line: 1) taking 56A and 51A as female parents and KM200 and KM117 as male parents to prepare a first hybrid generation; 2) continuously preparing a three-way crossing combination by using the great homology 29 and 206083 as female parents and using a first generation of hybrid prepared in summer as a male parent; 3) then carrying out continuous 4 generations of south breeding and north breeding, and selecting shade-tolerant offspring according to molecular markers to breed new sterile lines DZ40A and DZ 386A;
(3-2) creation of shade-tolerant restorer: 1) taking the great homology 32 and the P423 as female parents and the JK4-95 and the HK229 as male parents to prepare a first hybrid generation; 2) planting the first generation of the hybrid; 3) then, carrying out continuous 4-generation north-south breeding, and selecting shade-tolerant offspring according to the molecular marker to breed new shade-tolerant restorer lines HK808 and HK 838;
(4) and (3) breeding of shade-tolerant new species/hybrid: and (3) preparing a series of new hybrid combinations by using the series of shade-tolerant sterile lines created in the step (3-1) as female parents and the series of shade-tolerant restoration lines created in the step (3-2) as male parents, and identifying shade-tolerant hybrids 40808 and 386838 which have good shade-tolerant performance, high yield, stress resistance and quality through a series of intermediate tests.
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